Paul Peter Ewald
Paul Peter Ewald | |
---|---|
Born | Carl Hermann | January 23, 1888
Paul Peter Ewald,
Education
Ewald received his early education in the classics at the
Ewald began his higher education in
During the 1911 Christmas recess and in January 1912, Ewald was finishing the writing of his doctoral thesis. It was on a walk through Englischer Garten in Munich, in January, that Ewald was telling Max von Laue about his thesis topic. The wavelengths of concern to Ewald were in the visible region of the spectrum and hence much larger than the spacing between the resonators in Ewald’s crystal model. Laue seemed distracted and wanted to know what would be the effect if much smaller wavelengths were considered. It was not until June of that year that Ewald heard Sommerfeld report to the Physikalische Gesellschaft of Göttingen on the successful diffraction of X-rays by Max von Laue, Paul Knipping and Walter Friedrich at LMU, for which Laue would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1914.[8][9]
With the rise of theoretical physics in the early part of the twentieth century and its foundation in mathematics, David Hilbert decided to lend an organizing hand to formalizing the sciences, starting with physics. In 1912, Hilbert asked his friend and colleague Arnold Sommerfeld[10] to send him a special assistant for physics. Sommerfeld sent Ewald, who was dubbed as “Hilbert’s tutor for physics”,[11] and he performed this function until 1913, when Sommerfeld sent another one of his students, Alfred Landé. The first problem assigned to Ewald was to review the controversy in the literature on the constants of elasticity in crystals and report back. A few years later, Max Born, at Göttingen, solved the problem.[7] [12]
During Ewald’s stay in Göttingen, he was often a visitor at El BoKaReBo, a boarding house run by Sister Annie at Dahlmannstrasse 17. The name was derived from the first letters of the last names of its boarders: “El” for Ella Philippson (a medical student), “Bo” for Max Born (a Privatdozent) and Hans Bolza (a physics student), “Ka” for Theodore von Kármán (a Privatdozent), and “Re” for Albrecht Renner (a medical student). Richard Courant, a mathematician and Privatdozent, called these people the “in group”. It was here that Ewald met Ella Philippson, who was to become his wife.[1][13]
In the spring of 1913,
During
In 1921, while still at LMU, Ewald published a paper on the
Career
When
From 1922,
In 1931, Ewald was appointed director of the physical science division.[27][28][29]
At Göttingen, Richard Courant had taken Hilbert’s lecture notes which were available in the Lesezimmer, edited them and added to them to write a two-volume work. The first volume, Methoden der mathematischen Physik I, was published in 1924.[30]
Upon seeing the book, Ewald was compelled to write a detailed review describing it as providing mathematical tools, characterized by
The Courant-Hilbert book fortuitously contained the mathematics necessary for the development of the
In 1929, in order to remove confusion from the proliferation of crystallographic data, Ewald proposed review and collection of the best data into a single publication. The results were published in 1935 as the
Ewald was elected
While lecturing at Duke University in 1937, Hans Bethe, who got his doctorate under Sommerfeld in 1928, bumped into Ewald's daughter Rose, who had already emigrated to the United States and who was attending the school. They were married in September 1939. Thus, Bethe became son-in-law to Paul Peter Ewald.[38]
Near the end of
Also, toward the end of World War II, Ewald was concerned that peace would result in the establishment of multiple, competing national journals of crystallography. So, in 1944, at Oxford, he proposed the establishment of an International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) that would have sole responsibility for publishing crystallographic research. In 1946, he was elected chairman of the Provisional International Crystallographic Committee, in a London meeting of crystallographers, from 13 countries; he served in this capacity until 1948, when the Union was formed. The Committee also nominated him Editor of the journal to be published by the Union. The first issue of Acta Crystallographica was published in 1948, the same year that Ewald chaired the first General Assembly and International Congress of the IUCr, which was held at Harvard University.[3][40]
In 1952, Ewald was elected president of the American Crystallographic Association. He served on the IUCr Executive Committee from its foundation until 1966, and he was its Vice-President in 1957 and President in 1960, a position he held until 1963. His editorship of its journal Acta Crystallographica extended from its inception in 1948 to 1959.[3][40]
A decade after moving to Belfast, Ewald moved to the United States in 1949 and took a position at the
Honors
- 1958 – Fellow of the Royal Society
- 1978 – Max Planck medal
- 1979 – Gregori Aminoff Prize
- 1986 – The International Union of Crystallography established the Ewald Prize for outstanding contributions to the science of crystallography.
Books
- Paul Peter Ewald Kristalle und Röntgenstrahlen (Springer, 1923)
- Paul Peter Ewald, Theodor Pöschl, Ludwig Prandtl; authorized translation by Winifred Margaret DeansThe Physics of Solids and Fluids: With Recent Developments (Blackie and Son, 1930)
- Paul Peter Ewald Der Weg der Forschung (insbesondere der Physik) (A. Bonz'erben, 1932)
- Peter Paul Ewald, editor 50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction (Reprinted in pdf format for the IUCr XVIII Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, 1962, 1999 International Union of Crystallography)
- Peter Paul Ewald On the Foundations of Crystal Optics (Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, 1970)
See also
- Ewald summation
- Ewald's sphere
- Multiple scattering theory
- Ewald–Oseen extinction theorem
- Pendellösung
- George Doundoulakis
Bibliography
- Durward W. J. Cruickshank, Hellmut J. Juretschke, N.` Kato (editors) P. P. Ewald and His Dynamical Theory of X-ray Diffraction: A Memorial Volume for Paul P. Ewald (Oxford University Press, 1992)
Notes
- ^ JSTOR 770049.
- .
- ^ a b c d e f g h Ewald – Memorial
- ^ Greenspan, 2005, pp. 26-34.
- ^ Constance Hilbert p. 109.
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald – Mathematics Genealogy Project. Ewald’s 1912 dissertation title: Dispersion und Doppelbrechung von Elektronengittern.
- ^ a b Author Index: Ewald Archived 2007-02-05 at the Wayback Machine – American Philosophical Society
- ^ Ewald 50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction Chapter 4, pp. 37-42.
- ^ Jungnickel, Volume 2, 1990, pp. 284-285.
- ^ Both Hilbert and Minkowski, then at Göttingen, had gotten their doctorates under Ferdinand von Lindemann at the University of Königsberg, as had Sommerfeld.
- ^ Reid Courant, 1996, p. 43.
- ^ Reid Hilbert, 1996, pp. 129-133.
- ^ Greenspan, 2005, p. 53.
- ^ Bohr Archived 2007-07-04 at the Wayback Machine - On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald Bericht über die Tagung der British Association in Birmingham, Phys. Zs. 14 1298-1307 (1913). Received 19 October 1913. – Paper cited in: Mehra, Volume 1, Part 1, p. 202 and Mehra, Volume 1, Part 2, 2001, p. 770.
- ^ Mehra, Volume 5, Part 1, 2001, p. 249.
- ^ Ewald 50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction Chapter 20, p. 456-457.
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald Die Berechnung optischer und elektrostatischer Gitterpotentiale, Ann. Phys. 64 253-287 (1921), as cited in Ewald – University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik. Teil I, Ann. Phys. 49 1-38 (1916), as cited in Ewald – University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik. Teil II, Ann. Phys. 49 117-143 (1916), as cited in Ewald – University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald Zur Begründung der Kristalloptik. Teil III, Ann. Phys. 54 519-597 (1917), as cited in Ewald – University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Jungnickel, Volume 2, 1990, p. 284, quoting from references given in Footnote 100 on the page.
- ^ Max Born and Kun Huang Dynamical Theory of Crystal Lattices (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1954)
- ^ Ewald – University of Pennsylvania.
- ^ Ewald Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine – ITAP University of Stuttgart.
- ^ Ewald 50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction Chapter 20, pg. 460.
- ^ a b c Ewald Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine – IURC. Stuttgart honors Ewald.
- ^ Ewald Archived 2005-11-03 at the Wayback Machine – University of Stuttgart
- ^ a b c Ewald Archived 2007-02-20 at the Wayback Machine – ITAP University of Stuttgart
- ISBN 978-0-471-50447-4].
- ^ Paul Peter Ewald Ein Buch über mathematische Physik: Courant-Hilbert, Naturwiss. 13 384-387 (1925). This article was published in the 1 May 1925 issue. – This reference cited in: Mehra, Volume 5, Part 2, 2001, pp. 582-583 and 897.
- ^ Ewaldkugle Archived November 3, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Vol. I: Strukturbericht 1913-1928, P. P. Ewald and C. Hermann, editors (Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft M.B.H., Leipzig, 1931). After 1939, the reports were published in the United States under the name Structure Reports. See Strukturbericht Archived 1999-02-18 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Adolf Hitler had become Chancellor on January 30, 1933.
- ^ The Dozentenbund was an association of National Socialist lecturers at Stuttgart.
- ^ Ulrich Dehlinger succeeded Ewald.
- ^ "Clara Ewald (1859 - 1948)". The Dictionary of Ulster Biography. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
- ^ Hans Bethe, New York Times. Accessed September 5, 2022.
- ^ Sommerfeld, Volume I, 1964, pp. v-vii.
- ^ a b Ewald Prize, iucr.org. Accessed September 5, 2022.
References
- Ewald, P. P., editor 50 Years of X-Ray Diffraction (Reprinted in pdf format for the IUCr XVIII Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, Copyright © 1962, 1999 International Union of Crystallography)
- Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike ISBN 0-7382-0693-8
- Jungnickel, Christa and Russell McCormmach. ISBN 0-226-41585-6
- ISBN 0-387-95174-1
- Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties. (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95175-X
- Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 1 Schrödinger in Vienna and Zurich 1887-1925. (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95179-2
- Mehra, Jagdish, and Helmut Rechenberg The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 5 Erwin Schrödinger and the Rise of Wave Mechanics. Part 2 The Creation of Wave Mechanics: Early Response and Applications 1925 - 1926. (Springer, 2001) ISBN 0-387-95180-6
- Reid, Constance Courant (Springer, 1996) ISBN 0-387-94670-5
- Reid, Constance Hilbert (Springer, 1996) ISBN 0-387-94674-8
- Sommerfeld, Arnold, translated from the fourth German edition by Martin O. Stern Mechanics - Lectures on Theoretical Physics Volume I (Academic Press, 1964)
- S.G. Podorov, A. Nazarkin, "Wide-Angle X-Ray Diffraction Theory Versus Classical Dynamical Theory" - Recent Res. Devel. Optics, 7 (2009) ISBN 978-81-308-0370-8
External links
Oral histories
- Oral History interview transcript with Paul Peter Ewald on 1 April 1959, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
- Oral History interview transcript with Paul Peter Ewald on 29 March 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I
- Oral History interview transcript with Paul Peter Ewald on 8 May 1962, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II
- Oral History interview transcript with Paul Peter Ewald on 17 May 1968, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session I
- Oral History interview transcript with Paul Peter Ewald on 24 May 1968, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives - Session II