Phytophthora

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Phytophthora
Phytophthora porri on leek (Allium porrum)
Phytophthora porri on leek (Allium porrum)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Stramenopiles
Phylum: Oomycota
Order: Peronosporales
Family: Peronosporaceae
Genus: Phytophthora
de Bary 1876[1]
Species

See text

Rhododendron ponticum showing classic symptoms of Phytophthora kernoviae in the UK

Phytophthora (from

Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1875. Approximately 210 species have been described, although 100–500 undiscovered Phytophthora species are estimated to exist.[2]

Pathogenicity

Sudden oak death caused by Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora

lilies, to members of many dicotyledonous families. Many species of Phytophthora are plant pathogens of considerable economic importance. Phytophthora infestans was the infective agent of the potato blight that caused the Great Famine of Ireland, and still remains the most destructive pathogen of solanaceous crops, including tomato and potato.[3] The soya bean root and stem rot agent, Phytophthora sojae, has also caused longstanding problems for the agricultural industry. In general, plant diseases caused by this genus are difficult to control chemically, thus the growth of resistant cultivars
is the main management strategy. Other important Phytophthora diseases are:

Research beginning in the 1990s has placed some of the responsibility for European forest die-back on the activity of imported Asian Phytophthoras.[7]

In 2019, scientists in Connecticut were conducting experiments testing various methods to grow healthier Fraser trees when they accidentally discovered a new species of Phytophthora, which they called Phytophthora abietivora. The fact that these scientists so readily discovered a new species further suggests that there could be many more species waiting to be discovered.[8]

Reproduction

Phytophthora species may reproduce sexually or asexually. In many species, sexual structures have never been observed, or have only been observed in laboratory matings. In

meiosis is gametic
, and somatic nuclei are diploid. Asexual (mitotic) spore types are chlamydospores, and sporangia which produce zoospores. Chlamydospores are usually spherical and pigmented, and may have a thickened cell wall to aid in their role as a survival structure. Sporangia may be retained by the subtending hyphae (noncaducous) or be shed readily by wind or water tension (caducous) acting as dispersal structures. Also, sporangia may release zoospores, which have two unlike flagella which they use to swim towards a host plant.

Zoospores (and zoospores of Pythium, also in the Peronosporales) recognize not only hosts but particular locations on hosts.[9] Phytophthora zoospores recognize and attach to specific root surface regions.[9] This is a high degree of specificity at an early stage of cell development.[9]

The lifecycle of Phytophthora
Phytophthora forms: A: Sporangia. B: Zoospore. C: Chlamydospore. D: Oospore

Evolution and resemblance to fungi

Phytophthora is sometimes referred to as a

haploid in this stage. Biochemical pathways also differ, notably the highly conserved lysine synthesis path.[citation needed
]

Species

The NCBI lists:[10]

Phytophthora betacei

References

  1. ^ Heinrich Anton de Bary, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, ser. 2 12: 240 (1876)
  2. ^ Brasier CM, 2009. Phytophthora biodiversity: how many Phytophthora species are there? In: Goheen EM, Frankel SJ, eds. Phytophthoras in Forests and Natural Ecosystems. Albany, CA, USA: USDA Forest Service: General Technical Report PSW-GTR-221, 101–15.
  3. PMID 30731850
  4. PMID 16175787. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2009-03-04.
  5. PMID 20198133
    .
  6. ^ "APHIS List of Regulated Hosts and Plants Associated with Phytophthora ramorum" U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services Archived 2006-12-12 at the Wayback Machine;
  7. ^ "Phytophthora: Asiatischer Pilz lässt die Bäume sterben" Süddeutschen Zeitung 11 May 2005
  8. PMID 31596694
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4899-2637-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  10. ^ "Phytophthora". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  11. S2CID 253910078
    .
  12. ^ Bregant C, Sanna GP, Bottos A, Maddau L, Montecchio L, Linaldeddu BT (2020). "Diversity and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with declining alder trees in Italy and description of Phytophthora alpina sp. nov". Forests. 11 (8): 848.
  13. ^ "Taxonomy browser (Phytophthora chesapeakensis)". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved 2023-02-28.
  14. doi:10.1007/s10658-018-1561-1
  15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02323.x
    .
  16. ^ Hansen, Everett M.; Reeser, P. W.; Davidson, J. M.; Garbelotto, Matteo; Ivors, K.; Douhan, L.; Rizzo, David M. (2003). "Phytophthora nemorosa, a new species causing cankers and leaf blight of forest trees in California and Oregon, U.S.A" (PDF). Mycotaxon. 88: 129–138.
  17. ^ "Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (PHYTNP)[Overview]". Global Database. EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization). 2002. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  18. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(08)61986-3
    .

Further reading

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Phytophthora.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Phytophthora.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytophthora&oldid=1220357613"