Pinna nobilis

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Pinna nobilis
Live specimen of Pinna nobilis, in Levanto, Liguria (Italy)

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Bivalvia
Order: Pteriida
Superfamily: Pinnoidea
Family: Pinnidae
Genus: Pinna
Species:
P. nobilis
Binomial name
Pinna nobilis
Synonyms
  • Pinna (Pinna) nobilis Linnaeus, 1758· accepted, alternate representation
  • Pinna aculeatosquamosa Martens, 1866
  • Pinna cornuformis Nardo, 1847
  • Pinna ensiformis Monterosato, 1884
  • Pinna gigas Röding, 1798
  • Pinna gigas Chemnitz
  • Pinna incurvata Born, 1778
  • Pinna nigella Gregorio, 1885
  • Pinna nobilis var. aequilatera Weinkauff, 1867
  • Pinna nobilis var. dilatata Pallary, 1906
  • Pinna nobilis var. gangisa de Gregorio, 1885
  • Pinna nobilis var. inaequilatera Weinkauff, 1867
  • Pinna nobilis var. intermilla de Gregorio, 1885
  • Pinna nobilis var. latella de Gregorio, 1885
  • Pinna nobilis var. maga de Gregorio, 1885
  • Pinna nobilis var. nana Pallary, 1919
  • Pinna nobilis var. pisciformis de Gregorio, 1885
  • Pinna nobilis var. polii Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1890
  • Pinna nobilis var. rarisquama Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1890
  • Pinna obeliscus Martens, 1866
  • Pinna saccata Poli, 1795 (invalid: junior homonym of Pinna saccata Linnaeus, 1758; Pinna ensiformis Monterosato, 1884 is a replacement name)
  • Pinna squammosa Requien, 1848
  • Pinna squamosa Gmelin, 1791
  • Pinna vulgaris Roissy, 1804

Pinna nobilis, whose

mollusc in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells.[2]

It reaches up to 120 cm (4 ft) of shell length.[3] It produces a rare manganese-containing porphyrin protein known as pinnaglobin.[4]

Description

Live specimen of Pinna nobilis, in Levanto, Liguria
Pinna nobilis in a Mediterranean seagrass meadow

The

bivalve shell is usually 30–50 cm (1.0–1.6 ft) long,[5] but can reach 120 cm (4 ft).[3] Its shape differs depending on the region it inhabits. Like all pen shells, it is relatively fragile to pollution and shell damage. It attaches itself to rocks using a strong byssus composed of many silk-like threads which used to be made into cloth. The animal secretes these fibres from its byssus gland; they consist of keratin and other proteins and may be as long as 6 cm (2.4 in). The inside of the shell is lined with brilliant mother-of-pearl.[6]

As with other members of its genus, Pinna nobilis hosts symbiotic shrimp which live inside its shell.[7] It is believed that when it sees a threat, the shrimp warns the host, perhaps by retracting its claws or even by pinching. The clam then closes shut. It has been demonstrated that the shrimp has a similar filter-feeding diet to its host and the relationship is likely mutualistic.[8]

Distribution

This species is endemic to the Mediterranean Sea, where it lives offshore at depths ranging between 0.5 and 60 m (1.6 and 196.9 ft).[9] It could be found buried beneath soft-sediment areas (fine sand, mud, often anoxic).[10]

Human relevance

This species is the origin of sea silk, which was made from the byssus of the animal.[11]

Threats

In 2016, there was an outbreak of a disease that caused the mortality of 99% of its population in Spain. The cause of the disease is a newly discovered

critically endangered.[14][15]

The noble pen shell has been listed as an endangered species in the Mediterranean Sea. The European Council Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, on conservation of natural habitats and the wild fauna and flora, proclaims that P. nobilis is strictly protected (by the Annex IV of EEC, 1992) – all forms of deliberate capture or killing of fan mussel specimens are prohibited by law.[10]

As part of the Costa Concordia disaster recovery effort in Italy in 2012, a group of about 200 Pinna nobilis was relocated to a nearby area due to the threat posed by subsequent engineering work.[16]

Gallery

  • Live specimen of P. nobilis, looking into the shell from above
    Live specimen of P. nobilis, looking into the shell from above
  • Pinna nobilis: shell and byssus
    Pinna nobilis: shell and byssus
  • The very fine byssus threads of P. nobilis
    The very fine byssus threads of P. nobilis
  • Shell of Pinna nobilis
    Shell of Pinna nobilis
  • Releasing male gametes, Pula, Croatia
    Releasing male gametes, Pula, Croatia
  • Marthasterias glacialis attack, Pula, Croatia
    Marthasterias glacialis
     attack, Pula, Croatia

See also

References

  1. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T160075998A160081499.en
    . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ *Pinna gigas Chemnitz
  3. ^ a b Zavodnik, D., Hrs-Brenko, M., & Legac, M. (1991). Synopsis of the fan shell P. nobilis L. in the eastern Adriatic sea. In the C. F. Boudouresque, M. Avon, & V. Gravez (Eds.), Les Especes Marines a Proteger en Mediterranee (pp. 169–178). Marseille, France: GIS Posidonie publ.
  4. ^ "Manganese and "pinnaglobin" in Pinna nobilis". Science Direct.
  5. ^ Acquario di Genova (2006). Pinna nobilis. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  6. ^ Tyndale (1849): The Island of Sardinia, including Pictures of the Manners and Customs of the Sardinians, . . . Three Volumes. John Warre Tyndale. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 77–79.
  7. doi:10.1163/156854008783797507
    .
  8. S2CID 83483952
    .
  9. ^ Butler, A., Vicente, N., De Gaulejac, B. (1993). Ecology of the pteroid bivalves P. nobilis bicolor Gmelin and P. nobilis L. Marine Life, 3(1–2), 37–45.
  10. ^ a b Centoducati, G., Tarsitano, E., Bottalico, A., Marvulli, M., Lai, O., Crescenzo, G. (2006). Monitoring of the Endangered Pinna nobilis Linee, 1758 in the Mar Grande of Taranto (Ionian Sea, Italy). In the Environ Monit Assess (2007) 131:339–347.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1
    . See Section 12 plus "Appendix B – Sea Silk". pp. 468–476.
  12. ^ Chiara D'Incà "Nel Golfo di Trieste l’epidemia sterminante della Pinna nobilis" In: Trieste All News 25.1.2020.
  13. ^ Il Piccolo: Almost disappeared in Miramare for years, the Pinna nobilis reappears in Istria
  14. ^ "Examples of other species that have been added to the Red List". Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  15. ^ "IUCN Red List, Assessment Information". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  16. ^ Reuters video about the Pinna nobilis relocation

Further reading

  • Hill, John E. 2004. The Peoples of the West. A draft annotated translation of the 3rd century Weilüe – see Section 12 of the text and Appendix D.
  • Laufer, Berthold. 1915. "The Story of the Pinna and the Syrian Lamb", The Journal of American Folk-lore 28.108:103–128.
  • McKinley, Daniel L. 1988. "Pinna and Her Silken Beard: A Foray Into Historical Misappropriations". Ars Textrina: A Journal of Textiles and Costumes, Vol. Twenty-nine, June 1998, Winnipeg, Canada. pp. 9–223.
  • Maeder, Felicitas 2002. "The project Sea-silk – Rediscovering an Ancient Textile Material." Archaeological Textiles Newsletter, Number 35, Autumn 2002, pp. 8–11.
  • Maeder, Felicitas, Hänggi, Ambros and Wunderlin, Dominik, Eds. 2004. Bisso marino : Fili d’oro dal fondo del mare – Muschelseide : Goldene Fäden vom Meeresgrund. Naturhistoriches Museum and Museum der Kulturen, Basel, Switzerland. (In Italian and German).
  • Schafer, Edward H. 1967. The Vermillion Bird: T'ang Images of the South. University of California Press.
  • Turner, Ruth D. and Rosewater, Joseph 1958. "The Family Pinnidae in the Western Atlantic" Johnsonia, Vol. 3 No. 38, 28 June 1958, pp. 285–326.
  • R. Tucker Abbott & S. Peter Dance, 1982, “Compendium of seashells: a color guide to more than 4,200 of the world’s marine shells”, E.P. Dutton Inc., New York.
    ISBN 0-525-93269-0
    .

External links

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