Pinus sabiniana
| Pinus sabiniana | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Pinales |
| Family: | Pinaceae |
| Genus: | Pinus |
| Subgenus: | P. subg. Pinus
|
| Section: | P. sect. Trifoliae
|
| Subsection: | P. subsect. Ponderosae
|
| Species: | P. sabiniana
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pinus sabiniana | |
Pinus sabiniana (sometimes spelled P. sabineana), with
endemic to California in the United States.[7][8] Some sources discourage using the name "digger pine," considering it pejorative [3][4] ("digger" was a slur commonly used to refer to Indigenous Americans in the Great Basin and California).[9]
Description
The Pinus sabiniana tree typically grows to 36–45 feet (11–14 m), but can reach 105 feet (32 m) feet in height. The needles of the pine are in fascicles (bundles) of three, distinctively pale gray-green, sparse and drooping, and grow to 20–30 cm (8–12 inches) in length. The seed cones are large and heavy, 12–35 cm (4+3⁄4–13+3⁄4 inches) in length and almost as wide as they are long.[5][3][10] When fresh, they weigh from 0.3 to 0.7 kilograms (0.7 to 1.5 lb), rarely over 1 kilogram (2.2 lb).[11] The male cones grow at the base of shoots on the lower branches.[5][3][10]
-
Pollen cones -
Bark -
Cone, seeds, and resin -
Foliage
.jpg)
_-_foliage_(30485878313).jpg)
Distribution and habitat
Pinus sabiniana grows at elevations between sea level and 1,200 metres (4,000 ft) and is common in the northern and interior portions of the
overstory above a canopy of the oak woodland
.
-
P. sabiniana in chaparral habitat in Sacramento Valley -
P. sabiniana in mountain foothills habitat in Pinnacles National Monument
Ecology and uses
Pinus sabiniana needles are a food of the
Tulare County. Native Americans also consumed the roots.[17]
Special uses
Protein and fat nutritional value of the seed are similar to Pinus pinea seeds and figured in the local indigenous diet.[18]
Wood uses historically were determined by its particular characteristics, e.g., 0.43 mean
compression wood, the often crooked form, heavy weight, and low stand density, made it expensive otherwise to log, transport and process. Commercial value decreased by the 1960s,[18] to limited use for railroad ties, box "shook",[19] pallet stock, and chips
.
It may still offer potential as windbreak
shelterbelt plantings.[18]
The main turpentine constituent, heptane, an alkane hydrocarbon, at about 3 percent of needle and twig oil,[18] is unusual in botany; the only other source in nature perhaps being the Pittosporum resiniferum known as "petroleum nut" or kerosene tree.
Taxonomy
Common name
The name digger pine supposedly came from the observation that the
Jepson Manual advises avoiding this name as the authors believe "digger" is pejorative in origin.[20][21] It is also sometimes thought of as a pinyon pine
, though it does not belong to that group.
| Language | Name |
|---|---|
Achumawi |
tujhalo |
| Awaswas Ohlone | hireeni (pine tree); saak (pinenut) |
| Chalon Ohlone | šaak (pinenut) |
| Chimariko | hatcho |
| Chochenyo Ohlone | saak (pinenut) |
Chukchansi Yokuts |
ton' (pinenut); shaaxal' (pine sap) |
| Karuk | axyúsip |
| Klamath | gapga [22] |
| Konkow | tä-nē’ [23] |
| Maidu | towáni |
| Mono | tunah |
| Mutsun Ohlone | hireeni; saak (pinenut) |
| Patwin | tuwa; sanank (pinenut) |
| Rumsen Ohlone | xirren |
Southern Sierra Miwok |
sakky |
| Wappo | náyo |
| Wintu | xisi (unripe pinenut); chati (ripe pinenut) |
| Yana | c’ala’i [22] |
Botanical name
The scientific
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the governing body of botanical nomenclature. In that code, recommendation 60.2C states that personal names can be Latinized in species epithets: 'Sabine' is Latinised to sabinius, with the addition of the suffix "-anus" (pertaining to) the word becomes sabiniana (In Latin, trees are feminine, irrespective if the word ends with a masculine suffix, i.e. pinus).[24][25]
The GRIN database notes that Sabine's last name is not correctable and therefore Pinus sabiniana is the proper name for the species.
Notes
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Data Source and References for Pinus sabiniana (California foothill pine)". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Pinus sabiniana". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ a b Earle, Christopher J., ed. (2018). "Pinus sabiniana". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Pinus sabiniana". Calflora. Berkeley, California: The Calflora Database. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ "Pinus sabiniana". Archived from the original on 25 February 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ^ Cole 1939.
- ^ Beissner 1909.
- ^ Lonnberg, Allan (1981). "The Digger Indian Stereotype in California". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 3 (2).
- ^ a b c "Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Species Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas". USDA PLANTS. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
- ^ a b Powers, Robert F. (1990). "Pinus sabiniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Conifers. Silvics of North America. Vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 March 2016 – via Southern Research Station.
- ^ Frank Callahan. "Discovering Gray Pine (Pinus sabiniana) in Oregon" (PDF). Npsoregon.org. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "Pinus sabiniana (gray pine) description - The Gymnosperm Database". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
- ^ Hogan 2008.
- ^ Munz, P. "A California Flora and supplement" University of California Press
- Bonanza Books. p. 94.
- ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
- ^ a b c d "Digger Pine". USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Shook". 23 December 2021.
- ^ Hickman, J.C. (Ed.) "The Jepson Manual, Higher Plants of California". University of California Press, Berkeley, 1993 p.120.
- ^ Hickman, James C., ed. (1993). "Pinus sabiniana". The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University and Jepson Herbaria. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-930588-62-5.
- Government Printing Office. p. 408. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ a b "Pinus sabiniana Douglas". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ^ International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. 2006. Recommendation 60C.2. Accessed online: 1 October 2010.
References
- Cole, James E. (1939). The Cone-bearing Trees of Yosemite: Digger Pine.
- A. Farjon (2005). Pines: Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. Brill. ISBN 90-04-13916-8
- Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). "Blue Oak (Quercus douglasii)". GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012.
- Discovery Channel (2010), MythBusters, Episode 138
- Beissner, Ludwig (1909). Handbuch der Nadelholzkunde: Systematik, Beschreibung, Verwendung und Kultur der Ginkgoaceen, Freiland- Coniferen und Gnetaceen. Für Gärtner, Forstleute und Botaniker. P. Parey.
- Lonnberg, Allan (1981). "The Digger Indian Stereotype in California". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 3 (2).
Further reading
- OCLC 3477527.
External links
Media related to Pinus sabiniana (category) at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Pinus sabiniana at Wikispecies- Jepson eFlora, The Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley
- USDA PLANTS Treatment for Pinus sabiniana (California foothill pine)
- Pinus sabiniana in the CalPhotos photo database, University of California, Berkeley
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