Piscivore

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See also:
Pescetarian
Look up piscivore in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon) eating a catfish
An Atlantic puffin with a mouth full of lesser sand eels.

A piscivore (

herbivory.[1]

Almost all

domesticated pets such as dogs and cats
.

The ecological effects of piscivores can extend to other food chains. In a study of cutthroat trout stocking, researchers found that the addition of this piscivore can have noticeable effects on non-aquatic organisms, in this case bats feeding on insects emerging from the water with the trout.[2] Another study done on

lionfish removal to maintain low densities used piscivore densities as a biological indicator for coral reef success.[3]

There exist classifications of primary and secondary piscivores. Primary piscivores, also known as "specialists", shift to this habit in the first few months of their lives. Secondary piscivores will move to eating primarily fish later in their lifetime. It is hypothesized that the secondary piscivores' diet change is due to an adaptation to maintain efficiency in their use of energy while growing.[4]

Examples of extant piscivores

Extinct and prehistoric piscivores

Numerous extinct and prehistoric animals are hypothesized to have been primarily piscivorous due to anatomy and/or ecology. Furthermore, some have been confirmed to be piscivorous through fossil evidence. This list includes specialist piscivores, such as Laganosuchus, as well as generalist predators, such as Baryonyx & Spinosaurus, found to have or assumed to have eaten fish.

Specimen of Diplomystus swallowing another fish
  • Baryonyx (an opportunistic predator that had a crocodile-like skull, and scales of the lepidotid fish Scheenstia have been found in a skeleton where the stomach should be)[6]
  • Spinosaurus (close relative of Baryonyx, is hypothesized to have preyed on fish because of giant coelacanthids found in the same environment, and due to anatomical features, including a pressure-sensitive snout that could have detected movements of swimming prey)[6][7]
  • Laganosuchus (flattened head suggests that it passively waited for fish to swim near its mouth in order to engulf them)[8]
  • Pteranodon (remains of fish found in the beaks and stomach cavities of some specimens)
  • Elasmosaurus (long neck, stereoscopicly positioned eyes, and long teeth are thought to be adaptations for stalking and trapping fish and other schooling animals)
  • Thyrsocles (fossil specimen found with the stomach stuffed with the extinct herring Xyne grex)[9]
  • Xiphactinus (a 4-meter-long specimen was found with a perfectly preserved skeleton of its relative, Gillicus, in its stomach)
  • smaller individuals of the same species
    , are known)
  • Ornithocheirus (hypothesized to be piscivorous due to anatomy of its jaws and dentition)
  • Titanoboa (multiple cranial and biochemical characteristics suggest it was primarily piscivorous)[10]

References

  1. doi:10.1130/G31182.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  2. ISSN 1600-0706
    .
  3. ISSN 1989-8649
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0632054121.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link
    )
  5. ISBN 978-0-8117-2875-1.[page needed
    ]
  6. ^
    PMID 9812890
    .
  7. ^ Dal Sasso, C.; Maganuco, S.; Cioffi, A. (26 May 2009). "A neurovascular cavity within the snout of the predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus". 1st International Congress on North African Vertebrate Palaeontology. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  8. ^ Devlin, Hannah (November 20, 2009). "Meet Boar, Rat and Pancake: the ancient, giant crocodiles found in Sahara". Times Online.
  9. ^ David, Lore Rose. January 10, 1943. Miocene Fishes of Southern California The Society p 104-115
  10. ^ Head, J.J; Bloch, J. I; Moreno-Bernal, J. (2013). "Cranial Osteology, Body Size, Systematics and Ecology of the giant Paleocene snake Titanoboa cerrejonensis". Vertebrate Paleontology: 140–141.
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