Fishing cat
Fishing cat | |
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Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Suborder: | Feliformia |
Family: | Felidae |
Subfamily: | Felinae |
Genus: | Prionailurus |
Species: | P. viverrinus
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Binomial name | |
Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett, 1833)
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Distribution of the fishing cat as of 2016[1] |
The fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a medium-sized wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. It has a deep yellowish-grey fur with black lines and spots. Adults have a head-to-body length of 57 to 78 cm (22 to 31 in), with a 20 to 30 cm (7.9 to 11.8 in) long tail. Males are larger than females weighing 8 to 17 kg (18 to 37 lb); females average 5 to 9 kg (11 to 20 lb). Since 2016, it is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. Fishing cat populations are threatened by destruction of wetlands and have declined severely over the last decade. The fishing cat lives foremost in the vicinity of wetlands, along rivers, streams, oxbow lakes, in swamps, and mangroves.
The fishing cat's main prey is fish. Other prey items include
Taxonomy
Felis viverrinus was proposed by
Phylogeny
The Prionailurus species are estimated to have had a
Both models agree in the rusty-spotted cat (P. rubiginosus) having been the first cat of the Prionailurus lineage that genetically diverged, followed by the flat-headed cat (P. planiceps) and then the fishing cat.[6][8] It is estimated to have diverged together with the leopard cat (P. bengalensis) between 4.31 to 1.74 million years ago[6] and 4.25 to 0.02 million years ago.[8] The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships of the fishing cat as derived through analysis of nuclear DNA:[6][7]
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Characteristics
The fishing cat has a deep yellowish-grey fur with black lines and spots. Two stripes are on the cheeks, and two above the eyes running to the neck with broken lines on the forehead. It has two rows of spots around the throat. The spots on the shoulder are longitudinal, and those on the sides, limbs and tail are roundish.[2] The background colour of its fur varies between individuals from yellowish tawny to ashy grey, and the size of the stripes from narrow to broad. The fur on the belly is lighter than on the back and sides. The short and rounded ears are set low on the head, and the back of the ears bear a white spot. The tail is short, less than half the length of head and body, and with a few black rings at the end.[9] As an aquatic adaptation, the fur is layered. A short, dense layer provides a water barrier and thermal insulation, while another layer of protruding long guard hairs provides its pattern and glossy sheen.[10]
The fishing cat is the largest cat of the Prionailurus.
Its paws are less completely webbed than those of the leopard cat, and the claws are incompletely sheathed so that they protrude slightly when retracted.[9][13] Webbed feet have often been noted as a characteristic of the fishing cat, but the webbing beneath the toes is not much more developed than that of a bobcat.[14]
Distribution and habitat
The fishing cat is broadly but discontinuously distributed in South and Southeast Asia.[1] It is strongly associated with wetlands, inhabiting swamps and marshy areas around oxbow lakes, reed beds, tidal creeks and mangrove forests; it seems less abundant around smaller, fast-moving watercourses. Most records are from lowland areas.[15]
In Pakistan's Sindh Province, the fishing cat was recorded in the
Reports in Bangladeshi newspapers indicate that fishing cats live in all divisions of Bangladesh but are severely threatened; villagers killed at least 30 fishing cats between January 2010 and March 2013.
In Thailand, its presence has been documented in
In Cambodia, a single fishing cat was photographed by a
Behaviour and ecology
The fishing cat is thought to be primarily
The fishing cat's main prey is
It marks its
Reproduction and development
Wild fishing cats most likely mate during January and February; most kittens in the wild were observed in March and April.[11] However, fishing cats may mate as late as June.[15] In captivity, the gestation period lasts 63–70 days; females give birth to an average of two to three kittens; the little size can be as small as one to as large as four.[42][15] The generation length of the species is 5 years.[1] They weigh around 170 g (6.0 oz) at birth, and are able to actively move around by the age of one month. They begin to play in water and to take solid food when about two months old, but are not fully weaned until six months old. They reach full adult size when about eight and a half months old, acquire their adult canine teeth by 11 months, and are sexually mature when approximately 15 months old. They live up to 10 years in captivity.[11]
Health
Fishing cats are susceptible to carnivore protoparvovirus, a disease known to kill them. The disease significantly damages the kidney, spleen and gastrointestinal tract.[43] A captive individual was recorded with chlamydiota.[44] The fishing cat is also vulnerable to diseases and medical conditions such as feline hemoplasmas, transitional cell carcinoma and canine distemper virus.[45][46][47] Young fishing cats have been recorded with Toxocara cati; mortality often occurs.[48]
Threats
The fishing cat is threatened by destruction of
Fish farmers in Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, may also view fishing cats as pests, as they regularly take fish from farms, resulting in farmers killing them in retaliation.[49] In Bangladesh, fishing cats are often confused for tiger cubs, and are killed whenever they come into contact with humans.[50] They are also hunted for their meat, which is used for traditional causes. In one instance, between 2012 and 2015, poachers were arrested after slaying 31% of radio-collared animals in Thailand.[1] Skin may also be traded, though this is not yet confirmed.[51] Its habitat in India is primarily marshlands, thus, highly subjective to agricultural use under the country's law, leading to human–wildlife conflict. In Sagar Island, the natives there allegedly wiped out the fishing cat population. Deaths in the Indian subcontinent more often than not took place in the dry season, when paths with humans often cross.[1] In West Bengal's Howrah district, 27 dead fishing cats were recorded between April 2010 and May 2011.[21] In Bangladesh, at least 30 fishing cats were killed by local people in three years between January 2010 and March 2013.[28] Furthermore, in a study in Thailand, 84% of all fishing cats that were tracked via radio collars were killed – either due to poaching or unknown causes.[1] Crashes with vehicles is another major mortality factor.[23]In Southeast Asia, wetlands are strongholds for the fishing cat population. However, estimates predict that only 6% of wetlands remain unthreatened by human activities. A 2015 study stated that the fishing cat population is likely lower than 10,000.[28] The fishing cat is possibly extinct in coastal Kerala, India.[52]
Conservation
Prionailurus viverrinus is included on
In areas where habitat degradation is a major concern, such as coastal Andhra Pradesh, NGOs are working to slow habitat conversion in collaboration with local villagers. Part of this work involves creating alternative livelihood programs that allow villagers to earn money without damaging natural habitats.[53][54]
In captivity
Fishing cat captive breeding programmes have been established by the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and the American Association of Zoos and Aquariums. All the fishing cats kept in zoos around the world are listed in the International Studbook of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums.[55][56] Zoos in Thailand house around 30 individuals; birth rates are not particularly high.[57] They have been placed in captivity as an "insurance population" due to their vulnerable status in the wild.[58]
References
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External links
- "Fishing cat Prionailurus viverrinus". IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
- BioGraphic: Fishing Cat's Cradle by Morgan Heim and Katie Jewett, October 2016
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
.
- Fishing Cat Conservancy
- Fishing Cat Working Group
- The Jaguar and its Allies: The Fishing Cat