Polistes biglumis
Polistes biglumis | |
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Female | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Vespidae |
Subfamily: | Polistinae |
Tribe: | Polistini
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Genus: | Polistes |
Species: | P. biglumis
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Binomial name | |
Polistes biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758)
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Synonyms | |
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Polistes biglumis is a species of social
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Swedish zoologist Carl Linnaeus described Polistes biglumis in 1758.[2] Its species name biglumis is a Latin phrase meaning "two husks." While no common name for the wasp exists in English, it is referred to as berg Feldwespe in German (meaning "mountain field wasp"). P. biglumis has been studied alongside Polistes snelleni and Polistes chinensis for comparison. P. biglumis was originally classified as a hornet in the genus Vespa, but was reassigned to the genus Polistes, which is the largest genus of paper wasps in the family Vespidae.[3]
This species resides mainly in mountainous zones in
Subspecies
- P. b. alpium Blüthgen, 1957[5]
- P. b. biglumis (Linnaeus, 1758) [6]
- P. b. bimaculatus (Geoffroy, 1785)[6]
Description and identification
Polistes biglumis can reach a length of up to 16 mm (0.63 in) (queen), 14 mm (0.55 in) (workers), 15 mm (0.59 in) (males). It is a larger species of wasp in comparison to its relatives in Polistes. It also exhibits darker coloration compared to other paper wasps; it has a black petiole for both sexes. The females exhibit black abdomens, as well, with rare yellow spots. Males, however, have largely yellow abdomens.[3] Adult wasps can be distinguished from the young because they are darkly colored and can fly, whereas young wasps have paler stripes and are flightless.[7]
Workers and queens do not exhibit morphological differences, but they can be distinguished physically by the abundance of their fat layers and behaviorally through their relative foraging efforts. Queens have more abundant fat layers and are also significantly less likely to participate in foraging for the nest.[4] In addition, the color of the fat layers is distinct for workers versus queens; the workers exhibited yellow fat layers while the queens exhibited milky fat layers.[1]
The nests of P. biglumis are circular or
Distribution and habitat
This species resides mainly in mountainous zones in Southern Europe,
Colony cycle
P. biglumis colonies are always founded by a single foundress wasp.[11] New colonies become active in late May or early June each year, and the colony cycle terminates in September.[4] Half of all P. biglumis nests fail during the pre-emergence stage, and due to the limited colony cycle, foundresses cannot start a new nest for the season.[11]
The egg stage of the P. biglumis wasp is around 2 weeks, and the male offspring are produced before female offspring in a sequential fashion.
Behavior
Communication
Recognition
Polistes biglumis wasps exhibit a
Egg discrimination
P. biglumis females have also developed a method for discriminating between their own and foreign conspecific eggs that will become queens; they tend to eat foreign wasp eggs. Cues for distinguishing the eggs are located on the eggs themselves. This discrimination is a useful tactic both for foundresses that are in conflict with usurpers or joiners, and for usurpers and joiners themselves. No such system of recognition exists for eggs that develop into workers.[12]
Mating behavior
P. biglumis males typically return to sunlit landmarks in their patrol flights repetitiously. Males adopt certain tiny territories, usually small
Dominance hierarchy
Since a large set of nests will fail during the nesting season, foundresses constrained by the limited nesting season are forced to attempt female
Kin selection
Sex ratio
The average sex ratio of P. biglumis is female biased; however, the specific
Relatedness
P. biglumis has a
Predation
Nest predation on the wasp is minimal throughout its nesting season; however, when it does occur, it is mainly perpetrated by birds.[1] Nevertheless, nest predation by vertebrates reaches its peak during the pre-emergence period when the nest is empty except for the foundress and is, as a result, undefended. Furthermore, such predation is a major contribution to nest failure.[13] In these cases, often the nest is preyed upon, but the foundress survives, which leads to the creation of usurpers and joiners.[11][13] Unlike with other Polistes species, ants do not often attack the nests of P. biglumis. Accordingly, P. biglumis releases a very reduced amount of ant repellant substance on to the pedicels of the nests. In most Polistes species, this substance is secreted via abdominal glands on pedicels to prevent ant invasion of the comb.[1]
Parasitism
Polistes atrimandibularis is a rare, obligate parasite that permanently invades the nest of the P. biglumis colonies. Its prevalence is highest in relatively cooler P. biglumis habitats in the Alps and is scarcer in their warmer habitats in the Apennines. The parasite wasp queen invades the nest of the foundress host wasp during the pre-emergence phase when the nest is empty except for the foundress. The parasite wasp destroys all of the host eggs, and then represses the foundress's egg-laying capacity, cutting her productivity in half. As a result, often only the first of the P. biglumis wasp broods survive, namely the brood that emerged early and escaped destruction by the parasite queen.[4]
Efficacy
The parasite enters the host nest peacefully and submits to the attacks of the foundress, but over time, the parasite queen begins to dominate the host queen. The parasite queen co-opts the host workers and the host queen to care for her brood by altering their processes of nestmate recognition. Parasite queens also help care for the larvae toward the end of the colony cycle. She enters other local colonies of the host species to steal their larvae and pupae. She uses the pupae and larvae of the foreign colony P. biglumis to feed her own larvae in the parasitized nest. Intrusion and survival of the parasite wasp in the host foundress's nest is based largely on its ability to manipulate various components of the recognition system used by the host wasp.[7]
Recognition
Epicuticular hydrocarbons
Parasite queens have levels of epicuticular
Parasitic emulation
The survival of the parasite offspring relies on their queen to alter the nest paper from which the new host workers learn nestmate recognition.[9] The parasite wasp impregnates the nest paper with unsaturated, parasite-species hydrocarbons so that the emerging host workers learn to recognize both host and parasite broods as nestmates.[2] As a result, newly emerged parasite wasp females are only accepted in P. biglumis colonies that have already been parasitized. In nonparasitized colonies, they receive highly aggressive responses from host wasps. Thus, the host wasps in parasitized colonies learn a recognition odor template that is more inclusive than the one used by wasps of nonparasitized colonies.[9] This expanded template leads to a far greater error rate in nestmate recognition for the host wasp. The parasitized nest hosts demonstrate an impairment in discrimination, and are much more likely to permit even non-nestmate conspecific individuals. They are also more likely to reject nestmates erroneously.[2]