North Macedonia
Republic of North Macedonia | ||
---|---|---|
Anthem: Денес над Македонија (Macedonian) "Today over Macedonia" | ||
Capital and largest city | Skopje 42°0′N 21°26′E / 42.000°N 21.433°E | |
Official languages | ||
|
| |
Legislature | Assembly | |
Establishment history | ||
2 August 1944 | ||
8 September 1991 | ||
Area | ||
• Total | 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi) (145th) | |
• Water (%) | 1.9 | |
Population | ||
• 2021 census | 1,836,713[2] | |
• Density | 80.1/km2 (207.5/sq mi) (122nd) | |
GDP (PPP) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $44.055 billion[4] (130th) | |
• Per capita | $21,391[4] (75th) | |
GDP (nominal) | 2023 estimate | |
• Total | $15.801 billion[4] (143rd) | |
• Per capita | $7,672[4] (90th) | |
Gini (2019) | 30.7[5] medium | |
HDI (2021) | 0.770[6] high (78th) | |
Currency | Macedonian denar (MKD) | |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) | |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Calling code | +389 | |
ISO 3166 code | MK | |
Internet TLD |
North Macedonia (/ˌmæsɪˈdoʊniə/ MASS-ih-DOH-nee-ə),[c] officially the Republic of North Macedonia,[d] is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe. It shares land borders with Greece to the south, Albania to the west, Bulgaria to the east, Kosovo[e] to the northwest and Serbia to the north.[7] It constitutes approximately the northern third of the larger geographical region of Macedonia. Skopje, the capital and largest city, is home to a quarter of the country's 1.83 million people. The majority of the residents are ethnic Macedonians, a South Slavic people. Albanians form a significant minority at around 25%, followed by Turks, Roma, Serbs, Bosniaks, Aromanians and a few other minorities.
The region's history begins with the kingdom of Paeonia. In the late sixth century BC, the area was subjugated by the Persian Achaemenid Empire, then incorporated into the Kingdom of Macedonia in the fourth century BC. The Roman Republic conquered the region in the second century BC and made it part of its larger province of Macedonia. The area remained part of the Byzantine Empire, but was often raided and settled by Slavic tribes beginning in the sixth century of the Christian era. Following centuries of contention between the Bulgarian, Byzantine, and Serbian Empires, it was part of the Ottoman Empire from the mid-14th until the early 20th century, when, following the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913, the modern territory of North Macedonia came under Serbian rule.
During the
North Macedonia is also a member of the
Names and etymology
The state's name derives from the
Apart from the theme of Macedonia, the name "Macedonia" was largely forgotten as a geographical denomination through the Byzantine and Ottoman eras but was revived by Bulgarian and Greek nationalist movements from the early 19th century onwards.[17][18][19] It was revived only in middle of the century, with the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire.[20][21][22] In the early 20th century the region was already a national cause, contested among Bulgarian, Greek, and Serbian nationalists. During the interwar period the use of the name "Macedonia" was prohibited in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, due to the implemented policy of Serbianisation of the local Slavic-speakers.[23][24] The name "Macedonia" was adopted officially for the first time at the end of the Second World War by the new Socialist Republic of Macedonia, which became one of the six constituent countries of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, this federal entity declared independence and changed its official name to the "Republic of Macedonia" in 1991. Prior to June 2018, the use of the name "Macedonia" was disputed between Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia.
The
History
Early history
North Macedonia geographically roughly corresponds to the ancient
In the late 6th century BC, the
Philip II of Macedon absorbed[48] the regions of Upper Macedonia (Lynkestis and Pelagonia) and the southern part of Paeonia (Deuriopus) into the kingdom of Macedon in 356 BC.[49] Philip's son Alexander the Great conquered the remainder of the region and incorporated it in his empire, reaching as far north as Scupi, but the city and the surrounding area remained part of Dardania.[50] After the death of Alexander, Celtic armies began to bear down on the southern regions, threatening the kingdom of Macedon. In 310 BC, they attacked the area, but were defeated.[51]
The Romans established the province of Macedonia in 146 BC. By the time of Diocletian, the province had been subdivided between Macedonia Prima ("first Macedonia") on the south, encompassing most of the kingdom of Macedon, and Macedonia Salutaris (meaning "wholesome Macedonia", known also as Macedonia Secunda, "second Macedonia") on the north, encompassing partially Dardania and the whole of Paeonia; most of the country's modern boundaries fell within the latter, with the city of Stobi as its capital.[52] Roman expansion brought the Scupi area under Roman rule in the time of Domitian (81–96 AD), and it fell within the Province of Moesia.[53] Whilst Greek remained the dominant language in the eastern part of the Roman empire, especially south of the Jireček Line, Latin spread to some extent in Macedonia.[54]
Medieval period
After
In the early 13th century, a revived Bulgarian Empire gained control of the region. Plagued by political difficulties, the empire did not last, and the region came once again under Byzantine control in the early 14th century. In the 14th century, it became part of the Serbian Empire. Skopje became the capital of Tsar Stefan Dušan's empire. Following Dušan's death, a weak successor appeared, and power struggles between nobles divided the Balkans once again. These events coincided with the entry of the Ottoman Turks into Europe.
Ottoman period
The
Modern period
Macedonian autonomism
Several movements whose goals were the establishment of an autonomous Macedonia, which would encompass the entire region of Macedonia, began to arise in the late 19th century; the earliest of these was the
In the early years of the organisation, membership eligibility was exclusive to Bulgarians, but later it was extended to all inhabitants of European Turkey regardless of ethnicity or religion.[71] The majority of its members were Macedonian Bulgarians.[72] In 1903, IMRO organised the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottomans, which after some initial successes, including the forming of the Kruševo Republic, was crushed with much loss of life.[73] The uprising and the forming of the Kruševo Republic are considered the cornerstone and precursors to the eventual establishment of the Macedonian state.[74][75][76] The leaders of the Ilinden uprising are celebrated as national heroes in North Macedonia. The names of IMRO revolutionaries like Gotse Delchev, Pitu Guli, Dame Gruev and Yane Sandanski were included into the lyrics of the national anthem of the state of North Macedonia "Denes nad Makedonija" ("Today over Macedonia"). The major national holiday of North Macedonia, the Republic Day, is celebrated on 2 August, Ilinden (St. Elijah day), the day of the Ilinden uprising.
Kingdom of Serbia
Following the two
World War I
During the
Bulgarian language was to be exclusively used, Serbian Cyrillic was forbidden, Serbian priests were arrested and deported, Serbian-sounding names had to be changed to Bulgarian ones,[86] school teachers were brought from Bulgaria while Serbian books were taken from schools and libraries and publicly destroyed.[87] Adult males were sent to labour camps or forced to join the Bulgarian Army, representatives of the Serbian intelligentsia were deported or executed.[85] According to Paul Mojzes the aim of the Bulgarian government was to create pure Bulgarian territories by denationalising the non-Bulgarian Slavic population of Macedonia.[88]
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
After the capitulation of Bulgaria and the end of the First World War, the area returned under Belgrade control as part of the newly formed
The Serbian government pursued a policy of forced
In 1929, the Kingdom was officially renamed the
The
IMRO followed by starting an insurgent war in Vardar Macedonia, together with Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization, which also conducted guerrilla attacks against the Serbian administrative and army officials there. In 1923 in Stip, a paramilitary organisation called Association against Bulgarian Bandits was formed by Serbian chetniks, IMRO renegades and Macedonian Federative Organization (MFO) members to oppose IMRO and MMTRO.[97] On 9 October 1934, IMRO member Vlado Chernozemski assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia.
The
World War II
During World War II, Yugoslavia was occupied by the
As leader of the Vardar Macedonian communists,
In Vardar Macedonia, after the
Compelled by the Soviet Union with a view towards the creation of a large South Slav Federation, in 1946 the new Communist government, led by Georgi Dimitrov, agreed to give Bulgarian Macedonia to a United Macedonia. With the Bled agreement, in 1947 Bulgaria formally confirmed the envisioned unification of the Macedonian region, but postponed this act until after the formation of the future Federation.[112][113] It was the first time it accepted the existence of a separate Macedonian ethnicity and language. After the Tito–Stalin split the region of Pirin Macedonia remained part of Bulgaria and later the Bulgarian Communist Party revised its view of the existence of a separate Macedonian nation and language.
Socialist Yugoslavia
In December 1944 the
The new republic became one of the six republics of the Yugoslav federation. Following the federation's renaming as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1963, the People's Republic of Macedonia was likewise renamed the Socialist Republic of Macedonia.[115][116][117]
Declaration of independence
North Macedonia officially celebrates 8 September 1991 as Independence day (Macedonian: Ден на независноста, Den na nezavisnosta), with regard to the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia.[118] The anniversary of the start of the Ilinden Uprising (St. Elijah's Day) on 2 August is also widely celebrated on an official level as the Day of the Republic.
Robert Badinter, as the head of the Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia, recommended EC recognition in January 1992.[119] On 15 January 1992, Bulgaria was the first country to recognise the independence of the republic.
Macedonia remained at peace through the Yugoslav Wars of the early 1990s. A few very minor changes to its border with Yugoslavia were agreed upon to resolve problems with the demarcation line between the two countries. It was seriously destabilised by the Kosovo War in 1999, when an estimated 360,000 ethnic Albanian refugees from Kosovo took refuge in the country.[120] They departed shortly after the war, and Albanian nationalists on both sides of the border took up arms soon after in pursuit of autonomy or independence for the Albanian-populated areas of Macedonia.[120][121]
21st century
2001 insurgency
A
Antiquisation
Upon its coming to power in 2006, but especially since the country's non-invitation to NATO in 2008, the VMRO-DPMNE government pursued a policy of "
Moreover, per Prespa agreement both countries have acknowledged that their respective understanding of the terms "Macedonia" and "Macedonian" refers to a different historical context and cultural heritage.EU and NATO path
In August 2017, what was then the Republic of Macedonia signed a friendship agreement with Bulgaria, aiming to end the "anti-Bulgarian ideology" in the country and to solve the historical issues between the two.
Under the
The withdrawal of the Greek veto, along with the signing the friendship agreement with Bulgaria, resulted in the European Union on 27 June approving the start of accession talks, which were expected to take place in 2019, under the condition that the Prespa deal was implemented.[134] On 5 July, the Prespa agreement was ratified by the Macedonian parliament with 69 MPs voting in favour of it.[135] On 12 July, NATO invited Macedonia to start accession talks in a bid to become the alliance's 30th member.[136] On 30 July, the parliament of Macedonia approved plans to hold a non-binding referendum on changing the country's name, which took place on 30 September.[137] Ninety-one percent of voters voted in favour with a 37% turnout,[138] but the referendum was not carried because of a constitutional requirement for a 50% turnout.[139]
On 6 February 2019, the permanent representatives of NATO member states and Macedonian Foreign Affairs Minister Nikola Dimitrov, signed in
In March 2020, after the ratification process by all NATO members was completed, North Macedonia acceded to NATO, becoming the 30th member state.[145][146] The same month, the leaders of the European Union formally gave approval to North Macedonia to begin talks to join the EU.[147][148] On 17 November 2020, Bulgaria refused to approve the European Union's negotiation framework for North Macedonia, effectively blocking the official start of accession talks with this country.[149] The explanation from the Bulgarian side was: no implementation of the friendship treaty from 2017, state-supported hate speech, minority claims, and an "ongoing nation-building process" based on historical negationism of the Bulgarian identity, culture and legacy in the broader region of Macedonia.[150] The veto received condemnation by intellectuals from both states[151] and criticism from international observers.[152][153][154]
Protests broke out in July 2022, organized by the opposition parties, over the French proposal for the accession of North Macedonia to the EU.[155] The accession talks for the accession of North Macedonia to the EU officially began in the same month, after the French proposal was passed by the Assembly of North Macedonia.[156]
The 2023 European Commission Progress Report has cited the unfulfilled constitutional changes, as the primary reasons for the blocking of the further country’s accession path. The EU’s intention regarding the country’s accession seems unclear, excluding desire to maintain its geopolitical influence here, countering the Chinese and Russian impact in the Western Balkans.[157]
Geography
North Macedonia has a total area of 25,713 km2 (9,928 sq mi). It lies between latitudes
North Macedonia is a
North Macedonia also has scenic mountains. They belong to two different mountain ranges: the first is the Šar Mountains
The Aegean basin is the largest. It covers 87% of the territory of North Macedonia, which is 22,075 square kilometres (8,523 sq mi).
Climate
Four different seasons are found in the country with warm and dry summers and moderately cold and snowy winters. The range of temperatures recorded throughout the year ranges from −20 °C (−4 °F) in winter, to 40 °C (104 °F) in summer. Low winter temperatures are influenced by winds from the north while heat seasons during summer arise due to the subtropical pressure of the Aegean Sea and climate influences from the
Average annual precipitation varies from 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the western mountainous area to 500 mm (19.7 in) in the eastern area. There is a low level of precipitation in the Vardar valley with 500 mm (19.7 in) of water per year. There are thirty main and regular weather stations in the country.
Biodiversity
The flora of North Macedonia is represented by around 210
Phytogeographically, North Macedonia belongs to the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the European Environment Agency, the territory of the Republic can be subdivided into four terrestrial ecoregions: the Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rodope montane mixed forests, and Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests.[167] North Macedonia had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.42/10, ranking it 40th globally out of 172 countries.[168]
The native forest fauna is abundant and includes bears,
and the forest owl.The country has four national parks:
Name | Established | Size | Map | Picture |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mavrovo | 1948 | 731 km2 | ||
Galičica | 1958 | 227 km2 | ||
Pelister | 1948 | 125 km2 | ||
Šar Mountains | 2021 | 244 km2[169] |
Politics
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2020) |
North Macedonia is a parliamentary democracy with an executive government composed of a coalition of parties from the unicameral legislature (Собрание, Sobranie; Assembly in English) and an independent judicial branch with a constitutional court. The Assembly is made up of 120 seats and the members are elected every four years. The role of the president is mostly ceremonial, with the real power resting in the hands of the prime minister. The president is the commander-in-chief of the state armed forces and a president of the State Security Council. The president is elected every five years and he or she can be elected twice at most.
Since 2019, local government functions are divided between 80 municipalities (општини, opštini; singular: општина, opština).[170] The capital, Skopje, is governed as a group of ten municipalities collectively referred to as the "City of Skopje". Municipalities in North Macedonia are units of local self-government. Neighbouring municipalities may establish co-operative arrangements.
The country's main political divergence is between the largely ethnically based political parties representing the country's ethnic Macedonian majority and Albanian minority. The issue of the power balance between the two communities led to a brief war in 2001, following which a power-sharing agreement was reached. In August 2004, parliament passed legislation redrawing local boundaries and giving greater local autonomy to ethnic Albanians in areas where they predominate.
After a troublesome pre-election campaign, North Macedonia saw a relatively calm and democratic change of government in the
After the early parliamentary elections held in 2008, VMRO-DPMNE and Democratic Union for Integration formed a ruling coalition.[172] In April 2009, presidential and local elections in the country were carried out peacefully, which was crucial for Macedonian aspirations to join the EU.[173] The ruling conservative VMRO-DPMNE party won a victory in the local elections and the candidate supported by the party, Gjorgi Ivanov, was elected as the new president.
In June 2017, Zoran Zaev of the Social Democratic Party, became the new prime minister six months after early elections. The new center-left government ended 11 years of conservative VMRO-DPMNE rule led by former prime minister Nikola Gruevski.[174]
As of 4 January 2020[update], the acting prime minister of North Macedonia was Oliver Spasovski and the current president of the Parliament is Talat Xhaferi.[175] The election of Xhaferi was immediately met with protests led by VMRO-DPMNE, which was quickly handled by the police.[175]
The early parliamentary elections took place on 15 July 2020.[176] Zoran Zaev has served as the prime minister of the Republic of North Macedonia again since August 2020.[177] Stevo Pendarovski was sworn in as North Macedonia's new president in May 2019.[178] Prime minister Zoran Zaev announced his resignation after his party, the Social Democratic Union, suffered losses in local elections in October 2021.[179] In January 2022, Dimitar Kovačevski was elected as prime minister. The new coalition cabinet composed of Kovačevski's Social Democrats and two ethnic Albanian parties.[180]
Parliament, or Assembly (Macedonian: Собрание, Sobranie), is the country's legislative body. It makes, proposes and adopts laws. The Constitution of North Macedonia has been in use since shortly after the independence of the republic in 1991. It limits the power of the governments, both local and national. The military is also limited by the constitution. The constitution states that North Macedonia is a social free state, and that Skopje is the capital.[181] The 120 members are elected for a mandate of four years through a general election. Each citizen aged 18 years or older can vote for one of the political parties. The current president of Parliament is since 2017 an ethnic Albanian, Talat Xhaferi.[182]
Executive power in North Macedonia is exercised by the Government, whose prime minister is the most politically powerful person in the country. The members of the government are chosen by the prime minister and there are ministers for each branch of the society. There are ministers for economy, finance, information technology, society, internal affairs, foreign affairs and other areas. The members of the Government are elected for a mandate of four years. Judiciary power is exercised by courts, with the court system being headed by the Judicial Supreme court, Constitutional Court and the Republican Judicial Council. The assembly appoints the judges.
Foreign relations
North Macedonia became a member state of the UN on 8 April 1993, eighteen months after its independence from Yugoslavia. It was referred to within the UN as "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", until the resolution of the long-running dispute with Greece about the country's name.
The major interest of the country is a full integration in the European and the Trans-Atlantic integration processes.[183]
North Macedonia is a member of the following international and regional organisations:
In 2005, the country was officially recognised as a European Union candidate state.
At the NATO 2008 Bucharest summit, Macedonia failed to gain an invitation to join the organisation because Greece vetoed the move after the dispute over the name issue.[185] The U.S. had previously expressed support for an invitation,[186] but the summit then decided to extend an invitation only on condition of a resolution of the naming conflict with Greece.
In March 2009, the European Parliament expressed support for North Macedonia's EU candidacy and asked the EU Commission to grant the country a date for the start of accession talks by the end of 2009. The parliament also recommended a speedy lifting of the visa regime for Macedonian citizens.[187] Prior to the Prespa agreement, the country failed to receive a start date for accession talks as a result of the naming dispute. However, after the Prespa agreement, North Macedonia became a member state of NATO on 27 March 2020. The EU's stance was similar to NATO's in that resolution of the naming dispute was a precondition for the start of accession talks.
In October 2012, the EU Enlargement Commissioner Štefan Füle proposed a start of accession negotiations with the country for the fourth time, while the previous efforts were blocked each time by Greece. At the same time Füle visited Bulgaria in a bid to clarify the state's position with respect to Macedonia. He established that Bulgaria had almost joined Greece in vetoing the accession talks. The Bulgarian position was that Sofia cannot grant an EU certificate to Skopje, which is systematically employing an ideology of hate towards Bulgaria.[188]
Military
The Army of the Republic of North Macedonia (ARSM) is led by the
The Ministry of Defence develops the Republic's defence strategy and assesses possible threats and risks. It is also responsible for the defence system, including training, readiness, equipment, and development, and for drawing up and presenting the defence budget.[192]
Naming dispute
The use of the name "
The UN adopted the provisional reference the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (Macedonian: Поранешна Југословенска Република Македонија) when the country was admitted to the organisation in 1993.[196] The lower-cased "former" was chosen intentionally to display the provisionality of the name although most UN member countries soon abandoned the provisional reference and recognised the country as the Republic of Macedonia instead.[197] Most international organisations adopted the same convention along with over 100 UN members and four of the five permanent UN Security Council members.[198][199] In the period between 1991 and 2019, the country's name was an ongoing issue in bilateral and international relations. The UN set up a negotiating process with a mediator, Matthew Nimetz, and the two parties to try to mediate the dispute. Following the ratification of the Prespa agreement, most major international organisations welcomed the settlement of the long-standing dispute, and adopted the country's new name.[200][201][202]
Human rights
North Macedonia is a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Convention against Torture, and the Constitution guarantees basic human rights to all Macedonian citizens.
According to human rights organisations, in 2003 there were suspected extrajudicial executions, threats against, and intimidation of, human rights activists and opposition journalists, and allegations of torture by the police.[203][204]
Administrative divisions
North Macedonia's statistical regions exist solely for legal and statistical purposes. The regions are:
- Eastern
- Northeastern
- Pelagonia
- Polog
- Skopje
- Southeastern
- Southwestern
- Vardar
In August 2004, the country was reorganised into 84 municipalities (opštini; sing. opština); 10 of the municipalities constitute the City of Skopje, a distinct unit of local self-government and the country's capital.
Most of the current municipalities were unaltered or merely amalgamated from the previous 123 municipalities established in September 1996; others were consolidated and their borders changed. Prior to this, local government was organised into 34 administrative districts, communes, or counties (also opštini).
Economy
Ranked as the fourth "best reformatory state" out of 178 countries ranked by the
The current government introduced a flat tax system with the intention of making the country more attractive to foreign investment. The flat tax rate was 12% in 2007 and was further lowered to 10% in 2008.[207][208] as of 2005[update] North Macedonia's unemployment rate was 37.2%[209] and as of 2006[update] its poverty rate was 22%.[206] Due to a number of employment measures as well as the successful process of attracting multinational corporations, and according to the State Statistical Office of North Macedonia, the country's unemployment rate in the first quarter of 2015 decreased to 27.3%.[210] Government's policies and efforts in regards to foreign direct investments have resulted with the establishment of local subsidiaries of several world leading manufacturing companies, especially from the automotive industry, such as: Johnson Controls Inc., Van Hool NV, Johnson Matthey plc, Lear Corp., Visteon Corp., Kostal GmbH, Gentherm Inc., Dräxlmaier Group, Kromberg & Schubert, Marquardt GmbH, Amphenol Corp., Tekno Hose SpA, KEMET Corp., Key Safety Systems Inc., ODW-Elektrik GmbH, etc.
In terms of GDP structure, as of 2013[update] the manufacturing sector, including mining and construction constituted the largest part of GDP at 21.4%, up from 21.1% in 2012. The trade, transportation and accommodation sector represents 18.2% of GDP in 2013, up from 16.7% in 2012, while agriculture represents 9.6%, up from 9.1% in the previous year.[211]
In terms of foreign trade, the largest sector contributing to the country's export in 2014 was "chemicals and related products" at 21.4%, followed by the "machinery and transport equipment" sector at 21.1%. North Macedonia's main import sectors in 2014 were "manufactured goods classified chiefly by material" with 34.2%, "machinery and transport equipment" with 18.7% and "mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials" with 14.4% of the total imports. Even 68.8% of the foreign trade in 2014 was done with the EU which makes the Union by far the largest trading partner of North Macedonia (23.3% with Germany, 7.9% with the UK, 7.3% with Greece, 6.2% with Italy, etc.). Almost 12% of the total external trade in 2014 was done with the Western Balkan countries.[212]
North Macedonia has one of the highest shares of people struggling financially, with 72% of its citizens stating that they could manage on their household's income only "with difficulty" or "with great difficulty", though North Macedonia, along with Croatia, was the only country in the Western Balkans to not report an increase in this statistic.[213] Corruption and a relatively ineffective legal system also act as significant restraints on successful economic development. North Macedonia still has one of the lowest per capita GDPs in Europe. Furthermore, the country's grey market is estimated at close to 20% of GDP.[214] PPS GDP per capita stood at 36% of the EU average in 2017.[215] With a GDP per capita of US$9,157 at purchasing power parity and a Human Development Index of 0.701, North Macedonia is less developed and has a considerably smaller economy than most of the former Yugoslav states.
Trade
The outbreak of the Yugoslav wars and the imposition of sanctions on
Since the end of the Greek embargo, Greece has become the country's most important business partner. (See Greek investments in North Macedonia.) Many Greek companies have bought former state companies in North Macedonia,[216] such as the oil refinery Okta, the baking company Zhito Luks, a marble mine in Prilep, textile facilities in Bitola, etc., and employ 20,000 people. The moving of business to North Macedonia in the oil sector has been caused by the rise of Greece in the oil markets.[217]
Other key partners are Germany, Italy, the United States, Slovenia, Austria and Turkey.
Tourism
Tourism plays a significant role in the economy of North Macedonia accounting for 6.7% of its GDP in 2016. The annual income from tourism was estimated at 38.5 billion denars (€616 million) in that year.[218] Following its independence, the most serious negative impact on tourism performance occurred due to the armed conflicts taking place in 2001.[219] The number of foreign visitors has been on the rise since, with a 14.6% increase in 2011.[220] In 2019, North Macedonia received 1,184,963 tourist arrivals out of which 757,593 foreign.[221] Most numerous are tourists from Turkey, neighboring Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria, Poland and other countries of Western Europe.[222] The biggest bulk of tourists, approximately 60% of the million tourists that visited the country in 2017, was situated in Skopje and the southwestern region of the country.[223]
The most significant tourism branches are lake tourism as there are three lakes in Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran and over 50 small glacial lakes of variable sizes, mountainous tourism as there are 16 mountains higher than 2,000 metres. Other forms of tourism also include rural and ecotourism, city tourism and cultural tourism, represented through gastronomy, traditional music, cultural celebrations and cultural heritage sites.[219]
Infrastructure
Transport
North Macedonia (along with Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo) belongs to the less-developed southern region of the former Yugoslavia. It suffered severe economic difficulties after independence, when the Yugoslav internal market collapsed and subsidies from Belgrade ended. In addition, it faced many of the same problems faced by other former socialist East European countries during the transition to a market economy. Its main land and rail exports route, through Serbia, remains unreliable with high transit costs, thereby affecting the export of its formerly highly profitable, early vegetables market to Germany.
North Macedonia's IT market increased 63.8% year on year in 2007, which was the fastest growing in the Adriatic region.[224]
North Macedonia is in its position a continental country in the middle of the Balkan peninsula, and the main transport links in the country are those that connect the different parts of the peninsula (transbalkan links). Particularly important is the connection between north–south and Vardar valley, which connects Greece with the rest of Europe.
The total length of the railway network in North Macedonia is 699 km (434 mi). Operated by Makedonski Železnici, the most important railway line is the line on the border with Serbia–Kumanovo–Skopje–Veles–Gevgelija–border with Greece. Since 2001, the railway line Beljakovci has been built—the border with Bulgaria, which will get a direct connection Skopje-Sofia. The most important railway hub in the country is Skopje, while the other two are Veles and Kumanovo.
As far as water transport is concerned, only lake traffic through Ohrid and Prespan Lake has been developed, mostly for tourist purposes.
There are 17 airports officially in North Macedonia, of which 11 are with solid substrates. Among them are two airports of international character, since they are listed on the airport's IATA airport code Skopje International Airport and Ohrid St. Paul the Apostle Airport.
Education
The higher levels of education can be obtained at one of the five state universities: Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, St. Clement of Ohrid University of Bitola, Goce Delčev University of Štip, State University of Tetova and University of Information Science and Technology "St. Paul The Apostle" in Ohrid. There are a number of private university institutions, such as the European University,[225] Slavic University in Sveti Nikole, the South East European University and others. North Macedonia was ranked 54th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023.[226][227]
The United States Agency for International Development has underwritten a project called Macedonia Connects, which has made North Macedonia the first all-broadband wireless country in the world. The Ministry of Education and Sciences reports that 461 schools (primary and secondary) are now connected to the Internet.[228] In addition, an Internet service provider (On.net), has created a MESH Network to provide WIFI services in the 11 largest cities/towns in the country. The national library of North Macedonia, National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid", is in Skopje.
Demographics
The results from the last 2021 census show a population of 1,836,713. The population density of the country is 72.2 persons per km2 and the average age of the population is 40.08 years. 598,632 households were recorded with an average number of household members of 3.06. The gender balance of the country is 50.4% female to 49.6% male.[229]
Based on the 2021 census data, the largest ethnic group in the country are the ethnic Macedonians. The second-largest group are the Albanians, who dominated much of the northwestern part of the country. Following them, Turks are the third-biggest ethnic group of the country where official census data put them close to 70,000 and unofficial estimates suggest numbers between 170,000 and 200,000. Some unofficial estimates indicate that there are possibly up to 260,000 Roma.[230]
Religion
Eastern Orthodox Christianity is the most practiced religion in North Macedonia, making up 46.1% of the population, the vast majority of whom belong to the Macedonian Orthodox Church. Various other Christian denominations account for 13.9% of the population. Muslims constitute 32.2% of the population. North Macedonia has the fifth-highest proportion of Muslims in Europe, after those of Kosovo (96%),[232] Turkey (90%),[citation needed] Albania (59%),[233] and Bosnia and Herzegovina (51%).[234] Most Muslims are Albanians, Turks, Romani or Bosniaks; few are
There were 1,842 churches and 580 mosques in the country at the end of 2011.[236] The Orthodox and Islamic religious communities have secondary religion schools in Skopje. There is an Orthodox theological college in the capital. The Macedonian Orthodox Church has jurisdiction over 10 provinces (seven in the country and three abroad), has 10 bishops and about 350 priests. A total of 30,000 people are baptised in all the provinces every year.
The Macedonian Orthodox Church, which declared
The reaction of the Macedonian Orthodox Church was to cut off all relations with the new Ohrid Archbishopric and to prevent bishops of the Serbian Orthodox Church from entering North Macedonia. Bishop Jovan was jailed for 18 months for "defaming the Macedonian Orthodox church and harming the religious feelings of local citizens" by distributing Serbian Orthodox church calendars and pamphlets.[239]
The Macedonian Byzantine Catholic Church has approximately 11,000 adherents in North Macedonia. The Church was established in 1918, and is made up mostly of converts to Catholicism and their descendants. The Church is of the Byzantine Rite and is in communion with the Roman and Eastern Catholic Churches. Its liturgical worship is performed in Macedonian.[240]
There is a small
The country's Jewish community, which numbered some 7,200 people on the eve of World War II, was almost entirely destroyed during the war: only 2% survived the Holocaust.[241]
After their liberation and the end of the War, most opted to emigrate to
Languages
The national and official language in all aspects of the whole territory of North Macedonia and in its international relations is the Macedonian language. Albanian is co-official at a state level (excluding defence, central police and monetary policy) and in local self-government units where speakers are 20% or more. Macedonian belongs to the Eastern branch of the South Slavic language group, while Albanian occupies an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. In municipalities where at least 20% of the population is part of another ethnic minority, those individual languages are used for official purposes in local government, alongside Macedonian and Albanian or just Macedonian.
Macedonian is closely related to and
Besides Macedonian and Albanian, minority languages with substantial numbers of speakers are
According to the last census, 1,344,815 citizens of North Macedonia declared that they spoke Macedonian, 507,989 declared Albanian, 71,757 Turkish, 38,528 Romani, 24,773 Serbian, 8,560 Bosnian, 6,884 Aromanian and 19,241 spoke other languages.[1]
Cities
Rank
|
Name | Region | Pop.
|
Rank
|
Name | Region | Pop. |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Skopje Kumanovo |
1 | Skopje | Skopje Statistical | 526,502 | 11 | Kavadarci | Vardar Statistical | 32,038 | Bitola Prilep |
2 | Kumanovo | Northeastern Statistical | 75,051 | 12 | Kočani | Eastern Statistical | 24,632 | ||
3 | Bitola | Pelagonia Statistical | 69,287 | 13 | Kičevo | Southwestern Statistical | 23,428 | ||
4 | Prilep | Pelagonia Statistical | 63,308 | 14 | Gevgelija | Southeastern Statistical | 15,156 | ||
5 | Tetovo | Polog Statistical | 63,176 | 15 | Struga | Southwestern Statistical | 15,009 | ||
6 | Štip | Eastern Statistical | 42,000 | 16 | Radoviš | Southeastern Statistical | 14,460 | ||
7 | Veles |
Vardar Statistical | 40,664 | 17 | Kriva Palanka | Northeastern Statistical | 13,481 | ||
8 | Ohrid | Southwestern Statistical | 38 818 | 18 | Negotino | Vardar Statistical | 12,488 | ||
9 | Strumica | Southeastern Statistical | 33,825 | 19 | Debar | Southwestern Statistical | 11,735 | ||
10 | Gostivar | Polog Statistical | 32,814 | 20 | Sveti Nikole | Eastern Statistical | 11,728 |
Culture
North Macedonia has a rich cultural heritage in art, architecture, poetry and music. It has many ancient, protected religious sites. Poetry, cinema, and music festivals are held annually. Macedonian music styles developed under the strong influence of Byzantine church music. North Macedonia has a significant number of preserved Byzantine fresco paintings, mainly from the period between the 11th and 16th centuries. There are several thousands of square metres of fresco painting preserved, the major part of which is in very good condition and represent masterworks of the Macedonian school of ecclesiastical painting.
The most important cultural events in the country are the Ohrid Summer festival of classical music and drama, the Struga Poetry Evenings which gather poets from more than 50 countries in the world, International Camera Festival in Bitola, Open Youth Theatre and Skopje Jazz Festival in Skopje etc. The National Opera opened in 1947, then named "Macedonian Opera", with a performance of Cavalleria rusticana under the direction of Branko Pomorisac. Every year, the May Opera Evenings are held in Skopje for around 20 nights. The first May Opera performance was that of Kiril Makedonski's Tsar Samuil in May 1972.[248]
Cuisine
The country's cuisine is representative of that of the Balkans—reflecting Mediterranean and Middle Eastern (Ottoman) influences, and to a lesser extent Italian, German and Eastern European (especially Hungarian) ones.[249] The relatively warm climate in North Macedonia provides excellent growth conditions for a variety of vegetables, herbs and fruits. Thus, Macedonian cuisine is particularly diverse.
Macedonian cuisine is also noted for the diversity and quality of its
Sport
Handball is the other important team sport in the country. Macedonian clubs have enjoyed success in European competitions.
The
In the summer months the Ohrid Swimming Marathon is an annual event on Lake Ohrid and during the winter months there is skiing in North Macedonia's winter sports centres. North Macedonia also takes part in the Olympic Games. Participation in the Games is organised by the Olympic Committee of North Macedonia.[253] Magomed Ibragimov competed for Macedonia in the freestyle 85 kg competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics and won the bronze medal, which was the first medal for independent country. Wrestlers Shaban Trstena and Shaban Sejdiu born in North Macedonia, as well as boxers Redžep Redžepovski and Ace Rusevski, won Olympic medals as part of Yugoslav Olympic team.
Cinema
The
The first feature film in colour was Miss Stone, a movie about a Protestant missionary in Ottoman Macedonia. It was released in 1958. The highest grossing feature film in North Macedonia was
Media
The oldest newspaper in the country is
Public holidays
The main public holidays in North Macedonia are:
Date | English name | Macedonian name | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1–2 January | New Year | Нова Година, Nova Godina | |
7 January | Christmas Day (Orthodox) | Прв ден Божиќ, Prv den Božiḱ | |
April/May | Good Friday (Orthodox) | Велики Петок, Veliki Petok | Orthodox Easter and other Easter dates do not match; see: List of dates for Easter |
April/May | Easter Sunday (Orthodox) |
Прв ден Велигден, Prv den Veligden | |
April/May | Easter Monday (Orthodox) | Втор ден Велигден, Vtor den Veligden | |
1 May | Labour Day | Ден на трудот, Den na trudot | |
24 May | Saints Cyril and Methodius Day |
Св. Кирил и Методиј, Ден на сèсловенските просветители; Sv. Kiril i Metodij, Den na sèslovenskite prosvetiteli | |
2 August | Republic Day | Ден на Републиката, Den na Republikata | Day when the Republic was established in 1944, also Ilinden Uprising in 1903. |
8 September | Independence Day | Ден на независноста, Den na nezavisnosta | Day of independence from Yugoslavia |
11 October | Day of the Macedonian Uprising | Ден на востанието, Den na vostanieto | Beginning of Anti-fascist war during WWII in 1941 |
23 October | Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle (Holiday) | Ден на македонската револуционерна борба,Den na makedonskata revolucionarna borba | Day when the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) was established in 1893. |
1 Shawwal | Eid ul-Fitr |
Рамазан Бајрам, Ramazan Bajram | moveable, see: Islamic Calendar
|
8 December | Saint Clement of Ohrid Day | Св. Климент Охридски, Sv. Kliment Ohridski |
Besides these, there are several major religious & minorities holidays. (See: Public holidays in North Macedonia)
Symbols
- Sun: The official flag of the Republic of North Macedonia, adopted in 1995, is a yellow sun with eight broadening rays extending to the edges of the red field.
- Coat of arms: After independence in 1991, North Macedonia retained the coat of armsadopted in 1946 by the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Macedonia on its second extraordinary session held on 27 July 1946, later on altered by article 8 of the Constitution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Macedonia. The coat-of-arms is composed by a double bent garland of ears of wheat, tobacco and poppy, tied by a ribbon with the embroidery of a traditional folk costume. In the center of such a circular room there are mountains, rivers, lakes and the sun. All this is said to represent "the richness of our country, our struggle, and our freedom".
International rankings
Organisation | Survey | Ranking |
---|---|---|
Institute for Economics and Peace | Global Peace Index 2019[257] | 65 out of 163 |
Reporters Without Borders | Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2019[258] | 95 out of 180 |
The Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal | Index of Economic Freedom 2019[259] | 33 out of 180 |
Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index 2019[260] | 106 out of 180 |
United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index 2019[261] | 82 out of 189 |
World Bank | Ease of doing business index 2019[262] | 10 out of 190 |
See also
Notes
- ^ National and official language in all aspects of the whole territory of the state and in its international relations.
- ^ Co-official language at a state level (excluding defence, central police and monetary policy) and in local self-government units where speakers are 20% or more.
- ^ Macedonian: Северна Македонија, romanized: Severna Makedonija, pronounced [ˈsɛvɛrna makɛˈdɔnija]; Albanian: Maqedonia e Veriut, pronounced [macɛˈdɔnja ɛ vɛɾˈjut]
- ^ Macedonian: Република Северна Македонија, romanized: Republika Severna Makedonija, pronounced [rɛˈpublika ˈsɛvɛrna makɛˈdɔnija]; Albanian: Republika e Maqedonisë së Veriut, pronounced [rɛˈpublika ɛ macɛˈdɔnis sə vɛɾˈjut]
- ^ North Macedonia has recognised Kosovo since 9 October 2008.[263]
- ^ This policy changed after 1943 with the arrival of Tito's envoy Montenegrin Serb Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo. He began in earnest to organise armed resistance to the Bulgarian rule and sharply criticised Sharlo's pro-Bulgarian policy. At a meeting of the partisan brigades, as well as a group of battalions in the Resen region on 21 December 1943, Tempo makes the following comments about Shatorov and the leadership of the MCP: "They thought that the Macedonian people were Bulgarians and that they were oppressed by the hegemony of Great Serbia and had to be transferred to Bulgaria. Their basic slogan is: 'All non-Macedonians out of Macedonia'. The capital J [Serbo-Croatian spelling of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian, etc.] was deleted from all documents. In fact they did not want Yugoslavia, no matter where it stood politically. When the war started, the initial decision of this leadership was to be separate from Yugoslavia and from Tito. They declared that Macedonia would be free as soon as the Bulgarians came...."
References
- ^ a b "Census final data" (PDF). stat.gov.mk. 2002.
- ^ a b c "State Statistical Office – News release: Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021 – first dataset ,2021". Stat.gov.mk. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 – прв сет на податоци" (PDF). Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (MK)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
- ^ "Basic Facts". North Macedonia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008.
- ^ "The World Bank in North Macedonia". World Bank. Retrieved 7 July 2022.
- ^ Μακεδονία, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ a b Macedonia, Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ μακεδνός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ^ μακρός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus
- ISBN 0-941690-65-2, p. 114: The "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin both to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians".
- ^ Nigel Guy Wilson (2009). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece, Routledge, p. 439: The latest archaeological findings have confirmed that Macedonia took its name from a tribe of tall, Greek-speaking people, the Makednoi.
- ^ Beekes, Robert (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek, vol. II, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 894
- .
- ISBN 0-8108-6295-6, Introduction, p. VII.
- ISBN 0-230-53579-8, pp. 50–51.
- ^ "In 1813 Macedonia did not exist. A century later, it had become a hotly contested nationalist cause, a battlefield, and an obsession. What led to this dramatic transformation was modernity: a chilly wind of West European provenance that propelled to the Balkans concepts that few in the region understood, wanted or cared about. Among these, the idea of nationalism was the most potent, and the most lethal. Before the 1850s, Macedonia was a poverty-stricken province of the Ottoman Empire, where an Orthodox Christian and mostly peasant population speaking a variety of Slavonic idioms, Greek, or Vlach, was trying to eke out a modest living, and protect it from rapacious brigands and a decaying Ottoman administrative system. Religion was the only collective identity that most of them could make sense of, for ethnicity and language played little role in shaping their loyalties. But the winds of change quickly gathered momentum, and eventually shattered that multi-ethnic community, producing a 'Greek', or a 'Bulgarian', out of a 'Christian'." D. Livanios' review of Vemund Aarbakke, Ethnic Rivalry and the Quest for Macedonia, 1870–1913 in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 83, No. 1 (Jan. 2005), pp. 141–142
- ISBN 0-19-920919-7, p. 192.
- ISBN 0-275-97648-3, p. 89.
- ISBN 1-4443-1483-1, p. 48.
- ISBN 0-19-955033-6, p. 65.
- ISBN 3-0343-0196-0, p. 76.
- ^ "Greece and Macedonia sign agreement on name change". Al Jazeera. 17 June 2018.
- ^ Kitsantonis, Niki (17 June 2018). "Macedonia and Greece Sign Historic Deal on Name Change". The New York Times.
- ^ Testorides, Konstantin; Becatoros, Elena (30 September 2018). "Macedonia: Referendum approves name change, but turnout low".
- ^ "PM to press on with Macedonia name change". BBC. 1 October 2018.
- ^ Agencies (20 October 2018). "Welcome to North Macedonia: parliament votes for name change". the Guardian.
- ^ Casule, Kole (11 January 2019). "Macedonia parliament agrees to change country's name". Reuters. Retrieved 17 August 2019.
- ^ "Greece vote settles 27-year Macedonia row". BBC. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-19-875988-1.
Paeonia is roughly equivalent to the country currently known as the Republic of North Macedonia (the former FYROM).
- ISBN 978-0-520-24260-9.
Ovid was lax in his geography, not least over Paeonia (in fact roughly coextensive with the present Slav Republic of Macedonia).
- ISBN 978-1-4051-7936-2. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ISBN 978-1-930053-56-4.
Having just conquered Paeonia (roughly where the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is today).
- ISBN 978-0-85728-325-2.
Indeed, the territory of the Republic of Macedonia encompasses little of the ancient kingdom of Macedon, which, in most part, overlaps with the current region of the contemporary Greece, but the name Macedonia "flowed" northward with the creation of Roman region of Macedonia, after the Romans occupied Greece in 168 BC. Besides the former kingdom of Macedon, the Roman region included the territories of Paeonia, where the contemporary FYR Macedonia rests.
- ^ Strabo, Geography, Book 7, Frg. 4:
- ISBN 978-0-631-19807-9. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-520-03177-7.
illyrian lychnitis.
- ISBN 978-1-84162-186-9.
- ISBN 978-0-691-00880-6.
- ISBN 978-0-521-23348-4. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ISBN 0-521-23447-6, p. 284.
- ^ "No document found". Perseus.tufts.edu.
- ^ Howe & Reames 2008, p. 239.
- ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011, pp. 135–138, 342–345.
- ^ "Persian influence on Greece (2)". Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ Warfare in the ancient world: from the Bronze Age to the fall of Rome. By Stefan G. Chrissanthos, p. 75
- ISBN 978-1-85065-534-3.
- ^ Macedonia yesterday and today Author Giorgio Nurigiani, Publisher Teleurope, 1967 p. 77.
- ^ Stipčević, Aleksandar (1977). The Illyrians. Translated by Stojana Čulić Burton. Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Press. p. 44.
- ^ A Companion to Ancient Macedonia, By Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington, p. 549
- ^ "Scopje". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ A. F. Christidis (2007). A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity, Cambridge University Press, p. 351: "Despite Roman domination, there was no retreat on the part of Greek tradition in the eastern part of the empire, and only in Macedonia did Latin spread in some extent".
- ISBN 978-0-521-84639-4.
- ^ Wright, David Curtis (1997). "The Hsiung-Nu-Hun Equation Revisited". Eurasian Studies Yearbook. 69: 77–112.
- doi:10.1038/ngeo2652.
- ^ Bintliff J.L. (2003), The ethnoarchaeology of a 'passive' ethnicity: The Arvanites of Central Greece, p. 142. In: Brown K.S., Hamilakis Y. (Eds.) The Usable Past. Greek Metahistories. Lanham-Boulder: Lexington Books. 129–144.
- ISBN 0-312-29913-3.
- ^ Florin Curta (2006). "Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250". Archive.org.
- ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
- ^ S. Runciman. "A history of the First Bulgarian empire – Appendix 9". Promacedonia.org.
- ISBN 978-0-521-43991-6. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica – Rumelia at Encyclopædia Britannica.com
- ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 19. 1859. p. 464.
- ISBN 978-1-86064-841-0.
- ISBN 978-90-6143-311-8.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-149-4.
Peichinovich of Tetovo, Macedonia, author of one of the first Bulgarian books
- ISBN 978-1-84511-287-5.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-5565-6. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
- ISBN 978-3-8258-1387-1– via Google Books.
- ISBN 978-0-521-29166-8.
- ISBN 1-85065-238-4, p. 57.
- ISBN 963-9776-28-9, p. 124.
- ISBN 0-8108-6295-6, Introduction.
- ISBN 0-691-04356-6, p. 64.
- ^ Tasić, Dmitar, The Macedonian Youth Secret Revolutionary Organization (MYSRO) 1922–1927: A New Moment in Macedonian Struggle. Storia e Regione. 2019, Vol. 28, Issue 1, pp. 22–43.
- ^ Nicolle 2008, p. 162.
- ^ Saucerman, S.B. (1937). International Transfers of Territory in Europe with Names of the Affected Political Subdivisions. Department of State publication. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 195.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8014-1675-0.
- ISBN 978-1-4422-0663-2.
- ^ Йосиф Разсуканов, 85 години от Охриско-Дебърското въстание, в-к "Македония", брой 33, 16 септември 1998 г.
- ISBN 978-0-88033-089-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-968605-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-88-400-1579-8.
- ISBN 978-0-88029-413-3.
- ^ Report of the Interallied Commission on the Violation of the Hague Convention. Imprimerie "Yougoslavia". 1919. p. 22.
- ISBN 978-1-4422-0663-2.
- ^ "Kraljevina Jugoslavija! Novi naziv naše države. No, mi smo itak med seboj vedno dejali Jugoslavija, četudi je bilo na vseh uradnih listih Kraljevina Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev. In tudi drugi narodi, kakor Nemci in Francozi, so pisali že prej v svojih listih mnogo o Jugoslaviji. 3. oktobra, ko je kralj Aleksander podpisal "Zakon o nazivu in razdelitvi kraljevine na upravna območja", pa je bil naslov kraljevine Srbov, Hrvatov in Slovencev za vedno izbrisan." (Naš rod ("Our Generation", a monthly Slovenian language periodical), Ljubljana 1929/30, št. 1, str. 22, letnik I.)
- ^ Dejan Djokić, Yugoslavism: histories of a failed idea, 1918–1992, p. 123, at Google Books
- ^ Eastern Europe in the twentieth century – and after, p. 20, at Google Books
- ^ "An article by Dimiter Vlahov about the persecution of the Bulgarian population in Macedonia". newspaper "Balkanska federatsia", No. 140, 20 August 1930, Vienna, original in Bulgarian. Retrieved 3 August 2007.
- ^ War of words: Washington tackles the Yugoslav conflict, p. 43, at Google Books
- ISBN 978-1-55753-455-2– via Google Books.
- ^ Gerginov, Kr., Bilyarski, Ts. Unpublished documents for Todor Alexandrov's activities 1910–1919, magazine VIS, book 2, 1987, p. 214 – Гергинов, Кр. Билярски, Ц. Непубликувани документи за дейността на Тодор Александров 1910–1919, сп. ВИС, кн. 2 от 1987, с. 214.
- ^ Victor Roudometof, Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict: Greece, Bulgaria, and the Macedonian Question, Praeger, 2002 p. 100
- ^ Vassil Karloukovski. "Гиза, Антони, "Балканските държави и Македония", Македонски Научен Институт София, 2001 г". Promacedonia.org. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-8108-6295-1– via Google Books.
- ^ Duncan Perry, "The Republic of Macedonia: finding its way" in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrot (eds.), Politics, power and the struggle for Democracy in South-Eastern Europe, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 228–229.
- ^ Mitre Inadeski, Hronologija na Skopje: rabotničkoto i narodnoosloboditelnoto dviženje 1939–1945, tom 2, Arhiv, 1974, str. 181.
- ^ Bulgarian Campaign Committees in Macedonia – 1941 Dimitre Mičev
- ^ "Forming of the Local Campaign Committees". kroraina.com.
- ^ a b Georgieva & Konechni 1998, p. 223.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-238-0. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0870-8. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
- ^ Bulgaria managed to save its entire 48,000-strong Jewish population during World War II from deportation to Nazi concentration camps, but under German pressure those Jews from their newly annexed territories without Bulgarian citizenship were deported, such as those from Vardar Macedonia and Western Thrace. The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ^ Mark Cohen, The Holocaust in Macedonia: Deportation of Monastir Jewry, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- ^ "НОБ на Македонија" Јован Поповски. Скопје, 1962
- ^ "Историја на Македонскиот Народ" Александар Стојановски, Иван Катарџиев, Данчо Зографски. Скопје, 1988
- ^ History of Bulgaria, Petar Delev et al., 2001, p. 364
- ISBN 978-1-85532-473-2 – via Google Books.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 1-4985-8505-1, p. 167.
- ISBN 0-8179-4883-X, p. 205.
- ^ Мичев, Добрин. Партизанското движение във Вардарска Македония, 1941–1944 г. сп. Македонски преглед, кн. 2, стр. 5–40.
- ^ "Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, 1974 – Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia" (PDF).
- ^ Устав Федеративне Народне Републике Југославије (1946), sr.wikisource.org, retrieved on 19 October 2007. (in Serbo-Croatian)
- ^ Устав Социјалистичке Федеративне Републике Југославије (1963), sr.wikisource.org, retrieved on 19 October 2007. (in Serbo-Croatian)
- ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ "Recognition of States: Annex 3". Archived from the original on 15 February 2005. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84176-964-6.
- ^ a b "Who are the rebels?". BBC News. 20 March 2001.
- ^ "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 – Book XIII, Skopje, 2005" (PDF). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia.
- ^ Huggler, Justin (12 March 2001). "KLA veterans linked to latest bout of violence in Macedonia". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 April 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Brunnbauer, Ulf (2002). "The implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian resentments" (PDF). Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe (1/2002). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- ^ "Clashes between Macedonians and Albanians in Macedonia". rtvfan.net. 5 May 2016.[dead link]
- ^ "In Macedonia, Ethnic Albanians Protest Arrests Of Murder Suspects". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 11 May 2012.
- ^ Service, s Balkan (27 April 2017). "Protesters Attack Lawmakers After Storming Macedonia's Parliament". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ "Macedonia: protesters storm parliament and attack MPs". the Guardian. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Ghosts of the past endanger Macedonia's future". Boris Georgievski, Balkan Insight, 27 October 2009 [1].
- ^ Greece slates Skopje's provocative Alexander statue Sinisa Jakov Marusic, Balkan Insight, 15 June 2011 [2]
- ^ Marusic, Sinisa Jakov (15 June 2018). "Macedonia to Rename Divisive Statues That Irked Greece". BalkanInsight. Skopje. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ Tagaris, Karolina (24 January 2018). "Macedonia to rename airport to help resolve name row with Greece, PM says". Reuters. Davos. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "Final Agreement for the Settlement of Differences as Described in the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 817 (1993) and 845 (1993), the Termination of the Interim Accord of 1995, and the Establishment of a Strategic Partnership Between the Parties" (PDF). Kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ^ Marusic, Sinisa Jakov (27 June 2018). "Macedonia, Albania Hail EU Approval for Accession Talks". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
- ^ "Macedonia's parliament endorses name deal with Greece for second time". Reuters. 5 July 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ^ Marusic, Sinisa Jakov (11 July 2018). "NATO Invites Macedonia to Join the Western Alliance". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
- ^ "Macedonia to hold name-change referendum on September 30". SBS News. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
- ^ "iVote Demokra – Integrated Election Information System of the State Election Commission of the Republic of Macedonia". referendum.sec.mk. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
- ^ "Macedonia name referendum fails to reach turnout threshold: election commission". Reuters. 30 September 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
- ^ "Macedonia signs Nato accession deal". BBC News. 6 February 2019.
- ^ "North Macedonia minister: NATO, not EU, saved name change deal". Euractiv. 19 March 2019.
- ^ "UN Notified Of North Macedonia's Name Change". RFE/RL.
- ^ "Foreign Secretary statement on the Republic of North Macedonia" (Press release). Government of the United Kingdom. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "North Macedonia name change enters force". Deustche Welle. 12 February 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "NATO: North Macedonia becomes 30th member". Deutsche Welle. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "North Macedonia joins NATO as 30th Ally". NATO. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "EU Leaders Give Final OK To Begin North Macedonia, Albania Membership Talks". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 27 March 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "EU can start talks with Albania and North Macedonia over joining". The Guardian. Reuters. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "Bulgaria blocks EU accession talks with North Macedonia". National Post. Reuters. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "Foreign Minister Zaharieva: Bulgaria Cannot Approve EU Negotiating Framework with North Macedonia – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency". Novinite.com. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ^ "Bulgarian intellectuals: Unacceptable to deny Macedonian nation, language; green-light talks immediately". 5 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ "Bulgaria asks EU to stop 'fake' Macedonian identity". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
- ^ "Der Spiegel: Bulgaria Misuses Its Right of Veto for Nationalistic Purposes". novinite.com. 19 November 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ Kamusella, Tomasz (2021). "Bulgaria's Secret Empire: An Ultimatum to North Macedonia". Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies (6): 155–212.
- ^ "North Macedonia: More violence reported at protests". news.yahoo.com. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
- ^ Casert, Raf (19 July 2022). "EU starts membership talks with Albania, North Macedonia". Associated Press. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
- ^ North Macedonia’s EU Trajectory amidst Geopolitical Dynamics. China-CEE Institute, Weekly Briefing, Vol. 67. No. 1 (MK) November 2023.
- ^ "Macedonian Ministry of Environment". Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "History of deadly earthquakes". BBC News. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Britannica's article about Sar Mountains". Britannica.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Sar Mountains on the Euratlas map of the Europe's most significant mountain ranges". Euratlas.com. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Macedonia". Mymacedonia.net. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
- ^ a b Georgieva & Konechni 1998, p. 73.
- ^ Georgieva & Konechni 1998, p. 31.
- ^ Zikov, Mihailo (1995). Клима и климатска регионализација во Република Македонија, "Географски разгледи" [Climate and climatic regionalization in the Republic of Macedonia "Geographical postcards"] (in Macedonian). Skopje.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Georgieva & Konechni 1998, p. 2.
- PMID 28608869.
- PMID 33293507.
- ^ "AFTER 27 YEARS, SHAR MOUNTAIN FINALLY DECLARED A NATIONAL PARK!". Македонско Еколошко Друштво (in Macedonian).
- ^ "Key indicators". State Statistical Office. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ^ "Ahmeti accepts the invitation for dialog with Gruevski". Limun.hr. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "VMRO-DPMNE and DUI form ruling coalition in Macedonia". SeTimes. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Macedonia elections pass off peacefully". Irish Times. 3 March 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Macedonia gets new government six months after elections". Deutsche Welle. 1 June 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ a b "Tension in Skopje, Talat Xhaferi is elected Assembly Speaker in a situation of chaos". Balkaneu.com. 27 April 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ "EM North Macedonia: Review of the 2020 parliamentary elections in North Macedonia". European Movement International. 22 July 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia – Zoran Zaev". Government of the Republic of North Macedonia. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ Matamoros, Cristina Abellan (12 May 2019). "North Macedonia's new president Stevo Pendarovski takes office". euronews. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "North Macedonia Prime Minister Zoran Zaev resigns | DW". Deutsche Welle. 31 October 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ "North Macedonia's Kovacevski Approved As New PM". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
- ^ "Constitution of the Republic of North Macedonia" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2017.
- ^ "Macedonian Parliament's New Ethnic Albanian Speaker Enters Office". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 May 2017.
- ^ Hopkins, Valerie (18 February 2019). "Renamed Balkan country seeks closer ties with Nato, EU, PM says". Financial Times.
- ^ "North Macedonia, Ministry of foreign affairs". Mfa.gov.mk. Archived from the original on 16 November 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Bulgaria: Macedonia Remains Out of NATO Because of Greek Veto over Name Dispute – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency". Novinite.com. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Greece stands by NATO veto threat for Macedonia". Thestar.com.my. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "EP Urges Accession Talks For Macedonia". BalkanInsight.com. 13 March 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Bulgaria vetoes Macedonia's EU accession talks". euractiv.com. 2 November 2012.
- ^ "STRUCTURE OF THE ARMY". Army of the Republic of North Macedonia. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ IISS (2023). The Military Balance 2023. International Institute for Strategic Studies. pp. 112–113.
- ^ "North Macedonia". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
- ^ "National Command Management". Archived from the original on 4 September 2010.
- ^ Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; "A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with FYROM". 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285. 1996. Archived from the original on 27 January 2006. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ FYROM Name Issue Archived 13 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Hellenic Republic – Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- ^ "It's Time for Macedonia to Accept Compromise". ForeignPolicy. 25 September 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019.
- ^ "United Nations Resolution 225 (1993)". United Nations. 8 April 1993. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Thonemann, Peter; Price, Simon (29 April 2010). The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine. Penguin Books. pp. 123–124.
- ^ "Naming the solution", Kathimerini English edition, 16 September 2005
- ^ European Commission. "Background information – The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Archived from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2006.
- ^ "Secretary-General Congratulates Greece, Republic of North Macedonia on Settling Long-Standing 'Name' Dispute, as Agreement Enters into Force". United Nations. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "The Republic of North Macedonia and the EU". European External Action Service. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "Relations with the Republic of North Macedonia". NATO. 15 February 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
- ^ "Amnesty International – Summary – Macedonia". Web.amnesty.org. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
- ^ "Human Rights Watch – Defending Human Rights Worldwide". 14 April 2013. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013.
- ^ a b "Macedonia Country Brief" (PDF). The World Bank. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ a b "World Bank development data" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Government of the Republic of Macedonia". Archived from the original on 27 January 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Macedonia's Flat Tax". Nuwireinvestor.com. 15 February 2007. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ "Macedonian unemployment rate". Worldbank.org.mk. Archived from the original on 2 March 2001. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ State Statistical Office Active population – Unemployment data
- ^ State Statistical Office Gross domestic product 2013
- ^ State Statistical Office External trade volume 2014
- ^ Gallup Balkan Monitor, 2010 Archived 27 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ The 2006 CIA Factbook CIA Factbook Macedonia
- ^ "GDP per capita in PPS". Eurostat. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Greek investments in FYROM at 1 bil. Euros". Greekembassy.org. 16 July 2008. Archived from the original on 19 July 2010. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
- ^ "DEPA sees natural gas role for Greece exiting from the crisis". New Europe. 3 April 2017. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ Jovanovski, Mirche (April 2017). "Политичката криза не е добра реклама за туризмот" [The political crisis is not a good advertisement for tourism]. Ekonomija I Biznis. 19 (226): 44–47.
- ^ .
- ^ "The State of Tourism in Macedonia". Makstack. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ Туризам во декември 2019 [Tourism in December 2019] (PDF) (in Macedonian). State Statistical Office. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ^ Број на туристи и ноќевања по земја на припадност, по месеци [Number of tourists and nights spent by country of origin, by months] (in Macedonian). State Statistical Office. 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Janevski, Ljupčo (7 August 2018). Македонија како туристичка дестинација за 4 сезони [Macedonia as a tourist destination for 4 seasons]. Ako.mk (in Macedonian). Retrieved 3 May 2020.
- ^ "Investment in Government, Finance, and Telecom Sectors Makes Macedonia's IT Market the Fastest Growing in the Adriatic Region, Says IDC" Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine, IDC (global provider of market intelligence)
- ^ "Home". Oic.org.mk.
- ^ WIPO. "Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition". www.wipo.int. Retrieved 28 October 2023.
- ^ "Global Innovation Index". Knowledge.insead.edu. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Agency for International Development". Macedonia.usaid.gov. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Census 2021" (PDF). Republic of North Macedonia State Statistical Office. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
- ^ [3] UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци" (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2022.
- ^ "CIA The World Factbook: Kosovo". CIA.gov. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ "Presentation of the main results of the Census of Population and Housing 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
- ^ "CIA The World Factbook: Bosnia and Herzegovina". CIA.gov. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
- ^ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 6 November 2016.
- ^ Во Македонија има 1.842 цркви и 580 џамии (in Macedonian). Dnevnik. 28 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ "Συλλείτουργο Οικουμενικού Πατριάρχη-Αρχιεπισκόπου Αχρίδος στο Φανάρι" [Ecumenical Patriarch, Archbishop of Ohrid in the Phanar]. Ορθοδοξία News Agency (in Greek). 12 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
- ^ "Church of Serbia for North Macedonia: We are not under the influence or pressure of anyone". Orthodox Times. 16 May 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ "Church Rivalry Threatens to Brim Over". Iwpr.net. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
- ^ "Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ "Blog Archives " Macedonia's Jewish Community Commemorates the Holocaust, and Embraces the Future". Balkanalysis.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
- ^ Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition". SIL International. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
- ^ "Macedonia ethnic and linguistic minorities". Eurominority. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ "Map of the European languages". Eurominority. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ "Indo-European languages in contemporary Eurasia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 4 October 2008.
- ^ "BBC: Languages across Europe – Macedonia". BBC. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
- ^ "Total resident population of the Republic of North Macedonia by ethnic affiliation, by settlement, Census 2021-PxWeb". PxWeb. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
- ^ "Macedonian Opera Marks 60th Anniversary. Culture – North Macedonia". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.
- ^ Friedman, Victor; Palmer, Veselka (1995), "La cuisine macédonien", in Aufray, Michel; Perret, Michel (eds.), Cuisines d'Orient et d'ailleurs (PDF), Paris: INALCO/Grenoble: Glénant, pp. 76–79, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2017, retrieved 10 February 2016
- ^ Risteski, Michael (2016). "Culture and Food – Determining the Value of Food in Rural Tourism as an Important Part of the total Tourism Experience". XVI International Conference of Partner Institutions "Planning for Change". La Fondation pour la Formation Hoteliere, Nestle Pro Gastronomia.
- ^ "Golden Players take centre stage". UEFA.com. 29 November 2003. Archived from the original on 17 March 2005. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ "North Macedonia qualify for Euro 2020, their first major tournament". beIN Sports. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ "IOC approve name change to North Macedonia National Olympic Committee". insidethegames.biz. 27 March 2019.
- ^ Terzin Stojčić, Marijana (2019). "Seme istorije Kirila Cenevskog". Kinoteka. 33: 54–57.
- ^ "North Macedonia – Cultural life". Britannica. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
- ^ Martinelli, Marissa (13 January 2020). "Honeyland Just Made Oscar History". The Slate. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ "Global Peace Index 2019" (PDF). visionofhumanity.org. Institute of Economics & Peace. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Republic of North Macedonia – 2019 World Press Freedom Index". rsf.org. Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Index of Economic Freedom 2019". heritage.org. The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index 2019". transparency.org. Transparency International. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "2019 Human Development Index Ranking". hdr.undp.org. United Nations Development Programme. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Ease of doing business ranking" (PDF). doingbusiness.org. World Bank. p. 5. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ Macedonia recognizes Kosovo Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Macedonian Information Agency, 9 October 2008
Bibliography
- Brunnbauer, Ulf. "'Pro‐Serbians' vs. 'Pro‐Bulgarians': Revisionism in Post‐Socialist Macedonian Historiography." History Compass 3.1 (2005). online
- Brunnbauer, Ulf. "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) After Socialism." Historein 4 (2003): 161–182. online
- Georgieva, Valentina; Konechni, Sasha (1998). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3336-0.
- Marinov, Tchavdar. "Historiographical Revisionism and Re-Articulation of Memory in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia." Sociétés politiques comparées 25 (2010): 1-19. online
- Mattioli, Fabio (2020). Dark Finance: Illiquidity and Authoritarianism at the Margins of Europe. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-1294-5.
- Nicolle, David (2008). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Thalamus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-902886-11-4.* Tziampiris, Aristotle. "Greek Historiography and Slav-Macedonian National Identity." The Historical Review/La Revue Historique 8 (2011): 215-225. online
Further reading
External links
- Official website
- North Macedonia at Curlie
- North Macedonia from RFE/RL
- North Macedonia from BBC News
- Wikimedia Atlas of North Macedonia
- Geographic data related to North Macedonia at OpenStreetMap
- Key Development Forecasts for North Macedonia from International Futures