Polyneoptera
| Polyneoptera | |
|---|---|
| |
| Some representatives | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| (unranked): | Dicondylia |
| Subclass: | Pterygota |
| Infraclass: | Neoptera |
| Cohort: | Polyneoptera Martynov, 1923[1] |
| Orders | |
|
See text | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The
tegmina) and hindwings with an enlarged anal field
(vannus).
Taxonomy
Extant
The following extant orders are included in Polyneoptera:[3]
- Superorder Dictyoptera
- Order Blattodea (cockroaches and termites)
- Order Mantodea(praying mantises)
- Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids)
- Order Dermaptera(earwigs)
- Order Embioptera (web-spinners)
- Order Plecoptera (stoneflies)
- Order Notoptera
- Suborder Grylloblattodea(ice-crawlers)
- Suborder Mantophasmatodea(gladiators)
- Suborder
- Order Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects)
- Order Zoraptera (angel insects)
Fossil
The following fossil groups are included in Polyneoptera:[3]
- Archaeorthoptera (Orthoptera and stem-group relatives)
- †Caloneurodea
- †Cnemidolestodea (= Cnemidolestida)[4][5]
- †Geraroptera
- †Titanoptera – Carboniferous to Triassic
- order Incertae sedis
- family †Cacurgidae Handlirsch, 1911
- family †Chresmodidae Haase, 1890[6]
- family †Permostridulidae Béthoux, Nel, Lapeyrie & Gand, 2003
- family †Protophasmatidae Brongniart, 1885
- genus †Chenxiella Liu, Ren & Prokop, 2009
- genus †Lobeatta Béthoux, 2005
- genus †Longzhua Gu, Béthoux & Ren, 2011
- genus †Nectoptilus Béthoux, 2005
- genus †Sinopteron Prokop & Ren, 2007
- Stem-group Phasmatodea
- †family Xiphopteridae Sharov 1968
- †family Prochresmodidae Vishnyakova 1980
- †family Aeroplanidae Tillyard 1918
- †family Cretophasmatidae Sharov 1968
- †family Aerophasmatidae Martynov, 1928
- Stem-group Dermaptera
- †"Grylloblattida" (Stem-group Grylloblattodea?)
- †Eoblattida
- †Paoliida[7]
- †Protorthoptera
- † family Magicivenidae[8]
Phylogeny
The following cladogram is based on the molecular phylogeny of Wipfler et al. 2019:[9]
| Polyneoptera |
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See also
References
- ^ Martynov, A. V. (1923). "О двух основных типах крыльев насекомых и их значении для общей классификаци насекомых" [On the two main types of insect wings and their significance for the general classification of insects]. Proceedings of the I All-Russian Congress of Zoologists, Anatomists and Histologists in Petrograd on 15–21 December 1922: 88–89.
- ^ Entomology Endopterygota. Royal Entomological Society. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
- ^ a b David Eades. "Polyneoptera". Polyneoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0/5.0. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
- .
- ^ Aristov, D. (2014). "Classification of the order Cnemidolestida (Insecta: Perlidea) with descriptions of new taxa". Far Eastern Entomologist. 277: 1–46.
- .
- S2CID 84407734.
- ISSN 2056-2799.
- PMID 30642969.
External links
Media related to Polyneoptera at Wikimedia Commons
