Polyozellus

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Polyozellus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Thelephoraceae
Genus: Polyozellus
Murrill 1910
Species
  • P. atrolazulinus
  • P. multiplex
  • P. mariae
  • P. marymargaretae
  • P. purpureoniger
Polyozellus
mycorrhizal
Edibility is edible

Polyozellus is a fungal

leathery earthfans. Previously considered a monotypic genus, it now contains the Polyozellus multiplex species complex. The genus name is derived from the Greek poly meaning many, and oz, meaning branch. It is commonly known as the blue chanterelle, the clustered blue chanterelle, or, in Alaska, the black chanterelle. The distinctive fruit body of this species comprises blue- to purple-colored clusters of vase- or spoon-shaped caps with veiny wrinkles on the undersurface that run down the length of the stem
.

Polyozellus has had a varied

range of Polyozellus includes North America and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground of coniferous forests, usually under spruce and fir trees. It contains edible
species, and has been harvested for commercial purposes.

Taxonomy

The first published description of the species was written by botanist Lucien M. Underwood in 1899, based on a specimen found the previous year in the woods of Mount Desert, Maine. Although he called the new species a Cantharellus, he noted that "the plant is a remarkable one and from its habit might well form a distinct genus since it has little in common with Cantharellus except its fold-like gills."[1] In 1910, William Murrill transferred it to the new genus Polyozellus; Murrill thought the compound structure of the stem to be a sufficiently unique characteristic to warrant it being separated from Cantharellus species, which have simpler stem structures.[2] In 1920, specimens from a Japanese collection compiled by A. Yasuda were sent to mycologist Curtis Gates Lloyd, who believed the fungus to be a new species and named it Phyllocarbon yasudai.[3]

A light brown fungus made of a cluster of several funnel-shaped ruffled segments fused at a common base, growing on the forest floor.
Polyozellus multiplex was once considered to be an extreme growth form of Gomphus clavatus, shown here.

No further collections of the fungus were reported until 1937, when it was found in

Alexander H. Smith and Elizabeth Eaton Morse, in their 1947 publication on Cantharellus species in the United States, placed the species in a new section Polyozellus, but did not separate it from the genus Cantharellus; they defined the distinguishing characteristics of Polyozellus as the small, roughened, hyaline spores and the color change of the flesh in potassium hydroxide solution, adding that "the spores are unusual for the genus but in our estimation do not warrant excluding the species."[8]

A specimen found on Moresby Island, Haida Guaii
Polyozellus multiplex – Haida Gwaii

In 1953, Rokuya Imazeki took into consideration differences in spore characteristics: species in the genus Cantharellus were not known to have spores that were subglobose (roughly spherical) and tuberculate (covered with wart-like projections) like Polyozellus; however, these spore characteristics were common in species in the family Thelephoraceae (Cantharellus belongs in a different family, the Cantharellaceae). Other characteristics linking the blue chanterelle with the Thelephoraceae included the dark color, the strong odor (especially in dried specimens), and the presence of thelephoric acid, a mushroom pigment common in the family. Taken together, these factors led Imazeki to propose the new family Phylacteriaceae.[9] The suggested family-level taxonomical change was not accepted by other authors; for example, in 1954, Seiichi Kawamura renamed it Thelephora multiplex.[10]

In 2017, researchers from eastern Europe and North America collaborated on a molecular phylogeny of the previously monotypic Polyozellus multiplex.

leathery earthfans.[14]

Common names for this genus include the blue chanterelle and the clustered blue chanterelle.[15] In Alaska, where specimens typically have very dark-colored fruit bodies, it is called the black chanterelle,[16] although this name is shared with some Craterellus species.[17]

Habitat and distribution

Polyozellus grows in a mycorrhizal association with conifers like spruce (example left) and fir (right).

Polyozellus grows in

coniferous woods under spruce and fir,[18] and more frequently at higher elevations.[15] It is most often encountered in summer and fall.[19]

This genus is northern and

Queen Charlotte Islands (off the northern Pacific coast of Canada), where it is commercially harvested.[26]

References

  1. JSTOR 2477751
    .
  2. ^ Murrill WA. (1910). "Chanterel". North American Flora. 9: 167–71.
  3. ^ Lloyd CG. (1921). "Botanical notes". Mycological Writings. 6: 1066.
  4. ^
    JSTOR 3754283
    .
  5. JSTOR 3754462
    .
  6. ^ Kauffman C. (1925). "The fungus flora of Mt Hood, with some new species". Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters. 5: 115–48.
  7. JSTOR 3754572
    .
  8. ^
    PMID 20264537
    .
  9. ^ Sawada M. (1952). "Studies on pigment in fungi (I). On the distribution of thelephoric acid in fungi". Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society. 34: 110–13.
  10. ^ Kawamura S. (1954). Icones of Japanese Fungi. Vol. 6. Tokyo: Kazama-Shobo. p. 638.
  11. S2CID 4149082
    .
  12. ^ "Genus Record Details: Polyozellus Murrill". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  13. ^ "Polyozellus Murrill". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  14. ^ Pilz et al., p. 17.
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-0-295-96480-5
    .
  16. ^ Pilz et al., p. 38.
  17. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0
    .
  18. ISBN 978-0-292-72080-0
    .
  19. JSTOR 3759354
    . Polyozellus information is found on pages 711–12.
  20. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5
    .
  21. JSTOR 3759354
    .
  22. PMID 14561527
    .
  23. JSTOR 4547729
    .
  24. ISBN 978-1-904933-15-1
    .
  25. ^ "Seasonal Chart for Edible Mushrooms". Central Oregon Mushroom Club. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
  26. ^ Kroeger P, Ceska O, Roberts C, Kendrick B (2007). "Fungi of Haida Gwaii". E-Flora BC. Retrieved 2009-07-07.

Cited literature

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polyozellus multiplex.
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