Gomphus clavatus
Gomphus clavatus | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Basidiomycota |
Class: | Agaricomycetes |
Order: | Gomphales |
Family: | Gomphaceae |
Genus: | Gomphus |
Species: | G. clavatus
|
Binomial name | |
Gomphus clavatus | |
Synonyms[2] | |
List
|
Gomphus clavatus mycorrhizal | |
---|---|
Edibility is edible or can cause allergic reactions |
Gomphus clavatus, commonly known as pig's ears or the violet chanterelle, is an edible species of fungus in the genus Gomphus native to Eurasia and North America. Described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, G. clavatus has had several name changes and many alternative scientific names, having been classified in the genus Cantharellus (also called chanterelles), though it is not closely related to them. The fruit body is vase- or fan-shaped with wavy edges to its rim, and grows up to 15–16 cm (6–6+1⁄4 in) wide and 17 cm (6+3⁄4 in) tall. The upper surface or cap is orangish-brown to lilac, while the lower spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is a distinctive purple color.
Typically found in
Taxonomy
German naturalist
British botanist
Fries himself declined to keep the genus separate,
Alexander H. Smith treated Gomphus as a section within Cantharellus in his 1947 review of chanterelles in western North America, as he felt there were no consistent characteristics that distinguished the two genera.[22] In 1966 E. J. H. Corner described a small-spored variety, G. clavatus var. parvispora, from specimens collected in Uganda;[23] it is not considered to have independent taxonomic significance.[24]
Research in the early 2000s combining the use of
Gomphus clavatus is commonly known as pig's ears, alluding to the violet underside and yellowish
Description
The basidiocarps, or fruit bodies, of immature Gomphus clavatus are club-shaped and have one cap, but later spread out and have a so-called merismatoid appearance—several vase-shaped caps rising from a common stem. The fruit body is up to 15 cm (6 in) wide and 17 cm (6+3⁄4 in) tall, fan-shaped with wavy edges. The upper surfaces of the fruit bodies are covered with brown hyphae (microscopic filaments) that form small, distinct patches towards the margin, but combine to form a continuous felt-like fine-haired area, or tomentum, over the center of the cap. The color of the upper cap surface is orange-brown to violet, but fades to a lighter brown with age.[30] The cap margins of older mushrooms can be quite ragged.[31] The lower spore-bearing surface—the hymenium—is wrinkled, often with folds and pits, and violet to brown in color. The solid stem, which is continuous with the cap,[32] is 0.8–3 cm (3⁄8–1+1⁄8 in) wide, 4–10 cm (1+5⁄8–3+7⁄8 in) tall,[22] and covered with fine hairs that become coarser (hispid) towards the base. It is often compound, with several fruit bodies arising from the basal portion. Fruit bodies may bruise reddish-brown where handled.[33] The flesh can be whitish-pink to lilac or cinnamon-buff. Thick under the center of the cap, it thins out towards the margins.[22] It can be crunchy, though it is softer than that of the chanterelle.[31] The taste and odor are mild. The spore print is yellow to orange-yellow.[34]
The
Similar species
Gomphus crassipes, found in Spain and North Africa, can only be reliably distinguished from G. clavatus with the use of a microscope.[36] Its basidiospores are generally longer (11–17 by 5.5–7 μm) and have a more finely wrinkled surface.[19] Pseudocraterellus pseudoclavatus (formerly classified in Gomphus) is a lookalike species that grows under conifers in the central United States and westward,[37] also differing on microscopic characters and reaction to potassium hydroxide.[22] Turbinellus floccosus and T. kauffmanii are of similar shape but their caps are covered in scales.[7] The edible blue chanterelle (Polyozellus multiplex) could be confused with G. clavatus, but has distinctive spores.[38]
Habitat and distribution
Growing on the ground, Gomphus clavatus mushrooms appear singly, in clusters or clumps, or even occasionally
In Asia, Gomphus clavatus has been reported from China,[23] Japan,[23] Korea,[49] Malaysia,[50] Nepal,[29] and Pakistan.[23] European countries where the fungus has been reported include Austria,[51] the Czech Republic,[52] France,[18] Germany,[53] Greece,[51] Italy,[51] Lithuania,[54] Poland,[55] Romania,[56] Russia,[46] Sweden,[26] Switzerland,[51] and Turkey.[57] In North America, the fungus has been found across Canada,[23] Mexico,[51] and the United States,[35] where it is abundant in the Pacific Northwest.[22]
Conservation
In Europe, Gomphus clavatus appears on the national
Edibility
Gomphus clavatus is edible; it is rated as choice by some,[34][63] while others find it tasteless[64] or experience gastric upsets.[65] It has an earthy flavor and meaty texture that has been regarded as suiting red meat dishes.[39] Like many edible fungi, consumption may cause gastrointestinal distress in susceptible individuals.[33] The flesh becomes bitter with age,[34] and older specimens may be infested with insects.[64] Insect infestation is unlikely if the weather is cool.[63] G. clavatus has been used for cooking for some time; Fries included it in his 1867 book Sveriges ätliga och giftiga svampar (Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms in Sweden). It is highly regarded by the Zapotec people of Ixtlán de Juárez in Oaxaca, Mexico,[66] and the Sherpa people in the vicinity of Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal.[29]
Extracts prepared from G. clavatus fruit bodies have a high antioxidant activity,[67] and a high concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds.[68] Phenolic compounds identified from the fungus include protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, gentisic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and tannic acid.[69] In a chemical analysis of collections from the south Aegean Region of Turkey, the fungus was shown to have bioaccumulated the toxic metal cadmium to levels exceeding the maximum intake recommended by the European Union Scientific Committee on Food.[68]
References
- ^ a b Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London, UK. p. 638.
- ^ a b "Gomphus clavatus (Pers.) Gray". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ^ Schäffer JC. (1774). Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur Icones (in Latin). Vol. 4. Erlangen, Germany: J.J. Palmium. p. 109.
- ^ Jacquin NJ. (1781). Miscellanea Austriaca ad Botanicum, Chemiam et Historiam Naturalem Spectantia (in Latin). Vol. 2. Vienna: J.P. Kraus. p. 99; plate 12:1.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1795). "Observationes Mycologicae". Annalen der Botanik (Usteri) (in Latin). 15: 1–39 (see p. 21).
- ISBN 978-0-88192-627-9.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1801). Synopsis Methodica Fungorum [Methodical Synopsis of the Fungi] (in Latin). Vol. 2. Göttingen, Germany: Apud H. Dieterich. p. 498.
- ^ doi:10.5248/115.183.
- ISBN 978-3-540-66493-2.
- ^ Persoon CH. (1825). Mycologia Europaea (in Latin). Vol. 2. Erlangen, Germany: Palm. p. 9.
- ^ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lund, Sweden. p. 322.
- ^ Secretan L. (1833). Bonnant PA. (ed.). Mycographie suisse, ou, Description des champignons qui croissent en Suisse, particulièrement dans le canton de Vaud, aux environs de Lausanne [Swiss Mycographie, or description of fungi growing in Switzerland, particularly in the canton of Vaud, near Lausanne] (in French). Vol. 2. Geneva, Switzerland. pp. 471–73.
- JSTOR 1216724.
- JSTOR 1218449.
- ^ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici: Seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum [A Critical Study of Mycology: A Synopsis of the Hymenomycetes] (in Latin). Vol. 1–2. Uppsala, Sweden: Regiae Academiae Typographia. p. 633.
- ^ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde (in German) (1st ed.). Zerbst, Germany: Luppe. p. 46.
- ^ a b Doassans MM, Patouillard NT (1886). "Champignons du Béarn (2eliste)". Revue Mycologique (in French). 8: 25–28. (Reprint from "Collected Mycological Papers" chronologically arranged and edited by L. Vogelenzang, Librarian Rijksherarium, Leiden, Amsterdam, vols. 1–3, 1978)
- ^ a b c d e f Giachini A. (2004). Systematics, Phylogeny, and Ecology of Gomphus sensu lato (Ph.D. thesis). Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University.
- ^ a b Erickson RF. "Kuntze, Otto (1843–1907)". Botanicus.org. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
- ^ Kuntze O. (1891). Revisio generum plantarum:vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 873.
- ^ PMID 20264537.
- ^ a b c d e Corner EJH. (1966). "A Monograph of the Cantharelloid Fungi". Annals of Botany Memoirs. 2. London, UK: Oxford University Press: 1–255.
- ^ "Record Details: Gomphus clavatus var. parvisporus Corner". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ Kuo M. (February 2006). "The Genus Gomphus". MushroomExpert.Com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-89815-947-9.
- ISBN 978-1-60469-576-2.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9739819-0-2.
- ^ .
- ^ a b Wood M, Stevens F. "California Fungi: Gomphus clavatus". MyKoWeb. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3.
- ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.
- ^ a b Kuo M. (February 2006). "Gomphus clavatus". MushroomExpert.Com. Archived from the original on 18 August 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-520-03660-4.
- ^ a b c "Gomphus clavatus (Persoon:Fries) S.F. Gray" (PDF). MyKoWeb. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
- ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
- ISBN 978-0-660-10136-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9.
- ^ Khohkryakov MK. (1956). "Mycorrhizae". In Gorlenki MV. (ed.). Fungi – friends and enemies of man. Moscow, Russia: Sovetskaya Nauka. pp. 178–81.
- ^ a b Masui K. (1926). "A study of the mycorrhiza of Abies firma, S. et Z., with special reference to its mycorrhizal fungus Cantharellus floccosus, Schw". Memoirs of the College of Science. Kyoto Imperial University. Series B. 2 (1): 1–84.
- ^ a b Masui K. (1927). "A study of the ectotrophic mycorrhizas of woody plants". Memoirs of the College of Science. Kyoto Imperial State University. Series B. 3: 149–279.
- ^ Bulakh EM. (1978). Macromycetes of Fir Forests. Biocenotic Studies at the Berkhneussuriysk Station. The Academy of Sciences of the USSR Far-eastern Scientific Center Biological Institute. pp. 73–81.
- S2CID 37975901.
- ^ Agerer R, Beenken L, Christian J (1998). "Gomphus clavatus (Pers.: Fr.) S. F. Gray. + Picea abies (L.) Karst". Descriptions of Ectomycorrhizae. 3: 25–29.
- ^ a b c Trappe JM. (1960). "Some probable mycorrhizal associations in the Pacific Northwest. II". Northwest Science (in Russian). 34 (4): 113–117. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- JSTOR 3792970.
- ^ ISBN 978-92-871-5928-1.
- PMID 24039471.
- ISBN 978-983-861-869-4.
- ^ OCLC 641200.
- ^ Kluzák Z. (1994). "Gomphus clavatus. A seriously endangered species in the Czech Republic". Zeitschrift für Mykologie. 60: 113–16.
- ^ Dörfelt H, Bresinsky A (2003). "Die Verbreitung und Ökologie ausgewählter Makromyceten Deutschlands" [Distribution and ecology of selected macromycetes in Germany] (PDF). Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 69 (2): 177–286 (see p. 200). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-22. Retrieved 2015-12-18.
- ^ Urbonas VA, Matyalis AA, Gritsyus AI (1990). "Trends of variability of macromycetes, extinguishing species and principles of their protection in Lithuania". Mycology and Phytopathology. 24: 385–88.
- OCLC 258624874.
- ^ Pop A, Soltesz AM (2001). "Mushrooms from the Barsa Depression (Brasov County)". Contributii Botanice. 36: 41–51.
- .
- ^ Siller I, Vasas G, Pal-Fam F, Bratek Z, Zagya I, Fodor L (2005). "Hungarian distribution of the legally protected macrofungi species". Studia Botanica Hungarica. 36: 131–63.
- ^ Siller I, Dima B, Albert L, Vasas G, Fodor L, Pal-Fam F, Bratek Z, Zagya I (2006). "Védett nagygombafajok Magyarországon" [Protected macrofungi in Hungary]. Mikológiai Közlemények (in Hungarian). 45: 3–158. Archived from the original on 2018-04-27. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
- ^ Al-Sayegh Petkovsek S, Pokorny B, Piltaver A (2004). "The first list of macrofungi from the wider area of the Salek Valley". Zbornik Gozdarstva in Lesarstva. 72: 83–120.
- ^ "Gomphus clavatus (Pers.) Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. (London) 1: 638 (1821)". Checklist of the British & Irish Basidiomycota. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "1998: Gomphus clavatus (Pers.: Fr.) S.F.Gray, Schweinsohr [Pig's ear]" (in German). Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie [German Mycological Society]. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-472-85610-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4.
- ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- PMID 17217539.
- PMID 21877948.
- ^ PMID 25577119.
- PMID 17177499.