Ponce, Puerto Rico
Ponce
Municipio Autónomo de Ponce | ||
---|---|---|
City and municipality | ||
Autonomous Municipality of Ponce | ||
Juan Ponce de Leon y Loayza | ||
Barrios | ||
Government | ||
• Type | ZIP Codes 00715, 00716, 00717, 00728, 00730, 00731, 00732, 00733, 00734, 00780 | |
Area code | 787/939 | |
Major routes | | |
GNIS feature ID | 1611718[22] | |
Website | http://visitponce.com/ | |
† = Date of the Villa and Ciudad charters |
Ponce (US: /ˈpɔːnseɪ, ˈpoʊn-/, UK: /ˈpɒnseɪ/, Spanish pronunciation: [ˈponse] ⓘ) is a city and a municipality on the southern coast of Puerto Rico.[25] The most populated city outside the San Juan metropolitan area, was founded on August 12, 1692[note 1][26][20][27][17] and is named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza,[28] the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.[note 2] Ponce is often referred to as La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South), La Ciudad Señorial[b] (The Manorial City[c]), and La Ciudad de las Quenepas (Genip City).
The city serves as the governmental seat of the autonomous municipality as well as the regional hub for various Government of Puerto Rico entities, such as the Judiciary of Puerto Rico. It is also the regional center for various U.S. Federal Government agencies. Ponce is a principal city of both the Ponce Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area.
The municipality of Ponce, officially the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, is located in the southern coastal plain region of the island, south of Adjuntas, Utuado, and Jayuya; east of Peñuelas; west of Juana Díaz; and bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea. The municipality has 31 barrios, including 19 outside the city's urban area and 12 in the urban area of the city. It is the second largest in Puerto Rico by land area, and it was the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy, becoming the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce in 1992.
The historic Ponce Pueblo district, located in the downtown area of the city, is composed by several of the downtown barrios, and is located approximately three miles (4.8 km) inland from the Caribbean coast. The historic district is characterized for its Neoclásico Isabelino and Ponce Creole architectures.[29][30]
History
Early settlers
The region of what is now Ponce belonged to the
During the first years of the
On September 17, 1692, the King of Spain
In the early 18th century Don Antonio Abad Rodriguez Berrios built a small chapel under the name of San Antonio Abad. The area would later receive the name of San Antón, a historically important part of modern Ponce.[47] In 1712 the village was chartered as El Poblado de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce (The Village of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Ponce).[48]
19th-century immigrants
In the early 19th century, Ponce continued to be one of dozens of hamlets that dotted the Island. Its inhabitants survived by
However, in the 1820s, three events dramatically changed the size of the town. The first of these events was the arrival of a significant number of white
Secondly,
Third, the Spanish
Some of these immigrants made considerable fortunes in coffee, corn and sugarcane harvesting, rum production,[59] banking and finance, the importing of industrial machinery, iron foundries and other enterprises. At the time of the American invasion of the Island in 1898, Ponce was a thriving city,[60] boasting the Island's main financial center,[61] the Island's first communications link to another country,[62] the best capitalized financial institutions, and even its own currency.[63] It had consular offices for England, Germany, the Netherlands, and other nations.[64]
Following trends set in Europe and elsewhere, in 1877,
"It is important to establish a relationship between the European exhibitions that I have mentioned and the Ponce Fair, as the Fair was meant as a showcase of the advancements of the day: Agriculture, Trade, Industry, and the Arts. Just as with the
Ponce Casino, and some of Ponce's homes were illuminated with the incandescent light bulb for the first time".[65]
Ponce in the 20th century
U.S. invasion
At the time of the U.S.
On July 27, American troops, aboard the Cincinnati, Dixie, Wasp, and Gloucester, disembarked at Playa de Ponce.[69] General Nelson Miles arrived the next day with reinforcements from Guánica and took possession of the city. There were some minor skirmishes in the city, but no major battle was fought. Three men were killed and 13 wounded on the Spanish side, while the Americans suffered four wounded. The American flag was raised in the town center that same day and most of the Spanish troops retreated into the surrounding mountains. The U.S. Army then established its headquarters in Ponce.[70]
Period of stagnation
After the U.S. invasion, the Americans chose to centralize the administration of the island in San Juan,[71] the capital, neglecting the south and thus starting a period of socio-economic stagnation for Ponce.[72] This was worsened by several factors:
- The opening of sugar mills in Salinas[75] and Guánica[76] drew commercial and agricultural activity away from Ponce[77]
- The decadence in coffee plantations in the 1920s[78][79][80]
- The loss of the Spanish and Cuban markets[81] "The Spanish American War had paralyzed the trade of the Island of Puerto Rico and when Spain surrendered the sovereignty she closed her [Spain's] ports to Puerto Rican products, while the American occupation of Cuba destroyed the only other important market. As a result, the trade in coffee and tobacco was ruined, and nothing was provided by the Americans to take their place."[82]
At least one author has also blamed the stagnation on "the strife between the U.S. and the local
The 20th century financial stagnation prompted residents to initiate measures to attract economic activity back into the city. Also, a solid manufacturing industry surged that still remains. Examples of this are the
Ponce massacre
On March 21, 1937, a peaceful march was organized by the
The march turned into a bloody event when the Insular Police, a force somewhat resembling the
When the shooting stopped, nineteen civilians had been killed or mortally wounded.[86] Over two hundred others were badly wounded.[87] Many were shot in their backs while running away, including a seven-year-old girl named Georgina Maldonado who was "killed through the back while running to a nearby church."[88][89]
The US commissioned an independent investigation headed by Arthur Garfield Hays, general counsel of the American Civil Liberties Union, together with prominent citizens of Puerto Rico. The members concluded in their report that the event was a massacre, with the police acting as a mob. They harshly criticized Winship's actions as governor and said he had numerous abuses of civil rights.[90] The event has since been known as the Ponce massacre.[90] It was the largest massacre in Puerto Rican history.[91] As a result of this report and other charges against Winship, he was dismissed from his position in 1937 and replaced as governor.[90]
The history of this event can be viewed at the
Hub for political and economic activity
Ponce has continued to be a hub of political activity on the island, and is the founding site of several major political parties. It has also been the birthplace of several important political figures of the island, including
Statistics taken from the 2010 census show that 82.0% of Ponceños are
1970s economic decline
The 1970s brought significant commercial, industrial and banking changes to Ponce that dramatically altered its financial stability and outlook of the city, the municipality and, to an extent, the entire southern Puerto Rico region. After
The Mameyes landslide
On October 7, 1985, Ponce was the scene of a major tragedy, when at least 129 people lost their lives to a
Recent history
The municipality of Ponce became the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy[100] on October 27, 1992, under a new law (The Autonomous Municipalities Act of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico[101]) enacted by the Puerto Rican legislature. Ponce's mayor for 15 years, Rafael Cordero Santiago ("Churumba"), credited for leading the municipal government to that accomplishment, died in office on the morning of January 17, 2004, after suffering three consecutive strokes. Vice-mayor Delis Castillo Rivera de Santiago finished his term. Cordero was succeeded by Francisco Zayas Seijo. In the 2008 general elections María "Mayita" Meléndez was elected mayor of the city of Ponce and served three terms.[102] The current (2021) mayor is Luis Irizarry Pabón who became the first mayoral candidate in the modern history of Ponce to win with more than 60% of votes cast.[103]
The city is also the governmental seat of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, and the regional hub for various commonwealth entities. For example, it serves as the southern hub for the Judiciary of Puerto Rico.[104][105][106] It is also the regional center for various other commonwealth and federal government agencies.[107]
Ponce has improved its economy in the last years. In recent years, Ponce has solidified its position as the second most important city of Puerto Rico based on its economic progress and increasing population.
On September 20, 2017 Hurricane Maria struck the island of Puerto Rico. In Ponce, $1,000 million in damages were the initial estimates. An estimated 3,500 homes were completely or partially destroyed.[115] The hurricane triggered numerous landslides in Ponce.[116][117]
Geography
The Municipality of Ponce sits on the Southern Coastal Plain region of the Puerto Rico, on the shores of the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by the municipalities of Adjuntas, Utuado, Jayuya, Peñuelas, and Juana Díaz.[118] Ponce is a large municipality, with only
Ponce's municipal territory reaches the central mountain range to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. Geographically speaking, the southern area of the territory is part of the Ponce-Patillas alluvial plain subsector and the southern coastal plain, which were created by the consolidation of the valleys of the southern side of the central mountain range and the Cayey mountain range. The central area of the municipality is part of the semi-arid southern hills. These two regions are classified as being the driest on the island. The northern part of the municipality is considered to be within the rainy western mountains.[124] Barrio Anón is home to Cerro Maravilla, a peak that at 4,085 feet (1,245 m) is Puerto Rico's fourth highest peak.[125]
Nineteen barrios
There is a seismic detector that the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez Campus, has placed in Barrio Cerrillos.[131]
Land features
Elevations include Cerro de Punta at 4,390 feet (1,340 m), the highest in Puerto Rico, located in Barrio Anón in the territory of the municipality of Ponce.[132][133] Mount Jayuya, at 4,314 feet (1,315 m) is located on the boundary between Barrio Anón and Barrio Saliente in Jayuya. Cerro Maravilla, at nearly 3,970 feet (1,210 m) above sea level, is located to the east of Barrio Anón. There are many other mountains at lower elevations in the municipality, such as the Montes Llanos ridge and Mount Diablo, at 2,231 feet (680 m) and Mount Marueño, at 2,100 feet (640 m), and Pinto Peak, among others. Part of the Toro Negro Forest is located in Barrio Anón. Coastal promontories include Cuchara, Peñoncillo, Carnero, and Cabullón points.[134] Fifty-six percent of the municipality consists of slopes 10 degrees or greater.[135]
Water features
The 14 rivers comprising the hydrographic system of Ponce are
Coastal geographic features in Ponce include
Climate
Ponce features a tropical savanna climate (Koppen Aw/As). Ponce has summer highs averaging 92 °F (33 °C)[144] and winter highs, 87 °F (31 °C).[145] It has lows averaging 67 °F (19 °C) in the winter[145] and 74 °F (23 °C) in the summer.[146] It has a record high of 100 °F (38 °C), which occurred on 21 August 2003,[147] and a record low of 51 °F (11 °C) which occurred on 28 February 2004, tying the record low of 51 °F (11 °C) from 25 January 1993.[148] The mean annual temperature in the municipality is 79 °F (26 °C).[149]
Climate data for Ponce, Puerto Rico (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1898–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 98 (37) |
95 (35) |
96 (36) |
96 (36) |
96 (36) |
99 (37) |
100 (38) |
100 (38) |
99 (37) |
98 (37) |
100 (38) |
98 (37) |
100 (38) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 87.8 (31.0) |
87.7 (30.9) |
87.6 (30.9) |
88.8 (31.6) |
89.5 (31.9) |
91.2 (32.9) |
91.5 (33.1) |
91.8 (33.2) |
91.4 (33.0) |
90.8 (32.7) |
89.8 (32.1) |
88.4 (31.3) |
89.7 (32.1) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 75.1 (23.9) |
74.9 (23.8) |
75.0 (23.9) |
76.7 (24.8) |
78.3 (25.7) |
80.2 (26.8) |
80.3 (26.8) |
80.5 (26.9) |
80.0 (26.7) |
79.4 (26.3) |
77.9 (25.5) |
75.9 (24.4) |
77.8 (25.4) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 62.5 (16.9) |
62.1 (16.7) |
62.5 (16.9) |
64.6 (18.1) |
67.0 (19.4) |
69.2 (20.7) |
69.1 (20.6) |
69.3 (20.7) |
68.7 (20.4) |
67.9 (19.9) |
66.0 (18.9) |
63.5 (17.5) |
66.0 (18.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | 49 (9) |
51 (11) |
50 (10) |
53 (12) |
55 (13) |
60 (16) |
58 (14) |
60 (16) |
58 (14) |
61 (16) |
56 (13) |
52 (11) |
49 (9) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.73 (19) |
1.21 (31) |
1.87 (47) |
2.26 (57) |
4.18 (106) |
2.16 (55) |
2.84 (72) |
4.56 (116) |
6.94 (176) |
5.38 (137) |
3.94 (100) |
1.45 (37) |
37.52 (953) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 6.0 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 10.1 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 10.3 | 12.1 | 12.7 | 10.1 | 7.4 | 106.9 |
Source: |
Cityscape
Architecture
During the 19th century, the city was witness to a flourishing architectural development, including the birth of a new architectural style later dubbed
Many of the city's features (from house façades to
Barrios
With 31 barrios, Ponce is Puerto Rico's municipality with the largest number of barrios.
The 2000 Census showed that Montes Llanos is the least populated barrio in the municipality. Thanks to its larger area, barrio Canas was by far the most populated ward of the municipality.
Ponce has nine barrios that border neighboring municipalities. These are Canas, Quebrada Limón, Marueño, Guaraguao, San Patricio, Anón, Real, Coto Laurel, and Capitanejo. Canas and Capitanejo are also coastal barrios, and together with three others (Playa, Bucaná, and Vayas) make up the municipality's five coastal barrios.
There are also five barrios within the city limits (Canas Urbano, Machuelo Abajo, Magueyes Urbano, Portugués Urbano, and San Antón) that in addition to the original six city core barrios — named Primero, Segundo, Tercero, Cuarto, Quinto, and Sexto — make up the 11 urban zone barrios of the municipality. The historic zone of the city is within these original six core city barrios. These eleven barrios composed what is known as the urban zone of the municipality.
The remaining eight barrios (
A summary of all the barrios of the municipality, their population, population density, and land and water areas as given by the
No. | Barrio | Population ( Census 2000 ) |
Density (/sq mi) |
Total Area (sq mi) |
Land Area (sq mi) |
Water Area (sq mi) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Anón | 1669 | 129.9 | 12.85 | 12.85 | 0.00 |
2 | Bucaná | 3963 | 2957.5 | 2.16 | 1.34 | 0.81 |
3 | Canas | 34065 | 2349.3 | 22.82 | 14.50 | 8.32 |
4 | Canas Urbano | 21482 | 9299.6 | 2.31 | 2.31 | 0.00 |
5 | Capitanejo | 1401 | 355.4 | 4.82 | 3.95 | 0.88 |
6 | Cerrillos | 4284 | 1377.5 | 3.31 | 3.11 | 0.20 |
7 | Coto Laurel | 5285 | 1492.9 | 3.60 | 3.54 | 0.06 |
8 | Cuarto | 3011 | 18818.8 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.00 |
9 | Guaraguao | 1017 | 247.4 | 4.11 | 4.11 | 0.00 |
10 | Machuelo Abajo | 13302 | 7515.3 | 1.86 | 1.77 | 0.90 |
11 | Machuelo Arriba | 13727 | 2124.9 | 6.61 | 6.46 | 0.15 |
12 | Magueyes |
6134 | 1345.2 | 4.56 | 4.56 | 0.00 |
13 | Magueyes Urbano | 1332 | 1074.2 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 0.00 |
14 | Maragüez | 754 | 142.0 | 6.42 | 5.31 | 1.11 |
15 | Marueño | 1474 | 350.1 | 4.21 | 4.21 | 0.00 |
16 | Montes Llanos | 462 | 214.9 | 2.15 | 2.15 | 0.00 |
17 | Playa | 16926 | 3864.4 | 14.98 | 4.38 | 10.60 |
18 | Portugués |
4882 | 1386.9 | 3.56 | 3.52 | 0.04 |
19 | Portugués Urbano | 5886 | 5163.2 | 1.14 | 1.14 | 0.00 |
20 | Primero | 3550 | 14200.0 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.00 |
21 | Quebrada Limón | 804 | 301.1 | 2.67 | 2.67 | 0.00 |
22 | Quinto | 724 | 6581.8 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
23 | Real | 3139 | 595.6 | 5.28 | 5.27 | 0.01 |
24 | Sabanetas | 6420 | 2351.6 | 2.79 | 2.73 | 0.06 |
25 | San Antón | 11271 | 10063.4 | 1.17 | 1.12 | 0.04 |
26 | San Patricio | 465 | 67.8 | 6.86 | 6.86 | 0.00 |
27 | Segundo | 11321 | 17416.9 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.00 |
28 | Sexto | 4745 | 18250.0 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.01 |
29 | Tercero | 773 | 9662.5 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
30 | Tibes | 866 | 123.5 | 7.01 | 7.01 | 0.00 |
31 | Vayas | 1338 | 187.9 | 10.47 | 7.12 | 3.35 |
Ponce | 186475 | 1625.5 | 193.6 | 114.7 | 78.9 |
Tourism
Due to its historical importance throughout the years, Ponce features many points of interest for visiting tourists. Though not all of these were tourists, it represents a volume larger than the population of the city itself.
To support a growing tourist industry, around the 1970s, and starting with the Ponce
External audio | |
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You may a see a video on Ponce's tourist attractions HERE |
Ponce en Marcha
In recent years an intensive $440 million
Landmarks
The city has been christened as Museum City for its many quality museums.
Just north of downtown Ponce lies the Castillo Serrallés and the Cruceta del Vigía, a 100-foot (30 m) observation tower which overlooks the city. The Serralles castle is reported to receive nearly 100,000 visitors every year.[196] The hill on which the Cruceta is located was originally used by scouts to scan for incoming mercantile ships as well as invading ones. The invasion of American troops in 1898 was first spotted from there.
Ponce is home to Puerto Rico's oldest cemetery; in fact, it is the oldest cemetery in the
Also in the city outskirts is Hacienda Buena Vista, an estate built in 1833 originally to grow fruits. It was converted into a coffee plantation and gristmill in 1845. It remained in operation until 1937, then fell into disrepair, but was restored by the government's Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico. All the machinery works (the metal parts) are original, operated by water channeled from the 360m Vives waterfall; there is a hydraulic turbine which makes the corn mill work.
As of 2008[update], the city had also engaged in the development of a convention center with a capacity for 3,000 people. It is also to include two major hotels, apartment buildings and recreational facilities.[201] Puerto Rico Route 143 (PR-143), known as the Panoramic Route, runs edging near the municipality's northern border.[202]
Culture
The city is home to a long list of cultural assets including libraries, museums, galleries, and parks, hundreds of buildings of historical value including schools, residences, bridges, and estates, and frequent activities such as festivals and carnivals. The municipality invests close to half a million dollars in promoting its cultural assets.[203] It established its first library in 1894[204] and, as of 2007[update] had a new central library[205] with seven other branches scattered throughout the municipality.[206]
A number of cultural events take place during the year, most prominently:[207][208]
- February – Ponce Carnival
- March – Feria de Artesanías de Ponce (Ponce Crafts Fair)[209] In 2019, the 45th Feria de Artesanías de Ponce was held.[210]
- April – Ponce Jazz Festival
- May –— PlayaFestival
- July – Barrio San Anton's Bomba Festival
- August – Festival Nacional de la Quenepa (National Genip Festival), often the third week[211][212]
- September – Día Mundial de Ponce
- November – Discovering Our Indian Roots
- December – Patron Saint's Day Festival (Fiestas Patronales);[213] Las Mañanitas;[213] Children's Christmas Concert
The city values its cultural traditions as evidenced by the revitalization project Ponce en Marcha. It is deeply rooted in its traditional cultural, artistic, and musical heritage. The love for art and architecture, for example, can be appreciated at its museums of art, music, and architecture.
"Over the last century or so, the north [i.e., San Juan] willingly accepted the influence of
Some argue that the Ponceño culture is different from the rest of the Island:
"Ponceños have always been a breed apart from other Puerto Ricans. Their insularity and haughtiness are legendary, and some Puerto Ricans claim that even the dialect in Ponce is slightly different from that spoken in the rest of the Island. They are also racially different: you'll see more people of African descent in Ponce than anywhere else in the Island except
Loiza."[216]Others claim that Ponceños exhibit considerable more civic pride than do residents of other locales.[217] Luis Muñoz Rivera, the most important statesman in the Island at the close of the 19th century, referred to Ponce as "the most Puerto Rican city of Puerto Rico."[218][e]
Music
Artistic development also flourished during this period. The surging of popular rhythms like Bomba and Plena took place in the south region of the island, mainly in Ponce. Barrio San Antón is known as one of the birthplaces of the rhythm. Every July, Ponce celebrates an annual festival of Bomba and Plena, which includes various musicians and parades.
Immigrants from Spain, Italy, France, Germany, and England came to Ponce to develop an international city that still maintains rich
Taíno and African heritage. The African personality, belief, and music add flavor and colorful rhythm to Ponce's culture. Part of this are the influences of the Bomba and Plena rhythms. These are a combination and Caribbean and African music.[219]Ponce has also been the birthplace of several singers and musicians. From opera singers like Antonio Paoli, who lived in the early 20th century, to contemporary singers like Ednita Nazario. Also, Salsa singers like Héctor Lavoe, Cheo Feliciano, and Ismael Quintana also come from the city.
Dating back to 1858, Ponce's Carnival is the oldest in Puerto Rico, and acquired an international flavor for its 150th anniversary.[220] It is one of the oldest carnivals celebrated in the Western Hemisphere. It features various parades with masked characters representative of good and evil.
The
Museum of Puerto Rican Music, located at the Serrallés-Nevárez family residence in downtown Ponce, illustrates music history on the Island, most of which had its origin and development in Ponce.[221]No discussion of music in Ponce would be complete without rendering honor to the great performances of King of Tenors Antonio Paoli and danza master Juan Morel Campos, both from Ponce. Today, there is a statue of Juan Morel Campos that adorns the Plaza Las Delicias city square, and the home where Paoli was born and raised functions as the Puerto Rico Center for Folkloric Research, a research center for Puerto Rican culture.
A municipal band presents concerts every Sunday evening, and a Youth Symphony Orchestra also performs.[222]
Arts
Ponce's love for the arts dates back to at least 1864 when the
non-profit association for the promotion and protection of Art Nouveau heritage in the world.[225]Today, Ponce has more museums (nine) than any other municipality in the Island.[226] Ponce is home to the Museo de Arte de Ponce (MAP), founded in 1959 by fellow ponceño Luis A. Ferré. The museum was operated by Ferré until his death at the age of 99, and it is now under the direction of the Luis A. Ferré Foundation. Designed by Edward Durell Stone, architect of Radio City Music Hall[227] and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, MAP is the only museum of international stature on the Island, the only one that was accredited by the American Alliance of Museums (AAM),[228] and the only one that has received a design prize of honor from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).[229] It houses the most extensive art collection in the Caribbean with 4,500 pieces.[230]
Sports
Most of Ponce's professional teams are called the Leones de Ponce (Ponce Lions, or
In 1993 the city hosted the Central American and Caribbean Games, from November 19–30.[235]
The city also hosts two international annual sporting events. In the month of May, it hosts the
Memorial Day Weekend in the month of September, the city hosts Cruce a Nado Internacional, a swimming competition with over a dozen countries represented. Also, the Ponce Marathon takes place every December, sometimes as part of the Las Mañanitasevent on December 12.The
Ponce Tricentennial Park. In 2012 the city commenced construction of the multi-sport complex Ciudad Deportiva Millito Navarro. No date has been announced for its completion yet, but its skateboardingsection opened in March 2013.The main annual sports events are as follows:
- April – Las Justas – intercollegiate sports competition
- May –
Ponce Grand Prix– international track and field competition- August – Cruce a Nado Internacional – international swimming competition
- December – Maratón La Guadalupe– - 26-mile national marathon
Recreation
The municipality is home to several parks and beaches, including both passive and active parks. Among the most popular passive parks are the
Parque Urbano Dora Colon Clavell, another passive park is in the downtown area. Active parks include the Charles H. Terry Athletic Field, and several municipal tennis courts, including one at Poly Deportivos with 9 hard courts, and one at La Rambla with six hard courts.[237]There are also many public basketball courts scattered throughout the various barrios of the municipality.The municipality has 40 beaches including 28 on the mainland and 12 in Caja de Muertos. must be boarded at La Guancha for transportation to the Caja de Muertos beaches.
Religion
During and after colonization, the Roman Catholic Church became the established religion of the colony. Gradually African slaves were converted to Christianity, but many incorporated their own traditions and symbols, maintaining African traditions as well.
Ponce Cathedral, listed in the National Register of Historic Places, was built in 1839.[240][241] The Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 allowed for non-Catholics to immigrate legally to Puerto Rico, but it required those who wanted to settle on the island to make a vow of alliance to the Catholic Church. Ponce was the first city in Puerto Rico where Protestant churches were built.[242]With the U.S. invasion, there was a significant change in the religious landscape in the City and in Puerto Rico. "The Protestant missionaries followed the footprints of the United States soldiers, right after the Treaty of Paris was ratified and Puerto Rico was ceded to the American government."
Presbyterians, and others, had arranged for an evangelical division whereby Ponce would have Evangelical, Baptist, and Methodist "campaigns". With the passing of the Foraker Act in 1900, which established total separation between Church and State, the absolute power of the Catholic Church eroded quickly.[243]Various Protestant churches were soon established and built in Ponce; today many are recognized as historic sites. Among them are the McCabe Memorial Church (Methodist) (1908),[244] and the Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church (Methodist) (1907).[245]
The bell of the Episcopalian
Barrio Cuarto, rang again[246] when the Americans arrived on 25 July 1898. Built in 1873, the church was allowed to function by the Spanish Crown under the conditions that its bell would not be rung, its front doors would always remain closed, and its services would be offered in English only.[247]Today, Ponce is home to a mix of religious faiths: both Protestants and Catholics, as well as
Congregationalists are among the Protestant faiths with a following in Ponce. Catholicism is the faith of the majority of ponceños. In 2009, the Catholic Church had 18 parishes in the municipality, two bishops and 131 priests.[248] In his Memoirs, Albert E. Lee summed up Ponce's attitude towards religion:Ponce was not only tolerant, it was indifferent in religious matters. Protestants and Catholics, and even atheists, lived together socially on the friendliest terms. Religion was strictly a personal affair in Ponce while in San Juan at times gave the impression that it was ready to practice the auto-de-fe [sic]."[249]
Economy
Traditionally the city's economy had depended almost entirely on the sugarcane industry.
Manufacturing
The municipality is considered one of the most developed municipalities in Puerto Rico.
Agriculture
In the agricultural sector, the most important products are
Retail
For many years commercial retail activity in Ponce centered around what is now Paseo Atocha. This has shifted in recent years, and most retail activity today occurs in one of Ponce's various malls, in particular Plaza del Caribe. Centro del Sur Mall is also a significant retail area, as is Ponce Mall.[259]
Mega port
Ponce is home to Puerto Rico's chief Caribbean port, the
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1765 | 3,314 | — |
1776 | 5,674 | +71.2% |
1800 | 7,234 | +27.5% |
1824 | 9,878 | +36.5% |
1828 | 14,927 | +51.1% |
1836 | 16,970 | +13.7% |
1846 | 21,799 | +28.5% |
1857 | 20,205 | −7.3% |
1860 | 28,156 | +39.4% |
1876 | 33,514 | +19.0% |
1887 | 42,388 | +26.5% |
1897 | 49,000 | +15.6% |
Sources: Govt of Ponce[262] and Freepages |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1900 | 55,477 | — |
1910 | 63,444 | +14.4% |
1920 | 71,426 | +12.6% |
1930 | 87,604 | +22.7% |
1940 | 105,116 | +20.0% |
1950 | 126,810 | +20.6% |
1960 | 145,586 | +14.8% |
1970 | 158,891 | +9.1% |
1980 | 189,046 | +19.0% |
1990 | 187,749 | −0.7% |
2000 | 186,475 | −0.7% |
2010 | 166,327 | −10.8% |
2020 | 137,491 | −17.3% |
Source: "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 13, 2006. |
Race - Ponce, Puerto Rico - 2020 Census[93] | ||
---|---|---|
Race | Population | % of Total |
White | 26,148 | 19.0% |
Black/Afro Puerto Rican | 18,325 | 13.3% |
American Indian/Alaska Native | 4,129 | 3.0% |
Asian | 365 | 0.3% |
Two or more races/Some other race | 88,524 | 64.4% |
Ponce has consistently ranked as one of the most populous cities in Puerto Rico. Ponce's population, according to the 2010 census, stands at 166,327, with a population density of 1,449.3 persons per square mile (559.6 persons/km2), ranking third in terms of population among Puerto Rican municipalities. As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 13.89% of the population. [263]
Government
The
The city also has a municipal legislature that handles local
The Ponce City Hall has one of the most unusual histories of any city hall throughout the world. "Originally built in the 1840s as a public assembly hall, Ponce's City Hall was a jail until the end of the 19th century. Current galleries were former cells, and executions were held in the courtyard. Four U.S. presidents spoke from the balcony - Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt and George Bush." It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[269]
In 2005, the municipality's budget was US$152 million.[270] In 2010-2011 it was $158 million.[271] In 2016-2017 the proposed budget was $140 million.[272] From a business perspective, the Ponce municipal government is generally praised for its efficiency and speediness, thanks to its adoption of the Autonomous Municipality Law of 1991.[273]
The municipality of Ponce is the seat of the
Symbols
The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.[275]
Coat of arms
The coat of arms of the municipality is based on the design of the official mayoral seal that was adopted in 1844 under the administration of mayor Salvador de Vives.[276]
The coat of arms of Ponce consists of an
Flag
Ponce has two official flags, one for the municipality and one for the city proper. The municipal flag, "the 1692 flag", was adopted in 1967 via a
Ten years later, in 1977, a new municipal ordinance introduced a flag, "the 1877 city flag" to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the declaration of the city charter. This (1977) flag consisted of a rectangular cloth divided by a diagonal line, creating two equal isosceles triangles, starting from the top left hand corner and ending on the lower right hand corner. The top triangle is red; the bottom triangle is black. In the center of the flag sits the shield of the municipality. Under this shield is the number "1877", the year of the founding of the city, and above the shield is the word "PONCE". Some flags have the "1877" date on the left border of the bottom triangle and the name of the city on the right border of the triangle, as illustrated in the insert on the left.[278]
Municipal services
Fire protection
The city's fire department has a history of firsts, including being the first organized fire department in the Island. As the largest city in the island at the time, and de facto economic and social center of Puerto Rico, this in effect also created the first
Major fires
The city has withstood some nearly catastrophic fires.
A major fire took place on February 27, 1820,[282][283] that "almost destroyed the early Ponce settlement". It destroyed 106 "of the best homes in town."[284] In 1823, then Governor of Puerto Rico, Miguel de la Torre mandated that "every male from 16 to 60 years old must be a firefighter".[285] Those firefighters had to supply their own fire fighting equipment (essentially picks, buckets, and shovels). Once De la Torre left office, this first fire fighting institution started to decay.[285]
Another major fire occurred in
On September 25, 1880 another fire, took place destroying most of the older civil records (births, baptisms, marriages, etc.) of the Ponce parish.
The fourth Ponce fire of large proportions occurred on January 25, 1899.[289] The fire was fought by a group of firefighters among whom was Pedro Sabater and the civilian Rafael Rivera Esbrí, who would later become mayor of the city. The fire started at the U.S. munitions depot on the lot currently occupied by the Ponce High School building and grounds. The heroes in that fire, believed to have saved the city from certain annihilation, are remembered to this day with monuments on their tombs as well as in a monument in the city square Plaza Las Delicias.[285] As a further gesture of gratitude, a neighborhood of distinctive Victorian-style cottages were constructed to house the firefighters and their families. These houses, painted in the red and black colors of the city, are located along a street named Calle 25 de Enero (25 de Enero street); they are still owned and occupied by the descendants of these firefighters and are a scenic attraction in Ponce's historic center.
Police
The
The Puerto Rico Police had its Ponce area regional headquarters from 1970 until 2011 on Hostos Avenue.
- The Villa precinct covers barrios Primero, Segundo, Tercero, Cuarto, Quinto, and Sexto, and Portugués Urbano. This precinct includes the historic Ponce district.
- The Playa precinct (# 258[292]) covers the barrios of Playa, Capitanejo, Bucaná, and Vayas.
- The La Rambla precinct covers barrios Anón, Real, Maragüez, Cerrillos, Coto Laurel, Sabanetas, San Patricio, Monte Llano, Machuelo Arriba, Machuelo Abajo, and Portugués.
- The El Tuque precinct covers barrios Canas and Canas Urbano.
- The Morel Campos precinct covers barrios Guaraguao, Marueño, Tibes, Magueyes, Magueyes Urbano, and Quebrada Limón.
Crime
In 2002, most of the homicides in Puerto Rico were occurring in San Juan and the greater metropolitan areas of Bayamón, Carolina and Caguas, but Ponce also had a high homicide rate. Also in 2002, Puerto Rico law enforcement officials drafted plans to increase the number of forensic investigators by 25%. The investigators, assigned to the Institute of Forensic Sciences in San Juan, covered homicides in about 65 percent of the island, but the Institute was considering assigning Ponce its own unit.[293] By mid-year 2005, there had been 25 more murder cases in Ponce than for all of 2004, a significant increase.[294]
The police acknowledged that most crime cases in Puerto Rico are linked to drug-trafficking and illegal weapons. In mid-July 2005, Gov. Aníbal Acevedo Vilá announced a series of measures aimed at lowering Ponce's high murder rate. Some of those measures included the permanent transfer of 100 agents to the area, the appointment of a ballistics expert from the Institute of Forensic Sciences and of two prosecutors for the Department of Justice in Ponce. Puerto Rico Police Superintendent Pedro Toledo admitted that more than 100 agents are actually needed in the Ponce region in 2005, but that "there would be no additional transfers at the moment to avoid affecting other police areas."[294]
Ponce is a convenient transition point for drug smugglers due to its location on the Caribbean Sea and its proximity to
As most of the crime in Ponce is connected to the drug-trade, police have an eye on illegal smuggling through the
By 2007, Ponce had experienced a 61% decline in the rate of violent crimes (Type I).[298] In 2010, there was a further reduction of 12 percent in violent crimes over 2009 statistics.[299] In August 2013, the Ponce Area Police Region, which includes Ponce and seven other adjacent municipalities, registered 27 fewer Type I crimes that it had by the same period in 2012.[300]
For the Ponce
Category | Number | Rate per 100,000 |
---|---|---|
Violent crime^ | 929 | 254.6 |
Property crime^^ | 5,938 | 1,627.5 |
Murder and NNMS^^^ | 83 | 22.7 |
Forcible rape | 25 | 6.9 |
Robbery | 525 | 143.9 |
Aggravated assault | 296 | 81.1 |
Burglary | 1,588 | 435.2 |
Larceny-theft | 3,803 | 1,042.3 |
Motor vehicle theft | 547 | 149.9 |
Notes:
^ Violent crimes include: murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault.
^^ Property crimes include: burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft.
^^^ NNMS, non-negligent manslaughter
Source:
FBI satellite office
There is an FBI satellite office located in Ponce.[302]
Education
Grade schools and high schools
Ponce's first school for boys was established in 1820.[303] Today there are over a hundred public and private schools.[304] As with the rest of Puerto Rico, public education in Ponce is handled by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. However, the local government is taking on a greater role in public education. On June 13, 2010, the mayor of Ponce announced the creation of a Municipal Education System and a School Board with the objective of obtaining accreditation for what would be the first free bilingual school in the city.[292]
Colleges and universities
There are also several colleges and universities located in the city, offering higher education, including professional degrees in architecture, medicine, law, and pharmacy. Some of these are:
- Caribbean University - Ponce
- Colegio Universitario Tecnologico de Ponce[305]
- Interamerican University of Puerto Rico at Ponce
- Ponce School of Medicine
- Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico
- Universidad Ana G. Méndez - Ponce
- University of Puerto Rico at Ponce
There are also several other technical institutions like the Instituto de Banca y Comercio, Trinity College,[306] and the Ponce Paramedical College.
Nova Southeastern University, based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, has a School of Pharmacy campus in Ponce.[307]
Health care
The city is served by several clinics and hospitals. There are four comprehensive care hospitals:
Transportation
Due to its commercial and industrial significance, Ponce has consistently been a hub of transportation to the rest of the island.
The city is served by a network of local highways and freeways. Running entirely within the municipal limits are
Ponce's public transportation system consists of taxicabs and share taxi service providing
Since 1804, Ponce already boasted its own port facilities for large cargo ships.
Notable Ponceños
International relations
The Dominican Republic maintains a consular office in the city.[339]
Twin towns – sister cities
Ponce is twinned with:
Commemorative dates
The following dates hold special significance for Ponceños and are motive for annual celebrations and/or memorials:
- January 25: mausoleum of the Ponce firefighters at Cementerio Civil de Ponce.[342]
- March 21: Ponce massacre.[343] Often memorialized with a get-together and service at the tomb of the victims at Cementerio Civil de Ponce[344]
- March 22: Abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico.[345] Often remembered with a memorial service at the Monumento a la abolición de la esclavitud.[346]
- April 26 (or, last Sunday of April): Día de la Bandera Ponceña.[347]
- August 12: Día de la Fundación de Ponce (Founding Date).[18][348][349] Often celebrated on the first Sunday of September.[350]
- October 7: Barrio Portugués Urbano.[354]
- December 12:
See also
- Timeline of the history of Ponce, Puerto Rico
- List of Puerto Ricans
- History of Puerto Rico
- Did you know-Puerto Rico?
Notes
- ^ Some publications/reporters have erroneously stated Ponce's date of founding as December 12, 1692 (see, for example, Jose Fernandez-Colon, The Associated Press, at "Noticias Online" on January 24, 2009, at Noticias Puerto Rico. Accessed 23 March 2019.) Another incorrect date sometimes found is September 12, 1692 (See, for example, Jorge L. Perez (El Nuevo Dia) and Jorge Figueroa (Ponce Municipal Historian), at Historic Buildings and Structures in Ponce, Puerto Rico., at the text accompanying Drawing #20, titled "Tumba de los Bomberos". Puerto Rico Historic Buildings Drawings Society. 2019. Accessed 4 February 2019. See also Mapa de Municipios y Barrios: Ponce, Memoria Numero 27. Archived 30 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine Gobierno del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Junta de Planificación. Santurce, Puerto Rico. 1953. p. 6.). Miguel A Sanchez-Celada also points to the September 12, 1692 date based on the record that on that date the Spanish Crown officially recognized, via Royal Decree, the hamlet as a town (See Miguel A Sanchez-Celada. Evolución urbana de Ponce (Puerto_Rico) según la cartografía Histórica. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain. 2018. (DOI:http:..dx.doi.org/10.5944/etfvi.11.2018.20421) In, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma", Revista de la Facultad de Geografia e Historia, UNED. Serie VI. Geografía 11. 2018, pp. 219-245. ISSN 1130-2968. E-ISSN 2340-146x.) In this article the date reported is that given by the authorities closest to the founding date, and with their respective references.
- ^ Some historians state that the municipality was named after Juan Ponce de León himself. (Crediting Juan Ponce de León himself see, for example, Eduardo Neuman Gandia's Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1913.) Page 34, and Jose Luis Diaz de Villegas, https://books.google.com/books?id=ovzJlU1f-iAC&pg=PA46, and Sandra Torres Guzmán's Una hacienda atada a la historia citadina, https://www.periodicolaperla.com/una-hacienda-atada-a-la-historia-citadina/ Archived 25 September 2019 at the Wayback Machine.) Others state it was named after Juan Ponce de Leon y Loayza, the great-grandson of Juan Ponce de Leon. (Crediting the great-grandson see, for example, Encyclopedia Puerto Rico, "Municipalities: Ponce". Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.; J.A. Corretjer, http://www.yerbabruja.com/pueblos/ponce.html; Frommer, https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy_BSu4a2EYC&pg=PA185; and Harry S. Pariser, https://books.google.com/books?id=KawuqbFxLS0C&pg=PT239.) A few authorities state it may have been named after the Ponce de León family in general, covering father, son, grandson, and great-grandson (See, for example, Francisco Lluch Mora's "Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce, y otras noticias relativas a su desarrollo urbano, demográfico y cultural (siglos XVI-XIX)", Segunda Edición, Editorial Plaza Mayor, 2006, page 27.). Still others state it was founded by Juan Ponce de León y Loayza but named by him in the memory of his great-grandfather, the Spanish Conquistador Juan Ponce de León.
Footnotes
- ^ During the 1600s and 1700s, the rural areas of a municipal jurisdiction, today (2019) called "barrio" in Puerto Rico, were then called "partido", a term used to refer to all the territory that depended from the Municipal Government of a city or town (See, Lorenzo A. Balasquide, Compendio Intrahistórico de Peñuelas, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Cordillera, Inc., 1972, p. 51, footnote #23; Aida R. Caro Costas, El Cabildo or Regimen Municipal Puertorriqueño en el Siglo XVIII: La Gestión Municipal Puertorriqueña, Tomo II, San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1974, p. 38). In 1670, that Municipal Government was San Germán.
- ^ Coined "Ciudad Señorial" by Manuel Fernández Juncos in 1864 upon the inauguration of Teatro La Perla. (Ref: Neysa Rodriguez Deynes, Rafael J. Torres Torres, and Carlos Aneiro Perez. "Teatro La Perla", in Brevario Sobre la Historia de Ponce y Sus Principales Lugares de Interés. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce (Ponce, Puerto Rico). Model Offset Printing. 1991. page 125.)
- ^ Sometimes also translated "The Patrician City" (See, Ileana M. Rodríguez-Silva's "Silencing Race: Disentangling Blackness, Colonialism, and National Identities in Puerto Rico". New York: Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. Page 94.) or "The Noble City" (See Ponce: General Information. Puerto Rico Encyclopedia. Retrieved 25 November 2009.), but translations into "The Majestic City" (See Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades. Ponce Ciudad Museo 2001. 2001. p. 149.), "The Lordly City" (See La Perla Theater in Ponce. Ivonne Acosta. Encyclopedia de Puerto Rico. 29 September 2008. Accessed 28 November 2018.), and "The Estately City", have also been encountered.
- ^ For an extensive discussion of the Plan Ponce en Marcha, see Carmelo Rosario Natal, "Ponce en Marcha y las Primeras Iniciativas", in "Ponce en Su Historia Moderna: 1945-2002," Gobierno Municipal de Ponce, First Edition, 2003, Pages 242-324.
- ^ It has, also, been called a "more profoundly Puerto Rican city than San Juan". See Enrique A. Laguerre's "Mito de la ponceñidad", El Mundo, 8 November 1980, page 9-A.
- ^ Ayuntamiento de Ponce was the second formed in Puerto Rico, after San Juan's. See Historia de los partidos reformista y conservador de Puerto-Rico. Francisco Mariano Quiñones. Tipografía Comercial Comercio 13, Marina. Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 1889. Page 7.
References
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- ^ Ponce: Ciudad Señorial: Himno de Ponce: Perla del Sur. Archived 20 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine Government of the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
- ^ Ponce en mi corazón: los secretos tras el himno de esta Perla del Sur: Su autor, el doctor Ángel Luis Rodríguez Rosado, uno de los primeros especialistas en Medicina Nuclear en Puerto Rico y mecenas del Arte, es oriundo del pueblo de Naranjito. Archived 13 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine José Enrique Ayoroa Santaliz. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. 30 September 2020. Accessed 30 September 2020. (Printed edition: Ponce en mi corazón: los secretos tras el himno de esta Perla del Sur: Su autor, el doctor Ángel Luis Rodríguez Rosado, uno de los primeros especialistas en Medicina Nuclear en Puerto Rico y mecenas del Arte, es oriundo del pueblo de Naranjito. La Perla del Sur. Year 37. Issue 1922. 30 September to 7 October 2020. Page 11.)
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
- ISBN 1516895487. Page 15.
- ^ Informe Final del Proyecto de Monitoreo Socioeconómico en las Áreas Protegidas Marinas y Costeras de Puerto Rico: Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas, Ponce, Puerto Rico. Rosemarie Vazquez Cruz, Carlos J. Carrero Morales, Jeannette Ramos Garcia and Andreica Maldonado. A joint project by NOAA, DRNA, Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Litoral (UPR-Mayagüez), and Programa de Colegio Sea Grant de la UPR. 2011. Gaspar Pons, Reserva Natural Punta Cucharas. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Re-published by Carlos Carrero. (November 2011). Page 37. Accessed 25 February 2019.
- ^ Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su historia. Comité Historia de los Pueblos. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1986. p. 7.
- ^ Cayetano Coll y Toste. "Memoria del Gobernador [Juan López] Melgarejo." Biblioteca Histórica de Puerto Rico. 1914. Volume 1. Page 82.
- ISBN 1516895487. Page 11.
- ^ Alvaro Huerga. Las Descripciones de Puerto Rico Hechas en 1582. In, Historia Documental de Puerto Rico. Vol. XV (Primeros Historiadores de Puerto Rico: 1492-1660.) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Pontificia Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico. 2004. p. 141.
- ^ Francisco Lluch Mora. "Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce." San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. Segunda Edición. 2006. p. 29.
- ^ Salvador Perea. Historia de Puerto Rico, 1537-1700. Edited by Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, and Universidad Católica de Puerto Rico. 1972. p. 184.
- ^ Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce:desde sus primitivos tiempos hasta la epoca contemporanea. Abril de 1913. Edición Conmemorativa del Centenario de la Fundación del Partido Autonomista Puertorriqueño: 1887-1987. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Henry Cobb, Editor. Primera Edición, 1987. p.19.
- ^ Dennis DeJesus-Rodriguez. Fundación de Ponce: 1678-1692. In, Hereditas: Revista de genealogía puertorriqueña. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Sociedad de Genealogía de Puerto Rico. Vol. 10. Issue 2. Year 2009. pp. 63-71.
- ^ Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su historia. Comité Historia de los Pueblos. San Juan, Puerto Rico. 1986. p. 12.
- ^ a b Francisco Lluch Mora. Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. Segunda Edición. 2006. p. 33.
- ^ a b Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su Historia. San Juan, PR: Comité Historia de los Pueblos, Oficina de Preservación Histórica de Puerto Rico. Second Edition. 1986. p. 17.
- ^ Salvador Brau. La fundación de Ponce: estudio retrospectivo que comprende desde los asomos de vecindad europea en las riberas del Portugués, al terminar el siglo XVI, hasta el incendio casi total del pueblo de Ponce en febrero de 1820. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Taller Tipográfico Comercial "La Democracia". 1909. Reprinted at San Juan, Puerto Rico, at a later date. p. 4. (See Francisco Luch Mora's Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce, Editorial Plaza Mayor, 2006, pp. 29, 33.)
- ^ a b José Leandro Montalvo-Guenard. In, Luis Fortuño Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce: 1692-1963 (Section: "Algo Sobre Ponce y su Fundación".) Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963. p. 11.
- ^ Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. April 1913. (Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. Edición Comnmemorativa del Centenario de la Fundación del Partido Autonomista Puertorriqueño. 1987.) p. 283.
- ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2015.
- ^ "PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ Ilia del Toro Robledo. Acta #203, dated 17 September 1823. In, Actas del Cabildo de Ponce, Puerto Rico: 1812-1823. Gobierno Municipal Autónomo de Ponce. Comisión Puertorriqueña para la Celebracion del Quinto Centenario del Descubrimiento de America y Puerto Rico, en Conmemoración del Encuentro de Dos Mundos. 1993. p.352
- ^ Salvador Brau. La fundación de Ponce: estudio retrospectivo que comprende desde los asomos de vecindad europea en las riberas del Portugués, al terminar el siglo XVI, hasta el incendio casi total del pueblo de Ponce en febrero de 1820. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Taller Tipográfico Comercial "La Democracia". 1909. p. 5. Reprinted at San Juan, Puerto Rico, at a later date. p. 4. (See Francisco Lluch Mora's Orígenes y Fundación de Ponce, Editorial Plaza Mayor, 2006, pp. 29, 33.)
- ^ Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Ponce: Notas para su Historia. San Juan, PR: Comité Historia de los Pueblos. Second Edition. 1986. p. 17.
- ^ Mariano Vidal Armstrong. Estampas, Tradiciones y Leyendas de Ponce. (San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1986.) Page 139. See also Calletano Coll y Toste and Salvador Brau's La fundación de Ponce: estudio retrospectivo que comprende desde los asomos de vecindad europea en las riberas del Portugués, al terminar el siglo XVI, hasta el incendio casi total del pueblo de Ponce en febrero de 1820. (Ponce, Puerto Rico: Tipografía Comercial "La Democracia". 1909.).
- ^ "The Pearl of the South. American Heritage Magazine". Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
- ^ Island of Delights: Puerto Rico is a place of many pleasures: miles of Caribbean coastline, rugged mountains, cities and towns of irrestible charm. Mark Miller. National Geographic. Accessed 23 August 2022. [1]
- ^ "Maps of Native Boriken: A Map of the Chiefdoms and a Map of the Villages at Time of First Contact. Boriken Taino Island." World History Archives: Resources for the History of Native Boriken (Puerto Rico) Taino Map. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Catalogo del Centro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes. Secretaría de Cultura y Turismo. Municipio Autónomo de Ponce. Autonomous Municipality of Ponce. Ponce, Puerto Rico. April 2002. Page 13.
- ^ Tourism Puerto Rico.com Archived 31 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 10 February 2010.
- ^ Ponce: Nuestro Ponce. (In Spanish) Ponce Webcindario. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ Ponce, Puerto Rico: Algunos Datos. (In Spanish) Areciboweb. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ Nombre y Escudos de los Pueblos de Puerto Rico. (In Spanish) YerbaBruja. Retrieved 14 February 2010.
- ^ Luis Fortuno Janeiro. Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963). Page 6. 1963. Imprenta Fortuno. Ponce, Puerto Rico.
- ^ Ponce, Puerto Rico: Algunos Datos (In Spanish). Datos sobre Ponce. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Spain in Puerto Rico: Early Settlements. By Doris Vazquez. The Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. 1986. Archived 18 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Ponce, Puerto Rico: Algunos Datos (In Spanish) Portuguese Don Pedro Rodríguez de Guzmán, Don Antonio Adab Rodriguez Berrios, and San Antón. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ "Carta del Rey al Gobernador de Puerto Rico sobre las fundaciones de Ponce, Coamo, Arecibo, Aguada y Loíza". preb.
- ^ "Ponce, Puerto Rico". Welcome To Puerto Rico.
- ^ Register of Porto Rico. Page 196 Retrieved 28 March 2010.
- ^ "Juan Ponce de Leon Biography" Travel Ponce. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Explore Puerto Rico.. By Harry S. Pariser. San Francisco: Manatee Press. Page 239. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
- ^ Some historians believe the city was named after conquistador Juan Ponce de Leon himself. This includes Luis Fortuno Janeiro (see Luis Fortuno Janeiro, "Album Historico de Ponce (1692–1963)" (1963), page 12. Imprenta Fortuno. Ponce, Puerto Rico.). Others yet, believe it was named after the Juan Ponce de Leon family in general.
- ^ Portuguese Don Pedro Rodríguez de Guzmán, Don Antonio Adab Rodríguez Berríos, and San Antón Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Government of the Municipality of Ponce. Transportate > Walking Tour Archived 2012-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Eduardo Neumann Gandía. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1913. p. 259.
- ^ 'Neysa Rodriguez Deynes. Brevario sobre la Historia de Ponce. Gobierno Municipal de Ponce. Oficina de Cultura y Turismo. 2002. p. 37.
- ^ Eduardo Neumann Gandía. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. 1913. pp. 67-68.
- ^ a b Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce. 1913. Reprinted in 1987. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. p. 38.
- ISBN 978-0-8078-7683-1. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
- ^ Francisco A. Scarano. Puerto Rico: Cinco Siglos de Historia. McGraw-Hill/Interamericana Editores, S.A. de C. V. 2000. Pages 407-490.
- ^ "Ponce: Founding and History." Puerto Rico Encyclopedia. Archived 2012-07-07 at the Wayback Machine Declared a Villa. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ "Ponce: Fundación e Historia." Encyclopedia Puerto Rico (In Spanish) Archived 12 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Declared villa (in Spanish). Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Museo Castillo Serralles: Historia. Archived 26 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Declared city. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ Carta del Rey al Gobernador de Puerto Rico Sobre la Erección en Villa de los Pueblos de Ponce, Coamo, Arecibo, Aguaga, y Loiza. PReb.com: Puerto Rico en Breve. (In Spanish) Cédula Real. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
- ^ "Memorias geográficas, históricas, económicas y estadísticas de la isla de Puerto-Rico : Córdova, Pedro Tomás de". Internet Archive. October 23, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
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External links
- Photos of Ponce:
- Tourism
- Information about Ponce's tourist attractions
- Centro Ceremonial Indígena de Tibes Video & Contact Info.
- Historic Places in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
- Management Plan for La Esperanza Nature Preserve in Ponce, Puerto Rico. Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Matthew Bourque, Drew Digeser, Stephen Partridge, and Hussein Yatim. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Worcester, Massachusetts. 2 May 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- Autonomous Municipalities Laws:
- Ponce History
- Official website of Municipality of Ponce. Ponce y su Importancia Historica
- 29 December 2000 'Ponce en Marcha' Final Decision by the Puerto Rico Supreme Court (2000 DTS 194, MUNICIPIO DE PONCE V. AUTORIDAD DE CARRETERAS 2000TSPR194; Case Number: CC-98-241 Cons. CC-98-231, 250, 257, 258 and 259)
- 29 December 2000 'Ponce en Marcha' Dissent Opinion from Associate P.R. Sup. Court Justice Honorable Efraín Rivera Pérez (page 1)
- 29 December 2000 'Ponce en Marcha' Dissent Opinion from Associate P.R. Sup. Court Justice Honorable Efraín Rivera Pérez (page 2)
- Census:
- Others: