Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera
Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera (floruit 1105–1162), called Ponç Guerau (or Grau) in Catalan or Pons in Occitan,[a] was a Catalan nobleman, courtier and military leader in the kingdoms of León and Castile.
Ponce came to León in the entourage of
Early career (1126–1140)
Catalan origins
Ponce was a son of
In the nineteenth year of King
Establishing a base of power in western León
The first evidence of Ponce's presence in the kingdom of León is the dating clause of a private charter dated 27 October 1128, which states that it was drawn up while "Ponce Giraldo and his
Some time earlier Ponce purchased some land at Covelo (now
Around the same time, between 1129 and 1138, Ponce also came into neighbouring districts of La Cabrera and Morales, which had previously been under the lordship of Ramiro Fróilaz.[15] Ponce later served closely with Ramiro on several military campaigns. The two even shared the tenancy of Astorga in 1154,[16] and probably somewhat later that of Villafranca del Bierzo.[17] A tenancy, known in contemporary sources as a prestimonium, feudum, honor or tenencia, was a piece of crown land given in fief to a nobleman who did homage (hominium) for it to the king. A tenant (tenente) was charged with raising troops from his tenancy in wartime and collecting taxes and administering justice in peacetime. In sparsely populated areas, a tenant was expect to encourage the settlement of his land. Tenancies were not hereditary and varied greatly in size.[18] The tenancies held by Ponce "display a markedly military aspect", being mainly on the southern or western frontier.[14]
Relationship with the royal court
Although Ponce benefited early in his career from royal patronage, he was at first "a fairly peripheral figure ... one among a large number of second-rate Leonese nobles who lacked the wealth and political clout of the great magnates of the realm."
The reasons for such prolonged absences cannot be ascertained with certainty today, but at least four possibilities are likely: poor health, the need to visit his Catalan territories, the demands of military campaigns elsewhere, or the loss of royal favour.
Prince of the empire (1140–1157)
Prince of Zamora
There is a dubious charter dated 12 February 1140 that refers to Ponce as lord of Castrotorafe and Zamora. The former he is not otherwise recorded as ruling; the latter he is known to have ruled between 6 June 1142 and 6 November 1159.[2] There is a charter slightly earlier, dated 5 April 1142, that refers to Ponce as "Ponce, count in Zamora" (Poncius comite in Zamora), but the use of the comital title is anachronistic, as there is no other evidence he held it before June. There is a more ambitious forgery in the purported fuero of Castrotrafe, dated 2 February 1129, which cites Ponce as "ruling Zamora" (mandante Çamora) over a decade before he is otherwise known to have done so.[2] There is no other evidence of Ponce holding Castrotorafe in lordship, but he is known to have had close contact with the town.[27]
The earliest clear and unambiguous reference to Ponce ruling Zamora and its district is in the list of confirmants (confirmantes) ofAlfonso's grant of the village of Fradejas to the Diocese of Zamora on 6 June 1142. This document, which refers to Ponce as "at this time prince of Zamora" (princeps eo tempore Cemore), was drawn up while Alfonso was besieging Coria and indicates that Ponce participated in that campaign.[28] Zamora had previously been held by Osorio Martínez, the brother of Rodrigo Martínez, who had died at an earlier siege of Coria in 1138. At around the time of the second siege, Osorio became estranged from the emperor and his fiefs, which had previously been held by Rodrigo, were confiscated. Ponce benefited from his fall, for not only Zamora, but Melgar de Abajo in the Tierra de Campos and Malgrat (modern Benavente) between Zamora and León were transferred from Osorio's possession to his, by at the latest 27 April 1146 and 7 February 1148, respectively.[29] Ponce was soon expanding his lordship in the Tierra de Campos: by 1146 he had the tenancy of Villalpando and by 1151 he had received Villafáfila.[30]
It is possible that Ponce received two other large tenancies in southern León at this time,
Shortly after the reconquest of Coria, but no earlier than 29 June, Ponce parted from the royal court and probably headed for Zamora. He was there when Alfonso VII visited on 5 October 1143, and gratefully bestowed on him the deserted village of
Count and majordomo
After the Emperor's visit to Moreruela, Ponce continued with the court as it moved across the realm as far east as
Ponce only rarely left the court throughout 1144, and in early 1145 he was appointed imperial majordomo (maiordomus imperatoris), the most prestigious office in the empire, to replace Diego Muñoz.[c] Except for a brief period in April–May 1146,[3] when he relinquished the post to Ermengol VI of Urgell, Ponce remained majordomo down to the death of Alfonso,[37] but it cannot be discerned from the sources that survive whether that post still included "overall responsibility for the organisation of the royal household" or was largely ceremonial by the mid-twelfth century.[33] On one of Ponce's rare absences, Pelayo Curvo stood in his place as majordomo and confirmed an imperial charter (15 October 1146).[38]
Military campaigns
Between 1146 and the emperor's death in 1157, Ponce participated in almost every military expedition waged by Alfonso. In April–May 1146 he was with the army that conquered
In January 1147 Ponce was present at the conquest of
Latin[44] | Translation[45] |
---|---|
Pontius ista comes regit agmina nobilis hasta. |
Count Poncio, a noble lance, commands the group. |
In 1150 Ponce took part in the imperial siege of Córdoba, and in 1151 in that of
On 18 November 1152 Alfonso VII rewarded Ponce "my faithful vassal, for the good and faithful [military] service which [he] rendered me at Almería and in many other places, naturally in the provinces of the Christians and also in those of the Saracens"
In the service of Alfonso VII's heirs (1157–62)
Exile from the court of Ferdinand II
Shortly before the death of Alfonso VII, perhaps aware of the impending division of his empire between his sons
On 12 November, at
Service to Sancho III
Immediately after joining Sancho III, Ponce was set to work. He led a short campaign against
In February, at
By 30 March Sancho III had joined Sancha and Ponce at Sahagún, in time to witness another donation of hers, this time to the church of
Since our father divided the kingdom between us, both you and I are held to share the land and its produce with our magnates, with whose help our forefathers possessed the lost land and repulsed the Arabs. Therefore, as you have returned their fiefs to count Ponce de Minerva [sic] and the other magnates, whom you deprived, and do not believe the rumours against them, I am returning behind my borders.[59]
On 23 May the two kings signed a treaty of "peace and true friendship". This treaty stipulated that certain lands conquered by Sancho from his brother in the recent conflict were to be returned and held in fealty (in fidelitate) from Ferdinand. The treaty named three vassals among whom these lands could be distributed: Ponce de Minerva, Ponce de Cabrera and Osorio Martínez.[58][60] Among those listed by Sancho III to succeed in the conquered lands if any of the above three magnates should die, four were the same vassals of Ponce de Cabrera who had entered into exile with him at Sahagún six months earlier.[61] Ponce confirmed the treaty on the side of Sancho III.
Restoration in León
On 1 July 1158 a reconciled Ponce de Cabrera confirmed Ferdinand's grant to Rodrigo Sebastiánez, a monk of Oviedo.[61] On 31 August Sancho III died and the regency of his successor, Alfonso VIII, was disputed. Ponce appears around this time to have returned to Leonese service, for he received back all his confiscated tenancies, including Senabria, and his former position as majordomo of the king's household. His second tenure as majordomo can be traced from at least 14 June 1159 until 4 July 1161, when he may have relinquished it due to old age.[56]
Early in 1161 Ferdinand II began the resettlement of
Retirement, death and legacy
For the rest of the year 1161, possibly due to failing health, Ponce relinquished his tenancies and began moving into a retirement. His last known appearance at Ferdinand's court came on 6 July, although no royal charter have survived from between then and 24 February 1162.[64] His final appearances as lord in Senabria, Melgar de Abajo, Salamanca and Villalpando all came in this year.[65] On 5 May King Ferdinand granted privileges to the monks of San Xulián de Samos, where "Don Giraldo, my beloved vassal, who in my service died, is buried." This was Count Ponce's son, named after Ponce's father. On 1 January 1162 at Zamora, Ponce himself made a donation to the abbey of Samos of certain properties he held in and around Sarria in Galicia "for the soul of my most cherished son Geraldo Ponce, who in this monastery of Samos rests entombed."[66]
Ponce died shortly after his final act, his donation for his son's soul, and he was buried in the
Private life
Marriages and issue
Ponce's first wife was Sancha, perhaps of the patronymic Núñez. She is an obscure woman whose family connexions are unknown.[2] She gave Ponce two daughters, Beatriz and Sancha, and two sons, Fernando el Mayor and Guerau. His daughter Sancha married Vela Gutiérrez.[23] In 1145, Ponce gave the government of his Catalan viscounties to Guerau (Giraldo), who immediately set to work founding the monastery of Santa Maria de Roca Rossa. In the same year, his mother and his wife, Berenguela (Berengaria), witnessed its foundation charter.[7] On 14 July 1145, Pere Exavell, probably one of Ponce's Catalan retainers, drew up a will placing his wife and children under Ponce's protection. This is the last reference to Ponce as viscount in Catalonia; by 20 November his son was viscount.[5]
Ponce's second wife was María Fernández, daughter of Count Fernando Pérez de Traba and Sancha González. They were married sometime before 26 March 1142, date of their donation of property at Pobladura del Valle to the monastery of Tojos Outos.[70] On 16 August 1152 at León, the Countess María granted a fuero to the men of Castro Galvón. This charter was then confirmed by high-standing members of the royal court while they were returning from the siege of Guadix.[71] The high status of Ponce's second wife, compared to the obscurity of his first, corresponds to his own increased status by 1142.[72] María bore Ponce another son, Fernando el Menor. She outlived Ponce by at least six years, and on 13 January 1169, "detained by long and serious illness", she had her will drawn up.[2]
Private estates
Ponce held extensive properties in the kingdoms of Alfonso, largely the product of royal patronage and support. He is known to have received direct grants from the royal fisc on at least three occasions (5 October 1143, 18 November 1153 and 30 July 1156). He probably also received royal land from Ferdinand II in 1158.[2] There is a surviving copy of royal charter dated 18 October 1152 at Guadalajara, wherein Alfonso VII grants Ponce the village of Almonacid on the Tagus, but it is probably a forgery.[2][73] In December 1155, Ponce and Fernando Rodríguez de Castro granted a charter to the settlers of their estates at Pulgar in central Iberia.[2] Ponce may have received his part of Pulgar as a reward from the emperor, since his other major rewards in land for military service came in 1153 and 1156.[30]
On 30 July 1156 Ponce received from the emperor the village of
As a leading magnate of two kingdoms, an important palatine official, and ruler of a large marcher barony, Ponce de Cabrera kept a had a large following of knights who helped him rule his territories and discharge his obligations as a vassal of the crown in time of war. One of the first vassals of knightly rank who can be glimpsed in the entourage of Ponce is Pedro Rodríguez de Sanabria, who was with him to witness the first donation of Ponce and María Fernández as husband and wife. At Toledo on 4 May 1145, "at the request of the Lord Count Ponce, whose knight he is", the emperor made over the deserted village of
Notes
- ^ In Ponce's time, Catalan was a dialect of the Occitan language, but by the 14th century it had diverged into a distinct language. "Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera" is the Castilian version of his name; "Poncio" is a Castilian variant.
- ^ It was once erroneously believed that there were two Ponces de Cabrera: one in Castile and one, a brother or cousin, who ruled the family's Catalan lands from 1128 until 1145. It is now recognised that the same person was viscount in Catalonia and count in León–Castile.[5][6][7]
- ^ Ponce's only absences from court during 1144 were on 29 February, when the court was at Arévalo, in October and November, when it was at Toledo, and on 4 December, when it was at Segovia. He was at court in January 1145, when he did not yet hold the post of majordomo, which he first appears holding in a charter issued at Toledo on 4 May. The last record of Diego as majordomo is in the imperial charter of 4 December, when Ponce was not present.[36]
- ^ The Genoese bestowed their portion on one of their own consuls, Otto de Bonvillano, as a fief.
- ^ This gathering confirmed the donation of Rodrigo Pérez de Traba to the Galician monastery of Tojos Outos of the village of Gomariz and the grant of some properties by the king to that same Rodrigo. All eleven bishops of his kingdom, the abbots of Antealtares and Celanova, and Ponce's fellow Catalan Ponce de Minerva were all present among the confirmants. The charter was redacted by one Petrus Gaton cancellarius regis (Pedro Gatón, royal chancellor).[50]
- ^ Barton (1992), 255. Although Rodrigo attributes the exile and Ferdinand's displeasure to Ponce de Minerva, the latter's continuous presence in León is confirmed by the documentary sources, whereas Ponce de Cabrera's temporary exile to Castile is certain. It is most probable that the later historian has simply confused his Ponces. Even modern historians, like Esther Pascua Echegaray, "Hacia la formación política de la monarquía medieval: las relaciones entre la monarquía y la Iglesia castellanoleonesa en el reinado de Alfonso VII", Hispania, 49 (1989), 424, have confused them. Derek W. Lomax, "Catalans in the Leonese Empire", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 59/3 (1982), 194–95, completely intertwines their respective careers and notes that "the personalities, relationships and activities of these minor Catalan nobles are difficult to disentangle, but it is clear that they were extremely active in the politics of central Spain throughout the twelfth century, and that they built up their lordships primarily in the region of Salamanca and Valladolid."
References
- ^ Simon Barton, "Two Catalan Magnates in the Courts of the Kings of León-Castile: The Careers of Ponce de Cabrera and Ponce de Minerva Re-Examined", Journal of Medieval History, 18 (1992), 233–66.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Simon Barton, The Aristocracy in León and Castile (Cambridge: 1997), 284–85.
- ^ a b Bernard F. Reilly, The Kingdom of León-Castilla under King Alfonso VII, 1126–1157 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), 163.
- ^ a b c Barton (1992), 236.
- ^ a b c d e Jaume Coll i Castanyer, "Els vescomtes de Girona" Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins, 30 (1988), 39–98.
- ^ Barton (1992), 236, citing S. Sobrequés Vidal, Els Barons de Catalunya (Barcelona: 1957), 37.
- ^ a b c d J. Miret y Sans, Investigación histórica sobre el vizcondado de Castellbó con datos inéditos de los condes de Urgell y de los vizcondados de Áger (Barcelona: 1900), 97–98
- ^ John C. Shideler, A Medieval Catalan Noble Family: The Montcadas, 1000–1230 (University of California Press, 1999 [1983]), 90. The previous viscount, Udalard, had explicitly requested in his will that his heir, Peter, be entrusted to the care of God and Guillem Ramon. Since Catalonia still nominally belonged to France at that time, charters were customarily dated by the regnal year of the French king.
- ^ The charter's Latin reads: Pontio Quiral imperante castello de Ulver, et majorinus ejus Pelagio Pelayz, quoted in Barton (1992), 237.
- ^ Tumbo Viejo de San Pedro de Montes, ed. A. Quintana Prieto (León: 1970), 239–40 (Pontio Quiral. . .) and 271–3 (Poncius nobilissimus comes).
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 238.
- ^ in territorio Senabria, in the original words of the charter, found, along with that of 1132, in El tumbo del monasterio de San Martín de Castañeda, ed. A. Rodríguez González (León: 1973), 211–12.
- ^ mandante Sanabria Ponce, in the original words of the charters, in Barton (1992), 238 n. 21.
- ^ a b c d Reilly (1998), 174–75.
- ^ Ramiro is last recorded in La Cabrera on 5 March 1129, but Ponce is not recorded as lord there before 13 May 1138, although the exchange of power could have taken place any time within those nine years, cf. Barton (1992), 238.
- ^ As cited in a charter of 6 January 1154, cf. Barton (1992), 247 n. 77.
- ^ There they are cited as co-tenants in a document erroneously dated 13 March 1165, cf. Barton (1992), 247 n. 77.
- ^ Barton (1992), 107.
- ^ Barton (1992), 239.
- ^ Barton (1992), 239, basing his assessment on a survey of Alfonso's surviving charters, which have not yet appeared in an edited collection, although Bernard F. Reilly, "The Chancery of Alfonso VII of León-Castilla: The Period 1116–1135 Reconsidered", Speculum, 51 (1976), 243–61, provides an overview of just the period of Alfonso's reign under consideration.
- ^ Barton (1992), 239 n. 27, lists all of the royal charters witnessed by Ponce during this period. The dates when he was present at court were: 15 May and 3 December 1131; 16 September and 20 October 1138; and 14 August, 12 September and 30 November 1139.
- ^ These are those listed by Barton (1992), 239.
- ^ a b c d e Barton (1992), 243.
- ^ Barton (1992), 239 n. 27; Barton (1997), 140.
- ^ Barton (1992), 243 n. 51. For the Portuguese campaign, cf. A. Botelho da Costa Veiga, "Ourique – Vale de Vez", Anais: Ciclo da fundação de nacionalidade, I (Lisbon, 1940), 167–68.
- ^ Reilly (1998), 166.
- ^ Barton (1992), 241, citing I. Alfonso Antón, La colonización Cisterciense en la Meseta del Duero: el dominio de Moreruela (siglos XII–XIV) (Zamora: 1986), 310–02.
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 241.
- ^ Barton (1992), 244. For Rodrigo's tenancies and contemporary principles of succession and inheritance, cf. P. Martínez Sopena, "El conde Rodrigo de León y los suyos: Herencia y expectativa del poder entre los siglos X y XII", Relaciones de poder, de producción y parentesco en la Edad Media y Moderna, ed. R. Pastor (Madrid, 1990), 51–84.
- ^ a b c d e f Barton (1992), 247.
- ^ Glenn Edward Lipskey, trans., The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor (PhD thesis, Northwestern University, 1972), II, §124, at p. 118.
- ^ Alfonso donated the land "for the love of God and gratitude for the service which Ponce de Cabrera has done me many times" (pro Dei amore et gracia eius servicii quod Poncius de Cabreria michi multociens fecit), in Barton (1992), 241.
- ^ a b c d e Barton (1992), 242.
- ^ Cf. I. Alfonso Antón, "Sobre la 'amicitia' en la España medieval: un documento de interés para su estudio", Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia, 170 (1973), 379–86. This pact was witnessed by his vassals Rodrigo Pérez and Diego Almadrán.
- ^ Barton (1992), 244.
- ^ Barton (1992), 242 n. 49.
- ^ Last cited on 30 July 1157.
- ^ The confirmation reads: Ego Pelagius Curuus maiordomus imperatoris loco comitis Poncii presens confirmo ("I, Pelayo Curvo, imperial majordomo in the place of Count Ponce, present, confirm") in Barton (1992), 245 n. 69.
- ^ Barton (1992), 145–46 and n. 70, which gives the original Latin of the charter: post reditum fossati, quo prenominatus imperator principem Maurorum Abinganiam sibi uassallum fecit, et quandam partem Cordube depredauit cum mesquita maiori.
- ^ Reilly (1998), 87.
- ^ a b c Barton (1992), 146.
- ^ Lipskey (1972), II, §§191–93, at pp. 154–56.
- ^ See Simon Barton, "The 'Discovery of Aristocracy' in Twelfth-century Spain: Portraits of the Secular Élite in the Poem of Almería", Bulletin of Hispanic Studies, 83 (2006), esp. 461–62 for Ponce, with a translation from the Prefatio.
- ^ Barton (1992), 246–47, citing the edition by J. Gil, "Prefatio de Almaria", Chronica Hispana saeculi XII, Pars Prima (Turnhout, 1990), 253–67, vv. 176–98.
- ^ Lipskey (1972), 169–70, vv. 164–89 (n.b., the verse numbering differs from that in Gil, cited by Barton). The translation by Lipskey is not versified, but is presented here in parallel to the original Latin, with the punctuation retained, but line initials capitalised.
- ^ This was probably on the return trip from the campaign. Barton (1992), 246, quotes the charter: quando ueniebat de Lorca ... eo anno quo imperator tenuit Guadiexi circumdatam.
- ^ Barton (1992), 247: uobis comiti domno Poncio [to you, Count Don Ponce,] meo fideli uassallo ... pro bono et fideli seruitio quod michi fecistis in Almaria et in alliis locis multis, in partibus scilicet Christianorum atque Sarracenorum.
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 248.
- ^ Barton (1992), 253.
- ^ a b c d Barton (1992), 254.
- ^ Barton (1992), 256–57.
- ^ A son of Pedro, son of Martín Flaínez. For Pedro's career, cf. Barton (1997), 37–38.
- ^ In the donation which Ponce's second wife made to the community of Castrocalbón south of Astorga on 16 August 1152, she names Martín as her husband's majordomo. Cf. Barton (1997), 36, which contains a brief outline of Martín's career.
- ^ Barton (1992), 258 n. 132.
- ^ Barton (1992), 254: ego Pontius dei gratia comes.
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 259.
- ^ Barton (1992), 255: Rege Sancio Nauarre existent, uassallo domni regis. The Navarrese campaign is recounted in A. Núñez de Castro, Coronica de los señor reyes de Castilla, don Sancho el Deseado, Don Alonso el Octauo, y Don Enrique el Primero (Madrid, 1665), 30.
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 257.
- ^ Barton (1992), 255: Cum pater noster regnum nobis diuiserit, et uos uestris et ego meis et prouentus et terram tenemur magnatibus impartiri, quorum auxilio patres nostri et terram perditam habuerunt et Arabes repulerunt. Reddatis ergo pheuda sua comiti Poncio de Minerba [error for de Cabreria] et aliis magnatibus, quos priuastis, et non credatis susurronibus contra eos, et ego in continenti recedo.
- ^ Antonio Sánchez de Mora, La nobleza castellana en la plena Edad Media: el linaje de Lara (SS. XI–XIII), Doctoral Thesis (University of Seville, 2003), 131.
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 258.
- ^ Barton (1992), 259: mandante Ledesma Fernando Poncii sub manu ipsius patris sui comitis.
- ^ Barton (1992), 259: per violentiam comitis Pontii ablata fuisset.
- ^ a b Barton (1992), 260.
- ^ On 1 March, 28 March, 11 June and 2 July, respectively.
- ^ Barton (1992), 260, quoting the royal charter (quia ibidem Gueraldus dilectus vassallus meus qui in servitio meo decessit tumulatus est) and the private on (pro anima carissimi filii mei Giraldi Poncii, qui in ipso monasterio Samonensi tumulatus requiescit).
- ^ Ernesto Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, Un magnate catalán en la corte de Alfonso VII: Comes Poncius de Cabreira, princeps Çemore (Madrid: 1991), 10. His epitaph reads: Conde Poncio muy experto con las armas, que murió en el año 1.169 ("Count Ponce, most expert in arms, who died in the year 1169").
- ^ Barton (1992), 260 n. 146.
- ^ Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez (1991), 10.
- ^ Barton (1992), 245. The charter of donation reads Ego Pontius Geraldi Cabrerensis cum uxore mea Maria Fernandiz ("I, Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, with my wife María Fernández").
- ^ Reilly (1998), 117 n. 73. The charter is sometimes mistakenly dated to 1156.
- ^ Barton (1997), 50.
- ^ Cf. Barton (1992), 247 n. 75. The scribe Gerald and the chancellor Hugo, who signed the charter, are not otherwise known to have been in the service of the imperial chancery after 14 May 1149. According to Barton, the diplomatic of the charter is also uncharacteristic of imperial chancery products of this period.
- ^ Barton (1992), 243–44.
Further reading
- Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E. (1985). "De cuándo y dónde nació el uso de la cabra como signo distintivo en el linaje de los vizcondes de Cabrera". Hidalguía. 33: 801–825.
- Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E. (1991). "'El motín de la trucha' y sus consecuencias sobre don Ponce Giraldo de Cabrera, 'Príncipe de Zamora'". Primer Congreso de Historia de Zamora. 3. Zamora: 261–283.
- Fernández-Xesta y Vázquez, E. (1991). Un magnate catalán en la corte de Alfonso VII: Comes Poncius de Cabreira, princeps Çemore. Madrid: Iberoamericanas.
- Martínez Sopena, P. (1985). La Tierra de Campos Occidental: Poblamiento, poder y comunidad del siglo X al XIII. Valladolid. pp. 389–391.
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Sánchez Belda, L., ed. (1950). Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris. Madrid. pp. 248–49.
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