Presidency of Dmitry Medvedev
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The presidency of
Medvedev's main domestic agenda has been the wide-ranging
In foreign policy, Medvedev assumed a more conciliatory tone than his predecessor, pursuing a closer relationship with the
During Medvedev's tenure, Russia also struggled with and recovered from the serious
Presidency
Inauguration
On 7 May 2008, Dmitry Medvedev took an oath as the third President of the Russian Federation in a ceremony held in Kremlin Palace.
Personnel appointments
On 8 May 2008, Dmitry Medvedev appointed Vladimir Putin Prime Minister of Russia as he had promised during his election campaign. The nomination was approved by the State Duma with a clear majority of 392–56, with only communist deputies voting against.[4]
On 12 May 2008, Putin proposed the list of names for his new cabinet, which Medvedev approved.
"Tandem rule"
With Medvedev's election as president and Vladimir Putin—still the country's most popular politician—as Prime Minister, Russia was faced with an unprecedented situation: the constitutionally powerful President was now flanked with a highly influential Prime Minister. Media speculation was rife as to who of the two would be the country's real leader. "Tandem rule" became a widely used term in the media.
Main Events
2008 South Ossetia war
The most serious foreign policy event during Medvedev's presidency was the
Domestic policy
In September, the country was hit by the
In his first address to the
On 10 March 2009, Medvedev signed the
Medvedev on 8 May 2009, proposed to the legislature and on 2 June signed into law an amendment whereby the chairperson of the
In May 2009, Medvedev set up the Presidential Commission of the Russian Federation to Counter Attempts to Falsify History to the Detriment of Russia's Interests.[10]
Medvedev has named technological innovation one of the key priorities of his presidency. In May 2009, Medvedev established the Presidential Commission on Innovation, which he will personally chair every month. The commission comprises almost the entire Russian government and some of the best minds from academia and business.[11]
On 7 August 2009, Dmitry Medvedev instructed
Just like Prime Minister Putin a few days earlier, on 15 September Medvedev announced that he might stand for presidency again in 2012, but stressed that he would not challenge the former and that they would have to find an agreement. During the same speech he approved of the 2004 abolition of direct popular elections of regional leaders, effectively in favor of their appointment by the Kremlin, and added that he didn't see a possibility of a return to direct elections even in 100 years.[14] In August 2009, Medvedev promised to break the near-monopoly of ruling party United Russia over the political system, stating that "New democratic times are beginning". On 11 October 2009, regional elections were won by United Russia with 66% of the vote. Medvedev stated that this proved the party's moral and legal right to run the regions. But according to
In late November 2010, Medvedev made a public statement about the damage being done to Russia's politics by the dominance of the United Russia party. He claimed that the country faced political stagnation if the ruling party would "degrade" if not challenged; "this stagnation is equally damaging to both the ruling party and the opposition forces." In the same speech, he said Russian democracy was "imperfect" but improving. BBC Russian correspondents reported that this came on the heels of discontent in political circles and opposition that the authorities, in their view, had too much control over the political process.[20]
Anti-corruption efforts
Fighting corruption has been one of the key areas of Medvedev's presidency. On 19 May 2008, Medvedev signed a decree on anti-corruption measures, which included creation of an Anti-Corruption Council.[21] In the first meeting of the council on 30 September 2008, Medvedev said:[22]
"I will repeat one simple, but very painful thing. Corruption in our country has become rampant. It has become commonplace and characterises the life of the Russian society."
In July 2008, Medvedev's National Anti-Corruption Plan was published in the official Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper. It suggested measures aimed at making sanctions for corruption more severe, such as legislature to disqualify who state and municipal officials who commit minor corruption offences and making it obligatory for officials to report corruption. The plan ordered the government to prepare anti-corruption legislation based on these suggestions.[23][24] The bill, called On Corruption Counteraction was signed into law on 25 December 2008 as Federal Law N 273-FZ.[25] According to Professor Richard Sakwa, "Russia now at last had serious, if flawed, legislation against corruption, which in the context was quite an achievement, although preliminary results were meagre."[22] Russia's score in Corruption Perceptions Index rose from 2.1 in 2008 to 2.2 in 2009, which "could be interpreted as a mildly positive response to the newly-adopted package of anti-corruption legislation initiated and promoted by president Medvedev and passed by the Duma in December of 2008", according to Transparency International's CPI 2009 Regional Highlights report.[26]
On 13 April 2010, Medvedev signed presidential decree No. 460 which introduced the National Anti-Corruption Strategy, a midterm government policy, while the plan is updated every two years. The new strategy stipulated increased fines, greater public oversight of government budgets and sociological research.[27][28] According to Georgy Satarov, president of the Indem think tank, the latest decree "probably reflected Medvedev's frustration with the fact that the 2008 plan had yielded little result."[27]
In January 2011, President Medvedev admitted that the government had so far failed in its anti-corruption measures.[29]
On 4 May 2011, Medvedev continued his anti-corruption efforts by signing the Federal Law On Amendments to the Criminal Code and the Code of Administrative Offences of the Russian Federation to Improve State Anti-Corruption Management.[30] The bill raised fines for corruption to up to 100 time the amount of the bribe given or received, with the maximum fine being 500 million rubles ($18.3 million).[31]
Election reform
In 2009, Medvedev proposed an amendment to the election law which would decrease the State Duma election threshold from 7% to 5%. The amendment was signed into law in Spring 2009. Parties receiving more than 5% but less than 6% of the votes will now be guaranteed one seat, while parties receiving more than 6% but less than 7% will get two seats. These seats will be allocated before the seats for parties with over 7% support.[32]
The Russian election law stipulates that parties with representatives in the State Duma (currently
Economy
In the economic sphere, Medvedev has launched a
For Medvedev, the modernisation programme has become one of the most ambitious and important agendas of his presidency.In November 2010, on his annual speech to the
Police reform
Medvedev has made reforming Russia's law enforcement one of his top agendas. Medvedev initiated the reform at the end of 2009, with a presidential decree issued on 24 December ordering the government to start planning the reform. In early August 2010 a draft law was posted on the Internet[37] for public discussion. The website was popular, with more than 2,000 comments posted within 24 hours of its opening.[38] Based on citizen feedback, several modifications to the draft were made. On 27 October 2010, President Medvedev submitted the draft to the lower house of the State Duma.[39] The lower house of the Duma voted to approve the bill on 28 January 2011, and the upper house followed suit on 2 February. On 7 February, President Medvedev signed the bill into law.[40] The changes came into effect on 1 March 2011.[40]
Around 217 billion rubles ($7 billion) have been allocated to the police reform from the federal budget for the time frame 2012–2013.[41]
Education
President Medvedev initiated new policy called "Our New School" and instructed the government to present a review on the implementation of the initiative every year.[42]
Foreign policy
In August, during the third month of Medvedev's presidency, Russia took part in the
- Fundamental principles of international law are supreme.
- The world will be multipolar.
- Russia will not seek confrontation with other nations.
- Russia will protect its citizens wherever they are.
- Russia will develop ties in friendly regions.
In August 2009, Medvedev published an open letter blaming Ukraine's president Viktor Yushchenko for "the anti-Russian position of the current Ukrainian authorities",[nb 1][48][49] which analysts said was timed to influence the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election.[50][51] It elicited a response,[nb 2][53] and would later influence the pro-Russian policies of president Viktor Yanukovych.[54]: 6
Relationship with Putin
Although the Russian constitution clearly apportions the majority of power to the president, speculation has arisen over the question of whether it is Medvedev or Prime Minister Vladimir Putin who actually wields the most power.[55] According to The Daily Telegraph, "Kremlin-watchers" note that Medvedev uses the more formal form of 'you' (Вы, 'vy') when addressing Putin, while Putin addresses Medvedev with the more informal 'ty' (ты).[55] According to a poll conducted in September 2009 by the Levada Center in which 1,600 Russians from across Russia took part, 13% believed Medvedev held the most power, 32% Putin, and 48% both (7% failed to answer).[56]
However Medvedev has affirmed his position of strength, stating, "I am the leader of this state, I am the head of this state, and the division of power is based on this."[57] Officially the Kremlin insists that the power of the Head of State still rests with the President Medvedev, not the Prime Minister Putin.
As both Putin and Medvedev could run for president in the 2012 general elections, there is a view from some analysts that some of Medvedev's recent actions and comments are designed to separate his image from Putin's: examples noted by the BBC included his dealings in late 2010 with NATO and America, possibly designed to show himself as being better able to deal with the Western nations,[58] and comments in November about the need for a stronger opposition in Russian politics, to present himself as a moderniser. The BBC also noted that other analysts believe the split is exaggerated, and Medvedev and Putin are "trying to maximise support for the authorities by appealing to different parts of society".[20] There is belief[by whom?] that the court verdict on oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky and his partner Platon Lebedev, both of whom funded opposition parties before their arrests, will indicate whether or not Putin "is still calling all the shots".[59]
See also
- Presidency of Vladimir Putin
- List of international presidential trips made by Dmitry Medvedev
Notes
- mass famine of 1932–1933 in the USSR, calling it the "genocide of the Ukrainian people".
- ^ In the letter Ukrainian President Yushchenko called Ukraine's position on the 2008 events in Georgia coincident with "the known positions of virtually all other countries" with "an exceptional respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of borders of Georgia or any other sovereign states", called arms trade with Georgia legal since Georgia has not been and now is not a subject of any international sanctions or embargo, objected to Russian criticism about Ukraine joining NATO (emphasizing that the desire of Ukraine to membership in NATO was in no way directed against Russia and the final decision on accession to NATO will be held only after a national referendum), accused the Black Sea Fleet of "gross violations of bilateral agreements and the legislation of Ukraine", accused Russia of trying "to deprive Ukraine of its view of its own history" and accused Russia that not Ukraine but Russia itself is "virtually unable to realize the right to meet their national and cultural needs" of the Ukrainian minority in Russia.[52]
References
- ^ "ABC Live". Abclive.in. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ Stott, Michael (7 May 2008). "www.reuters.com, Russia's Medvedev takes power, pledges freedom". Reuters.com. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ITAR-TASS, 07.05.2008, 15.27.
- ^ ISBN 9780230224490.
- ^ Arnold, Chloe (12 May 2008). "Russia: Prime Minister Putin Names New Cabinet". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Moscow. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ Halpin, Tony (18 September 2008). "Russia floods markets with cash in shutdown — Times Online". London: Business.timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
- ^ "Full text in English". Kremlin.ru. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ RIA Novosti 10 March 2009.
- ^ "Itar-Tass". Itar-Tass. Retrieved 28 September 2010.[permanent dead link]
- Wall Street Journal, 21 May 2009.
- ^ "Russia Profile Weekly Experts Panel: Medvedev's Quest for Innovation". Russia Profile. 5 June 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2009.
- ^ "Ъ-Online - Генпрокуратура приступила к проверке госкорпораций". Kommersant.ru. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ "Russian President Puts State Firms Under Scrutiny". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty from Reuters. Moscow. 7 August 2009. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "St. Petersburg Times". Times.spb.ru. 18 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ Medvedev hails, opponents decry Kremlin party win, Reuters (12 October 2009)
- ^ Pro-Kremlin party sweeps Moscow elections, Associated Press (12 October 2009).
- ^ Russians Vote In Test For Medvedev's Democracy Pledge, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (11 October 2009).
- ^ Kremlin warns against wrecking Russia with democracy, Kyiv Post (26 October 2009).
- ^ "Medvedev vetoes law restricting protests". Yahoo! News. 6 November 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ a b Rosenberg, Steve (24 November 2010). "Medvedev warns of political 'stagnation' in Russia". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Burger, Ethan S. (Winter 2009). "Following only some of the money in Russia". Demokratizatsiya. 17 (1). George Washington University. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b Sakwa 2011, p. 329.
- ^ Medvedev’s Anti-Corruption Crusade Archived 12 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine Russia Profile, 2008-07-08.
- ^ National Anti-Corruption Plan Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Website of the President of Russia, 2008-07-31.
- ^ The Russian Federation Federal Law On Corruption Counteraction, December 25, 2008, N 273-FZ Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine Website of President of Russia.
- ^ Grafting the Future Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Russia Profile, 2009-11-29.
- ^ a b Nikolaus von Twickel (16 April 2010). "Medvedev Redefines Anti-Corruption Drive". The Moscow Times.
- ^ National Anti-Corruption Strategy (Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation №460 of 13 April 2010) Website of the President of Russia.
- ^ Russian president admits failure in fighting corruption Archived 22 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine Xianhuanet 2011-01-13.
- ^ Amendments to bolster anti-corruption legislation Website of the President of Russia.
- ^ "Imprisonment for bribery replaced with 500 million rubles fine". Baltic News Network. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ a b "How the Duma electoral system works". Levada Center.
- ^ "Russia Profile Weekly Experts Panel: 2009 – Russia's Year in Review". Russia Profile. 31 December 2009. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011.
- ^ Presidential Commission on the modernisation and technological development of the Russian economy Archived 11 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine Official site. (in Russian)
- ^ "Russia tells regions to join privatisation drive". Forexpros.com. 30 November 2010. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ "Privatization in regions to yield tens of billions of rbls-Kremlin". Itar-tass.com. Retrieved 19 February 2011.[permanent dead link]
- ^ http://zakonoproekt2010.ru/ (Archived 26 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ "Russia Profile Weekly Experts Panel: Will Police Reform Result in Name Change Only?". Russia Profile. 27 August 2010. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011.
- ^ "Medvedev submits draft police law to Russian lower house". RIA Novosti. 27 October 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
- ^ ISBN 9780415697132.
- ^ "Russia to spend around $7 billion on police reform in 2012-2013". RIA Novosti. 9 September 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011.
- ^ Itar Tass, "Pres to launch education modernization project in few days".
- ^ Russia recognises Georgian rebels, BBC, 26 August 2008. Retrieved 27 August 2008.
- ^ Russia faces fresh condemnation, BBC, 27 August 2008. Retrieved 29 August 2008.
- ISBN 9781317373063.
- ^ Steve Gutterman and Vladimir Isachenkov. Medvedev: Russia to deploy missiles near Poland, Associated Press, 5 November 2008.
- ^ Shchedrov, Oleg (25 September 2009). "Russia won't put missiles in Kaliningrad: Medvedev". Reuters. Pittsburgh. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
- ^ "Medvedev lambasts Ukraine leader". BBC News. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ^ "Address to the President of Ukraine Victor Yushchenko". Presidential Administration of Russia. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2009.
- ^ "Medvedev lambasts Ukraine leader". BBC News. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
- ^ "UPDATE 3-Russia's Medvedev wades into Ukraine polls". Reuters. 11 August 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "Ющенко відповів Медведєву. Лист" [Yushchenko's response to Medvedev. Letter]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ "Yuschenko denies Medvedev's claims about Ukraine's anti-Russian policy". Interfax-Ukraine. 13 August 2009. Archived from the original on 13 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
- ^ Kuzio, Taras (November 2010). The Crimea: Europe's Next Flashpoint? (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2014.
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ignored (help) - ^ a b Osborn, Andrew (7 March 2010). "Dmitry Medvedev's Russia still feels the cold hand of Vladimir Putin, Telegraph". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ Poll: Medvedev and Putin: who holds the power? Archived 16 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Levada Center Retrieved on 12 March 2010.
- ^ Medvedev insists he's the boss Retrieved on 12 March 2010.
- ^ Jonathan Marcus BBC diplomatic correspondent (20 November 2010). "Russia 'to work with Nato on missile defence shield'". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
- ^ Ostalski, Andrei (15 December 2010). "Russia's most important court trial". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 19 February 2011.