Presque Isle State Park
Presque Isle State Park | |
---|---|
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area) | |
Location | Millcreek, Erie, Pennsylvania, United States |
Coordinates | 42°9′47″N 80°6′3″W / 42.16306°N 80.10083°W |
Area | 3,112.1 acres (12.594 km2)[1] |
Elevation | 576 ft (176 m) |
Established | May 1921 |
Named for | presqu'île, French for "peninsula" |
Visitors | Over 4,000,000 annually[2] |
Governing body | Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources |
Website | Presque Isle State Park |
Designated | 1967 |
Presque Isle State Park (
The
The Presque Isle peninsula formed on a moraine from the end of the Wisconsin glaciation and is constantly being reshaped by waves and wind. This leads to seven ecological zones within the park, which provides a classic example of ecological succession. A National Natural Landmark since 1967, the park has been named one of the best places in the United States for watching birds, particularly in the Gull Point Natural Area. The Tom Ridge Environmental Center at the entrance to the park allows visitors to learn more about the park and its ecology. Presque Isle State Park has been chosen by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Parks for its list of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".[3]
The park is one of five Pennsylvania State Parks that are in the path of totality for the
History
Early inhabitants
Presque Isle was formed at the end of the
An Erielhonan legend taught that the
The Erielhonan are believed to have lived and farmed on the peninsula.
Forts, settlers, and War of 1812
The French first named the peninsula in the 1720s;
Presque Isle passed from British to American control after the American Revolutionary War, and the Iroquois sold their rights to the land containing the peninsula to the United States at the second Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1784. Pennsylvania did not acquire an undisputed title to the land until it purchased the Erie Triangle from the federal government on April 3, 1792. In 1795 General Anthony Wayne built a new, American "Fort Presque Isle", and on April 18 of that year the town of "Presqu' Ile", since renamed Erie, was laid out near it. Wayne died at the fort on December 15, 1796, and was originally buried there.[10]
Erie County was formed from Allegheny County on March 12, 1800. Millcreek Township, which initially contained both the Presque Isle peninsula and village of Erie, was one of the original townships. Erie was named the county seat in 1803, incorporated as a borough in 1805, and became a city in 1851.[11]
During the War of 1812, Presque Isle played a part in the victory over the British in the Battle of Lake Erie.[12] Oliver Hazard Perry, commander of the American fleet, made strategic use of the bay as a place to construct six of the nine ships in his fleet. Using this location protected the men by creating an obstacle, forcing potential attackers to circumnavigate the peninsula to reach them.[5][12]
The "Little Bay" near the tip of the peninsula where the ships sheltered, next to the current Perry's Monument, was later named "Misery Bay" because of the hardships during the winter of 1813–1814, after the men returned there from battle.[2] Many men suffered from smallpox and were kept in quarantine near the bay. A great many infected men died and were buried in what is now called Graveyard Pond.[2][5][12]
After the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10, 1813, Perry's two largest ships were badly damaged, and the US Brig Lawrence was intentionally sunk in Misery Bay. The Lawrence was raised in 1875 but was burned while on display at the 1876 Centennial Exposition. The US Brig Niagara was initially repaired, then sunk for preservation in 1820 and raised in 1913, and parts of it were eventually used in the current Niagara, based across Presque Isle Bay in Erie.[2][12]
Lighthouses and Coast Guard
The Presque Isle peninsula forms Presque Isle Bay, which serves as a natural harbor for Erie. During the 19th century, as Lake Erie navigation grew more important, shipping aids were built on Presque Isle. As of 2007, two main
The
Modern era and state park
In 1908, Erie started building a
As Pennsylvania's only surf beach, the Presque Isle beaches were already a popular attraction when the state legislature authorized the creation of the "Pennsylvania State Park at Erie" in May 1921.[17] Oversight was given to the new "State Park and Harbor Commission of Erie", including local representation, instead of to the state Department of Forests and Waters. Presque Isle quickly became the most popular state park in Pennsylvania. Presque Isle was an early example of locating state parks near cities, a trend that would become prevalent statewide only in the 1960s.[18]
The first paved road was built in the park in 1924,[5] and today 13 miles (21 km) of roads run through the park.[2] Pennsylvania Route 832 is the main road into the park, and is subsequently known as Peninsula Drive.[19] Presque Isle has been referred to as "Peninsula State Park".[20] The Perry Monument in the park was constructed in 1926 near Misery Bay and the burials in Graveyard Pond.[2]
By 1937 official state publications were referring to the park as "Presque Isle State Park", and that same year it led the state park system with 1.4 million visitors.[21][22] In the 1950s the peninsula was enlarged to accommodate new roads and parking, using 3 million square yards (2,500,000 m2) of sand dredged from the interior of the peninsula. The resulting basin became the current marina. Other new facilities included three modern bath houses built in 1957.[5] That same year Gull Point (at the eastern end of the peninsula) was named a nature preserve by the state.[23][24]
Presque Isle was named a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service in 1967.[25] A recommendation was made to abolish the independent board as early as 1930, although this did not come about until January 19, 1971, with the creation of the state Department of Environmental Resources (which later became the DCNR).[26][27] From 1989 to 1992, over 50 breakwaters were built along the western and northern shore of the peninsula to help control erosion.[23] In 1997 the park's Important Bird Area (IBA) was one of the first 73 IBAs established in Pennsylvania.[28] As part of the State Parks 2000 strategic plan of the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR), Gull Point was named a "State Park Natural Area for rare and migratory shorebirds to rest, feed and possibly nest".[2][29]
The Tom Ridge Environmental Center at the entrance to the park opened in May 2006. As of 2007, the Pennsylvania DCNR Bureau of Parks, which administers all 120 Pennsylvania state parks, had chosen Presque Isle for its "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks" list, citing its status as Pennsylvania's only surf beach, its status as a National Natural Landmark, and its "geological and biological diversity and its historic significance".[3] Scenes for the film The Road were shot at Presque Isle in April 2008, with Beach 10 used as a seashore.[30]
A weak
During Hurricane Sandy in October 2012, parts and remnants of the storm reached Presque Isle. The park was closed in preparation of the storm and waves reaching 14–18 feet were anticipated, along with high winds. The storm was expected to be severe, but luckily was not. Only 8-foot waves were recorded and not as high of winds either. The park made it out with only minor flooding, a few downed trees, and the loss of power at the park marina.[32]
Geology and climate
Presque Isle is a recurved sand
The French term presqu'île, the origin of the park's name, means "peninsula", or, literally, "almost an island". Despite the name, Presque Isle has been an island for brief periods of time after it has been cut off from the mainland several times since 1819—the longest stretch was from 1832 to 1864.[35] In the 1950s, in an effort to combat erosion, the state and federal governments built sets of concrete seawalls and perpendicular groins.[23] In 1992, a series of 58 breakwaters were also constructed to help capture sand and significantly slowed its movement eastward. Even with the substantial engineering projects, sand has to be relocated from tombolos that form behind the breakwaters, and new sand has to be brought in annually to replenish the beaches.[36]
Presque Isle protects the natural Presque Isle Bay, which creates a deep and wide harbor for the city of Erie. The bay is often filled with
Climate data for Erie, Pennsylvania (Erie International Airport), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1873–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 73 (23) |
75 (24) |
82 (28) |
89 (32) |
91 (33) |
100 (38) |
99 (37) |
96 (36) |
99 (37) |
89 (32) |
82 (28) |
75 (24) |
100 (38) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) |
35.5 (1.9) |
43.8 (6.6) |
56.1 (13.4) |
66.6 (19.2) |
75.7 (24.3) |
79.8 (26.6) |
78.6 (25.9) |
71.9 (22.2) |
60.8 (16.0) |
49.9 (9.9) |
38.1 (3.4) |
57.7 (14.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 27.2 (−2.7) |
28.3 (−2.1) |
35.7 (2.1) |
47.1 (8.4) |
57.4 (14.1) |
67.1 (19.5) |
71.7 (22.1) |
70.5 (21.4) |
63.8 (17.7) |
53.0 (11.7) |
43.3 (6.3) |
32.4 (0.2) |
49.9 (9.9) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 20.8 (−6.2) |
21.1 (−6.1) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
38.1 (3.4) |
48.2 (9.0) |
58.4 (14.7) |
63.5 (17.5) |
62.5 (16.9) |
55.8 (13.2) |
45.3 (7.4) |
36.6 (2.6) |
26.6 (−3.0) |
42.1 (5.6) |
Record low °F (°C) | −18 (−28) |
−18 (−28) |
−9 (−23) |
7 (−14) |
26 (−3) |
32 (0) |
44 (7) |
37 (3) |
33 (1) |
23 (−5) |
6 (−14) |
−11 (−24) |
−18 (−28) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.95 (75) |
2.39 (61) |
2.95 (75) |
3.33 (85) |
3.44 (87) |
3.76 (96) |
3.54 (90) |
3.47 (88) |
4.61 (117) |
4.05 (103) |
3.93 (100) |
3.74 (95) |
42.16 (1,071) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 29.6 (75) |
18.2 (46) |
13.7 (35) |
3.2 (8.1) |
— | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
8.5 (22) |
27.5 (70) |
100.9 (256) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 19.6 | 15.0 | 14.3 | 13.9 | 12.8 | 11.1 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 13.4 | 15.5 | 19.2 | 166.4 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 16.5 | 11.7 | 8.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 4.4 | 13.6 | 57.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
74.5 | 75.4 | 71.9 | 67.9 | 68.9 | 71.3 | 71.7 | 74.0 | 74.5 | 71.1 | 72.3 | 75.0 | 72.4 |
Source: NOAA (relative humidity 1961–1990)[38][40][41] |
Flora, fauna, and habitat
Ecological zones and succession
According to the DCNR, because it has so "many unique habitats, Presque Isle contains a greater number of the state's endangered, threatened and rare species than any other area of comparable size in Pennsylvania".
The remaining ecological zones, with their progression from shoreline to climax forest, are a classic illustration of the concept of ecological succession. Much of this progression is due to the changing nature of Presque Isle and its shifting shoreline and dunes. The shoreline, the second zone, is formed by wave action and is in equilibrium between erosion and deposition, with the initial plants stabilizing the sand of the new shoreline. The newly formed sandy plain and the ponds formed in it are the third zone. The ponds start as trapped pockets of lake water and can erode away or be filled by wind-blown sand or drifting dunes.[44] The new ponds provide habitat for plants and animals: for example, the state park is home to 89 species of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and Lepidoptera, including 35 different butterflies, as well as 84 different sorts of spiders.[5][42]
Sand dunes and ridges are the fourth zone, formed when beach sand transported by wind and waves becomes trapped by vegetation. Dunes grow and are stabilized by grasses, followed by other types of vegetation. This provides habitat for amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles. Old dunes can become more permanent ridges, which shelter ponds. These dunes, ridges, and ponds are often remnants of previous shorelines; at the Presque Isle State Park "Long Pond" just east of the marina, dunes and ridges mark the eastern shoreline from 1862.[5] The fifth ecological zone consists of old ponds and marshes. Ponds protected by dunes and ridges are more stable; these old ponds support more plant and animal life, and as they fill with vegetation, they become marshes. Old ponds and marshes have high biodiversity.[5] Nearly 400 species of terrestrial vertebrates live on Presque Isle, including 318 different birds, 48 kinds of mammals, 13 types of amphibians, and 19 reptile species.[42]
The sixth and seventh ecological zones are characterized by their shrubs and trees, and Presque Isle State Park is home to 633 plant species (195
The Pennsylvania
Gull Point Natural Area
Human beings have played a role in the ecology of Presque Isle since at least the Erielhonan. The natural drift of sand is hindered or stopped by breakwaters, permanent structures, and roads. Roads also do not absorb rainwater, causing erosion, and break up natural habitats. Excavations such as those to make the waterworks basins or the marina have destroyed habitats, but yearly artificial replenishment with sand helps to create new ones. One area within the park is closed to all public use from April to November to minimize the impact of humans: it is the easternmost part of the park, Gull Point.[2][5]
Gull Point at Presque Isle State Park has been set aside as a Pennsylvania "State Park Natural Area". These areas provide locations for scientific observation of natural systems; they protect examples of natural interest and beauty as well as examples of unique and typical animal and plant habitats.[24][29]
Gull Point covers 319 acres (129 ha), of which 67 acres (27 ha) form the Natural Area and are closed to park visitors during the height of the bird migrations. The natural area is a safe haven and resting spot for migrating and nesting birds. Many of the species of birds that rest at Gull Point are not seen anywhere else in Pennsylvania.[24] Presque Isle lies on the Atlantic Flyway, a major migratory path, and some of these birds migrate from as far north as the Arctic Circle to South America. They pass through in November on their long flights south and return in April on their flights north.[24]
Erosion and deposition of sand, which has formed Gull Point, continues to change it. From May 1991 to October 2006, Gull Point lost a total of 4.6 acres (1.9 ha), and if this trend continues, it may become an island. After the breakwaters were constructed in 1992, less sand was added to replenish the beaches. Federal funding of sand replenishment has been cut off since 2005, leading to further reduction in sand added to the peninsula. Without new sand, erosion has reduced the northern beaches of Gull Point, even while regions to the east and south have continued to grow at a slower rate, for a net yearly loss of 0.4 acres (0.2 ha).[23]
Tom Ridge Environmental Center
The Tom Ridge Environmental Center (TREC) is the gateway to, and administrative center for, Presque Isle State Park, as well as housing interactive educational exhibits, a "Discovery Center", classrooms, and research laboratories. The center, which officially opened on May 26, 2006, is on 12 acres (5 ha) just off Route 832 on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie. TREC is named for former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge, "who grew up in Erie, worked at the park as a young man and provided funding for the center and numerous Presque Isle projects during his administration".[49][50]
Construction on the center began in 2002, although the idea for such a center at Presque Isle was some 50 years old.
Facilities at the 65,000-square-foot (6,000 m2) Tom Ridge Environmental Center include eight research laboratories (including several large aquariums) for the RSC, several classrooms, a "Discovery Center" for younger students to explore science hands-on, interpretive exhibits highlighting local and regional
Recreation
In addition to the facilities at TREC, Presque Isle State Park provides opportunities for daytime recreational activity along the Lake Erie and Presque Isle Bay coastlines, as well as on its inland trails and lagoons. Boating, canoeing, fishing, and water skiing are common summer sports, while hiking, biking, inline skating, and bird watching are some of the inland activities. Ice fishing, ice boating, ice skating, and cross-country skiing occupy winter visitors. Two of the beaches feature volleyball courts; Beach 6 has 6 courts and Beach 11 has one. No admission fee is charged for the park or TREC.[53]
Boats of nearly any variety are permitted on Lake Erie at Presque Isle State Park. Boats with
Water skiing and scuba diving are permitted at Presque Isle State Park in designated waters of Lake Erie.[53] Water skiing must take place in Presque Isle Bay or out on Lake Erie and is prohibited within 500 feet (150 m) of the shore. Scuba divers must be certified and are required to register at the park office to obtain information on the waters that are open to diving.[53]
Presque Isle State Park has two distinct fishing zones. Lake Erie is home to perch, trout, walleye, bass, and steelhead. Presque Isle Bay is the home of muskellunge, northern pike, crappie, smelt, as well as other fish that swim in from the lake.[53] Trout fishing is also allowed in the two waterworks basins, which are stocked by the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission.[54] Hunting is prohibited at Presque Isle State Park with the exception of controlled duck and goose hunting seasons in designated blinds.[53]
Presque Isle State Park, which has 13 beaches, is home to the only surf swimming in Pennsylvania.[53] Beaches are open from Memorial Day to Labor Day with swimming permitted when lifeguards are on duty from 10:00 EDT to 20:00 EDT.[55] Extensive picnic facilities are available at most of the swimming areas.[53]
Nearby state parks
The following state parks are within 30 miles (48 km) of Presque Isle State Park:[56][57]
- Erie Bluffs State Park (Erie County)
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-8182-0357-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Presque Isle State Park". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2007.
- ^ a b "Find a Park: 25 Must-see Parks". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 26, 2011. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
- ^ R, Mike (September 8, 2021). "Pennsylvania 2024 Solar Eclipse State Parks". CosmosPNW. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Presque Isle - Origin of Presque Isle" (PDF). Pennsylvania State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2007.
- ^ a b c Smith, Marvin T. (1987). Archaeology of Aboriginal Cultural Change in the Interior Southeast: Depopulation During the Early Historic Period. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
- ^ ISBN 1-889037-11-7. Retrieved November 16, 2007.'s web page of Native American Place names, quoting and citing the book.
ISBN refers to a 1999 reprint edition. URL is for the Susquehanna River Basin Commission
- ^ Bates et al. 1884, p. 503.
- ISBN 0-8018-7079-8.
- ^ Albert, George Dallas (1896). Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania. Volume Two: The Frontier Forts of Western Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Clarence M. Busch, State Printer of Pennsylvania. pp. 537–566. Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2007.
- ^ Godcharles, Frederic A. (1933). Pennsylvania: Political, Governmental, Military and Civil: Political and Civil History Volume (First ed.). New York, New York: The American Historical Society.
- ^ a b c d "Niagara History–Battle of Lake Erie". Flagship Niagara League. Archived from the original on May 29, 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2007.
- ^ Board of Directors, Presque Isle Light Station website
- ^ "Presque Isle Lighthouse, Pennsylvania". Lighthousefriends.com. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
- ^ "Bayfront Transportation Systems". The Port of Erie. Archived from the original on November 27, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007.
- ^ "Ninth Coast Guard District". United States Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
- ^ Cupper 1993, p. 17.
- ^ Cupper 1993, p. 35.
- ^ General Highway Map, Erie County, Pennsylvania (PDF) (Map). 1:65,000. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017. Note: shows Presque Isle State Park
- New York, NY: Oxford UP. xxviii. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
- ^ "Pennsylvania has everything!" (PDF). Brochure. Pennsylvania State Publicity Commission. 1937. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
- ^ Cupper 1993, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e Guerriero, John (May 26, 2007). "Presque Isle: Toward an Uncertain Future". Erie Times-News. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e "Gull Point: A fragile ecosystem". CyberInk, LP. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
- ^ "Presque Isle". National Natural Landmarks Program. National Park Service. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- ^ Cupper 1993, p. 25.
- OCLC 17824084.
- ^ "Audubon names 73 important bird areas in state". Resource: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. January 7, 1997. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ a b "Natural Areas". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on February 2, 2004. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ Weiss, Gerry (April 21, 2008). "Stars follow 'The Road' to Presque Isle". Erie Times-News. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
- ^ Maciag, Mike (June 29, 2010). "Tornado confirmed as cause of damage at Presque Isle". Erie Times-News. Retrieved June 29, 2010.
- ^ Adams, Lisa (October 30, 2012). "Sandy Spares Presque Isle". WSEE/WICU News. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ^ Gorecki & Pope 1993, p. 18.
- ^ John G. Kuchinski (1991). "Pennsylvania Trail of Geology - Presque Isle State Park, Erie County: A Dynamic Interface of Water and Land" (PDF). Pennsylvania Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Pennsylvania Bureau of State Parks. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2004. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
- ^ a b "The Nature of Presque Isle". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
- ^ Massing, Dana (October 23, 2015). "Officials evaluate condition of Presque Isle's beaches". Erie Times-News. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- .
- ^ a b "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ a b Spitzer, Cody (January 24, 2009). "Inside ice dunes". Erie Times-News. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- ^ "PA Erie INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Erie/INT'L ARPT, PA 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
- ^ a b c d e "Nature of Presque Isle". CyberInk, LP. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
- ^ "Presque Isle State Park". Inn Vista. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007. Retrieved November 17, 2007. Note: the information on flora and fauna here is provided by "David Rutkowski, Assistant Park Manager, Presque Isle State Park".
- ^ Jennings 1909, pp. 313–314.
- ^ Jennings 1909, p. 307.
- ^ "Pennsylvania's 100 Best Birding Locations". Pennsylvania Game Commission. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- ^ "Pennsylvania Important Bird Areas: Site Name Presque Isle State Park" (PDF). Pennsylvania Audubon Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2005. Retrieved May 3, 2008.
- ^ Martin, Matt (December 13, 2011). "Annual Christmas Bird Count starts Wednesday". Erie Times-News. Retrieved February 21, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c "Tom Ridge Environmental Center now open at Presque Isle in Erie". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on May 24, 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ^ a b c d "Tom Ridge Environmental Center: Gateway to Presque Isle". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on February 6, 2006. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ a b "Regional Science Consortium at the Tom Ridge Environmental Center at Presque Isle". Regional Science Consortium. Retrieved November 20, 2007.
- ^ "Tom Ridge Environmental Center at Presque Isle". Tom Ridge Environmental Center, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Presque Isle State Park - Recreational Opportunities". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on February 12, 2004. Retrieved November 1, 2007.
- ^ a b Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (PFBC). "2007 PFBC County Maps - Erie County". Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
- ^ "Swimming". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
- ^ "Find a Park by Region (interactive map)". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ^ Michels, Chris (1997). "Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation". Northern Arizona University. Retrieved April 23, 2008.
Sources
- OCLC 8622308.
- Gorecki, Richard J.; Pope, Joan (August 1993). Coastal Geologic and Engineering History of Presque Isle Peninsula, Pennsylvania (PDF) (Report). Vicksburg, Mississippi: United States Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2016.
- Jennings, Otto Emory (1909). "A Botanical Survey of Presque Isle, Erie County, Pennsylvania". Annals of the Carnegie Museum. 5 (2–3). S2CID 251479889.
- Cupper, Dan (1993). Our Priceless Heritage: Pennsylvania's State Parks 1893–1993. ISBN 0-89271-056-X.
External links
- Presque Isle State Park (PA DCNR)
- "State park map" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 3, 2013. (459 KB)
- Presque Isle, Erie, PA (GoErie.com)
- Presque Isle Partnership