Private currency
A private currency is a
Today, there are over four thousand privately issued currencies in more than 35 countries. These include commercial
Private bank notes
In the
In
In Hong Kong, although the government issues currency, bank-issued private currency is the dominant medium of exchange. Most automated teller machines dispense private Hong Kong bank notes.[4]
In
Complementary currencies
Austria had the Wörgl Experiment from July 1932 to September 1933.[9]
Bavaria, Germany, has had the Chiemgauer since 2003. As of 2011 there were over 550,000 in circulation.[8]
Since starting in 2006, the "City Initiative Karlsruhe" has issued the Karlsruher which has no nominal value. Every coin has the value of 50 Eurocents and is primarily used in parking garages. As of 2009, 120 companies in Karlsruhe accept the Karlsruher and usually grant a discount when paid with it.[10]
Breadcoin was created in Washington DC in 2016 to address food insecurity and has a value of $2.20 when used at over 60 participating food vendors.[11]
In Canada, numerous complementary currencies are in use, such as the Calgary Dollar and Toronto dollar. However private currencies in Canada cannot be referred to as being legal tender and many private currencies (as well as loyalty programs) avoid the word "dollar", using names like "coupons" or "bucks", to avoid confusion. Examples include: Canadian Tire money and Pioneer Energy's Bonus Bucks.[12]
Convertible Minute is a community currency launched by the Minutes Bank users, started in Romania.
Customer reward and
Cryptocurrencies and digital currencies
A
On 6 August 2013, Federal Judge Amos Mazzant of the
In Thailand, lack of existing law leads many to believe Bitcoin is banned.[21]
Private currency crimes
As national currencies can be counterfeited, so too can private currencies, and private currencies are subject to other criminal issues, including fraud.
The
The charges stemmed from the government view that the Liberty silver coins too closely resembled official coinage.In 2007, Angel Cruz, founder of The United Cities Corporation (TUC), announced he was establishing an alternative "asset based" currency named "United States Private Dollars".
See also
- Commodity money
- Complementary currency
- Disney dollar
- Gold standard
- History of the United States dollar
- Kirtland Safety Society
- Local Exchange Trading Systems
- Monero
- Nano
- Nxt
- Peercoin
- Prison commissary
- Scrip
- Store of value
- Ven (currency)
- Dash
References
- ^ "18 U.S. Code § 486 - Uttering coins of gold, silver or other metal". Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ Reserve Bank Act 1959 (Cth) s 44 Other persons not to issue notes.
- ISSN 0311-3140
- ^ International Bank Note Society. "Hong Kong's 1,000 (HSBC) dollar note".
- ^ The Association of Commercial Banknote Issuers. "Scottish and Northern Ireland Banknotes Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-28. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
- ^ Leo Hickman (16 September 2009). "Will the Brixton pound buy a brighter future?". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- ^ Town launches its own bank notes BBC News 13 September 2009
- ^ a b Harvey, Dave (19 September 2012). "Bristol Pound launched to keep trade in the city". BBC West News. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
- ^ "Currency Solutions for a Wiser World » The Wörgl Experiment: Austria (1932-1933)". Lietaer. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "Karlsruhe (bonus system)" (in German). Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ Iati, Marisa (2019-01-11). "'Breadcoin' is a new currency in D.C. for people in need". Washington Post. Washington DC. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
- ISSN 0021-9584.
- ^ "Points.com". points.com.
- ^ "Points.com establishes currency exchange for loyalty programs". PCMag. September 23, 2010.
- ^ Andy Greenberg (20 April 2011). "Crypto Currency". Forbes.com. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
- ^ Espinoza, Javier (22 September 2014). "Is It Time to Invest in Bitcoin? Cryptocurrencies Are Highly Volatile, but Some Say They Are Worth It". Journal Reports. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
- ^ Farivar, Cyrus (2013-08-07). "Federal judge: Bitcoin, "a currency," can be regulated under American law". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
- ^ "Securities and Exchange Commission v. Shavers et al, 4:13-cv-00416 (E.D.Tex.)". Docket Alarm, Inc. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^ Marketwatch. Archived from the originalon 24 August 2013.
- ^ a b Nestler, Franz (16 August 2013). "Deutschland erkennt Bitcoins als privates Geld an (Germany recognizes Bitcoin as private money)". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung.
- ^ Watts, Jake Maxwell (July 30, 2013). "Thailand's Bitcoin ban is not quite what it seems". Quartz. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "Defendant Convicted of Minting His Own Currency" (Press release). United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina: U.S. Attorney's Office. March 18, 2011. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012.
- ^ Lovett, Tom (March 19, 2011). "Local Liberty Dollar 'Architect' Bernard von NotHaus convicted". Evansville Courier & Press.
- ^ "Florida man launches 'United States Private Dollar'", Daily Kos, August 25, 2007.
- ^ "TUC Currencies", United Cities website, via Internet Archive
- ^ "TUC Improving the US Economy by the Circulation of Their Private Currency Today", OpenPR.com August 2, 2007
- ^ a b "Kissimmee nonprofit 'concerned' over checks", Orlando Sentinel, August 25, 2007
- ^ Indictment, United States v. Cruz, case no. 6:08-cr-00177-UA-DAB, docket entry 1, Aug. 6, 2008, U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida (Orlando Div.).
- ^ Status Report, United States v. Cruz, case no. 6:08-cr-00177-UA-DAB, docket entry 88, Oct. 28, 2010, U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Florida (Orlando Div.)
- ^ "U.S. Marshals Arrest Fugitive 9 Years on the Run in the Dominican Republic". www.usmarshals.gov. 7 January 2021.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-255-36087-6