Protacanthopterygii

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Protacanthopterygii
Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis: Osmeriformes)
in Kawasaki (Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Cohort: Euteleostei
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Orders

Argentiniformes
Esociformes

Galaxiiformes

Salmoniformes

Osmeriformes?
Stomiiformes?
Ateleopodiformes
?
Alepocephaliformes?
Myctophiformes?
Aulopiformes?
Lepidogalaxiiformes
?

Protacanthopterygii is a

evolved in the Cretaceous or perhaps late Jurassic, originating probably roughly 150 million years ago; fossils of them and the closely related Otocephala are known from throughout the Cretaceous.[1]

Characteristics and origin

The Protacanthopterygii contain a number of moderately advanced

predators of smaller animals.[1]

As a group, they prefer

Tethys Sea – perhaps towards the Eastern Tethys as they never seem to have settled Africa or Atlantic South America.[1]

Systematics

As mentioned initially, one of the closest relatives of the Protacanthopterygii are the Otocephala, which include such different fishes as

Clupeomorpha and Ostariophysi. While the core of the present superorder has always consisted of three orders, additional taxa are likely to belong here, but are more disputed.[2]

In recent times, a trend exists to

paraphyletic. Thus, up to seven orders might be included here:[3][4]

Nelson 2006[4] Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016[5]
  • Alepocephali
  • Protacanthopterygii s.s.
  • Lepidogalaxii
    • Lepidogalaxiiformes
      • Lepidogalaxiidae
        (salamanderfish)
  • Stomiati
    • Osmeriformes
      • Retropinnidae
      • Plecoglossidae
        (ayu/sweetfish)
      • Salangidae (icefishes or noodlefishes)
      • Osmeridae
        (Northern Hemisphere smelts)
    • Stomiatiformes
      (dragonfishes, marine hatchetfishes and allies)
  • Ateleopodia
    • Ateleopodiformes
      (jellynose fishes)
  • Cyclosquamata

The placement of the Myctophiformes, traditionally held to be close relatives of the Aulopiformes and separated in a superorder "Scopelomorpha", as well as the Lampriformes (the monotypic superorder Lampridiomorpha, and putative relatives of the "Stenopterygii") consequently warrants further study. However, these two seem to be somewhat more advanced and closer to the Paracanthopterygii.

More dubiously, the

sensu lato.[6][3]

The supposed family "Macristiidae" was sometimes considered the only extant member of the "Ctenothrissiformes". But actually these are larvae of certain Aulopiformes, as was already suspected when the first "macristiid" was scientifically studied. They were subsequently split as a distinct family and placed in the Osmeriformes. This is interesting in the light of the modern view that these two orders are not nearly as distantly related as they were believed throughout most of the 20th century.[3][7]

Phylogeny

The cladogram is based on Betancur-Rodriguez et al. 2016.[5]

Euteleostei 240mya
Lepidogalaxii

Lepidogalaxiiformes
(salamanderfish)

Protacanthopterygii

marine smelts)

Galaxiiformes (white bait and mudfishes
)

Esociformes (pike)

Salmoniformes (salmon, trout)

Stomiati

Stomiiformes (dragonfish)

Osmeriformes (smelt)

Neoteleostei
Ateleopodia

Ateleopodidae (jellynoses)

Eurypterygia
Aulopa

Aulopiformes (lizardfish)

Ctenosquamata
Scopelomorpha

Myctophiformes (lanternfish)

Acanthomorpha

References

  1. ^ a b c Encyclopædia Britannica Online (2009): Annotated classification – Superorder Protacanthopterygii. In: Fish. Version of 2009-APR-22. Retrieved 2009-SEP-28.
  2. doi:10.1163/157075608X303636
  3. ^ a b c Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C.S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G.S. & Dewey, T.A. (2008): Animal Diversity Web – Protacanthopterygii Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^
    ISBN 0-471-25031-7
  5. ^ a b R. Betancur-Rodriguez, E. Wiley, N. Bailly, A. Acero, M. Miya, G. Lecointre, G. Ortí: Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes – Version 4 (2016)
  6. ^ Paxton, John R.; Johnson, G. David & Trnski, Thomas (2001): Larvae and juveniles of the deepsea "whalefishes" Barbourisia and Rondeletia (Stephanoberyciformes: Barbourisiidae, Rondeletiidae), with comments on family relationships. Records of the Australian Museum 53(3): 407-425. PDF fulltext Archived 2003-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Taylor, Christopher (2009): Catalogue of Organisms – Living Larvae and Fossil Fish. Version of 2009-FEB-05. Retrieved 2009-SEP-28.
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