Prussian Homage (painting)

The Prussian Homage (

The painting glorifies this event in

Renovation work started in the Sukiennice Museum in June 2008. The painting previously had been restored in 1915 and 1938. During World War II it was damaged while it was at Zamość, and in 1945 it was renovated. In 1974, experts again tried to restore it to its original condition before it went on public exhibition in Moscow. The most recent restoration process took place between 2006 and 2008, when the painting was finally returned to its former glory.[10]

In 2011, the painting was sent to Germany for an art exhibition entitled "Side by Side Poland – Germany", which was promoted as part of the 1000 Years of Art and History project of Royal Warsaw Castle in cooperation with the Martin-Gropius-Bau exhibition hall in Berlin. It was on display there between 23 September 2011 and 9 January 2012.^[11]

Significance

This painting is considered among Matejko's most famous works and is also one of his largest canvases.^[6] It portrays an event of significant political triumph for Poland, the Prussian Homage, in which Poland was able to enforce its will over Prussia.^[6] Prussia later gained independence and turned against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, becoming one of the nations that divided Poland among them. Matejko's painting was created during the partition period, when independent Poland had ceased to exist, and like many of Matejko's other works, it aimed to remind the Polish people of their most famous historical triumphs.^[6]

At the same time, the painting foreshadows the tragedies of the future through the gestures and facial expressions of certain characters.^[6] This is visible, for example, in the figures of King Sigismund I the Old and Albrecht Hohenzollern, who is kneeling before him.^[6] Sigismund is portrayed as a powerful and majestic figure but not threatening. He treats Albrecht lightly—signifying that this event was only a temporary victory and not a total, lasting domination that crushed his opponent.^[6] Albrecht's character is portrayed with many signs of his villainous intent. He kneels on both knees, which a duke should do only in front of a God, not a sovereign. This implies that he does not see Sigismund as a sovereign. He grips his standard strongly, but touches the Bible only lightly. The standard flies on a military lance, implying that Prussia had further military ambitions.^[6] Finally, there is a gauntlet on the ground, an implied challenge to Sigismund from Albrecht.^[6]

Due to its criticism of Albrecht and the event it portrayed, the painting often is seen as strongly anti-Prussian.^[6] While it appears to glorify Poland, it is also critical of the country. Matejko went beyond portraying the glory of a historical event and attempted to convey hints of how the country's history would play out in the future. This event was merely a hollow victory that failed to secure Poland's future.^[6] Matejko shows that the homage was an empty gesture and that it was Prussia that exploited it rather than Poland.^[6] Nobody in the painting is smiling except a lady of the court who is engaged in idle gossip.^[6]

The painting has been the subject of numerous art historical studies and has been reinterpreted through the works of artists such as Tadeusz Kantor.^[6][8] In 1992, the Piwnica pod Baranami cabaret group organized a historical re-enactment of the painting.^[6]

Historical characters in the painting

Matejko depicted many important figures of the

• Behind Albrecht (Albert), Duke of Prussia, are two other German rulers, his brother George, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach with his hat in his right hand and their brother-in-law Frederick II of Legnica, whose face is only partially visible, who both joined Albrecht in the homage.^[6]
• In the space between Frederick and Albrecht, was Castellan Łukasz II Górka (the old, bearded man), who was a sympathizer with Prussia.^[6]
• Albrecht's advisor, Commander Friedrich von Heydeck is behind the standard, waiting to receive it after the scene is over.^[6]
• The Bishop of Kraków, Piotr Tomicki (wearing a bishop's mitre) stands to the right of the King Sigismund.^[12]
• The man holding up a sword is
  Hieronymus Jaroslaw Łaski, a diplomat and nephew of Archbishop Jan Łaski.^[6][12] Both men are shown to the right of the king, at the top of the crowd. Jan is separated from Hieronymous by Bishop Tomicki.^[6] Hieronymous is holding the sword with which Albrecht will be knighted stiffly as a warning to the Prussian ruler.^[6]
• Duchess
  Masovia, appears top left. Historically, the Duchess died in 1522 before the event occurred. However, Matejko included her in the painting to emphasize the connection between Masovia and Poland.^[6][12]
• Piast line. He died at a very young age in 1526.^[12]
• Hedwig Jagiellon, Electress of Brandenburg, who was daughter of Sigismund I the Old and his first wife Barbara Zápolya, and through him a cousin of Albrecht. Her parents planned her marriage to Prince Janusz. The death of the Duke ruined her plans. The character was modeled by Matejko's daughter Beata. She is seen just below Anna Radziwiłł at the top left of the painting.^[2]
• Bishop of Warmia, and Krzysztof Kreutzer, Prussian diplomat, are engaged in discussion just below and to the left of Hedwig.^[6] Ferber appears worried and makes a well-hidden gesture to repel evil; Kreutzer tries to calm him.^[6]
• Queen Bona Sforza appears center-left. Matejko used his wife Teodora as a model for the Queen.^[2][6]
• Piotr Kmita Sobieński, Grand Marshal of the Crown and governor of Kraków, appears with his right hand raised purportedly a gesture to demand silence and order from the crowd.^[6]
• starost of Khmilnyk, appears on horseback in the lower right of the painting.^[12] He is a notable military commander and his figure personifies the still-respectable military prowess of the Commonwealth.^{[n 2][6]}
• The old mustached man in white above Bishop Ferber and to the left of Duchess Anna is Prince Konstanty Ostrogski, Grand Hetman (top military commander) of Lithuania, Voivode (governor) of Trakai, and Castellan of Vilnius.^[6][12]
• Located to the right of Prince Ostrogski and wearing a helmet is
  Jan Amor Tarnowski, the governor of Kraków who would later achieve high military office. This portrait was based on Stanisław Tarnowski, a professor of the Jagiellonian University and literary historian who would publish Matejko's biography four years after his death.^[6][12]
• The man taking coins from the tray is Andrzej Kościelecki, treasurer and Court Marshal, who skillfully managed the state finances.^[6][12] Looking proudly, unworried, seeing only victory, he symbolizes the importance and wealth of Polish officials of the period.^[6]
• To the right of the large black figure of Opaliński is Krzysztof Szydłowiecki who was one of King Sigismund's chief advisors in matters of foreign affairs.^[12] Holding the globus cruciger, he was one of the main political figures in contemporary Polish and Prussian politics and his worried visage questions the honesty of the ceremony.^[6]
• Mikołaj Firlej, Castellan of Kraków, is located between Krzysztof Szydłowiecki and Andrzej Tęczyński.^[6][12] One of many characters with a worried expression, Firlej, a respected military leader, is likely considering the possibility of Prussia growing into a military power.^[6]
• Polish flag unfolded, which once again foreshadows the troubles ahead.^[6]
• Albrecht Goštautas (Olbracht Gasztołd), Chancellor of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and voivode of Vilnius, is barely visible in the top right of the painting.^{[6][n 3]} His presence in the painting is intended to symbolize the wisdom of the king as a legislator.^[12]
• Below the king sits Stańczyk. His worried face shows doubt that the homage will mean victory in the long run, and he is making a gesture to repel bad luck.^[6][12]
• In the lower-left corner of the painting holding a document bearing the royal seal, stands
  scepter in his hand.^[6]

• An old Teutonic soldier is shown under Hedwig; he signifies the end of the
  Teutonic Order.^[6]
• Underneath the soldier at the bottom of the painting, an executor or a city guard keeps watch on the crowd, ensuring no unrest will disrupt the proceedings.[6]
• At the top of the painting, a dove symbolizing peace can be seen.^[6]

Notes