Jan Matejko
Jan Matejko | |
---|---|
Free City of Kraków | |
Died | 1 November 1893 | (aged 55)
Resting place | Rakowicki Cemetery, Kraków, Poland |
Nationality | Polish |
Other names | Jan Mateyko |
Education | |
Known for | Painting, drawing, teaching |
Notable work |
|
Movement | History painting, academic art |
Spouse | Teodora Giebułtowska |
Awards |
|
Jan Alojzy Matejko (Polish pronunciation:
Matejko spent most of his life in
At the same time, Matejko's painting style has been criticized as old-fashioned and overly theatrical, labeled as "antiquarian realism". His works often lost their nuanced historical significance when displayed abroad due to the audience's unfamiliarity with Polish history. Matejko's support for the Polish cause was not just through his art; he also contributed financially and materially to the January Uprising of 1863. Later, he became director of the art academy in Kraków, which was eventually renamed the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts. A number of his students became prominent artists in their own right, including Maurycy Gottlieb, Jacek Malczewski, Józef Mehoffer and Stanisław Wyspiański. He received several honors during his lifetime, including the French Légion d'honneur. Matejko was among the notable people to receive an unsolicited letter from the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, as the latter tipped, in January 1889, into his psychotic breakdown while in Turin.[6][7]
Biography
Youth
Matejko was born on 24 June 1838, in the
At a young age he witnessed the
After graduation in 1859,
In 1860, against a background of cultural erosion in partitioned Poland Matejko published an illustrated album, Clothing in Poland (Ubiory w Polsce), a project reflecting his intense interest in the historical record of his nation and his desire to promote it among Polish people and incidentally stir their patriotism.[16] His financial situation improved when he sold two paintings, The assassination of Wapowski during the coronation of Henri de Valois (Zabicie Wapowskiego w czasie koronacji Henryka Walezego, 1861) and Jan Kochanowski over the body of his daughter Urszulka (Jan Kochanowski nad zwłokami Urszulki, 1862), which settled his debts.[17] 1862 saw the completion of his Stańczyk, initially received without much acclaim, but in due course becoming one of Matejko's best known works.[18] It marks a manifest departure in Matejko's art, from mere illustrator of history to commentator upon its moral content.[16]
During the
Rise to fame
After 1865 Matejko's international recognition grew. His Skarga's Sermon was awarded a gold medal at the 1865 Paris Salon, prompting Count
In 1872, during an exhibition in
1880-1882 were taken up with another large work, The
In 1887 Matejko received an honorary doctorate from the
Portraits and other work
In addition to the history paintings Matejko was a prolific portraitist.
Death
Matejko suffered from a
Significance, style and themes
He is counted among the most significant of
He succeeded in propagating Polish history, and fostering the memory of an erstwhile historic state lost to the world, while his country remained carved up between three civilised European powers which afforded its Polish natives no prospect of political
Criticism and controversy
Critics of his work have pointed to his use of traditional, outdated or bombastic painting style, discrediting him for "antiquarian realism" and "theatrical effects".
Awards
- Chevalier de la Legion d'honneur, 1870 for his Union of Lublin1869
- Médaille d'or at the Salon de Paris in 1867 for Rejtan
- Kunst-medaille 1873, Vienna
- Membre de l'Académie des Beaux-Arts(1873)
- Médaille d'honneur at the Exposition Universelle (1878)
- Commander's Cross of the Order of Franz Joseph[42]
- Commander's Cross of the Order of the Iron Crown
- Commander's Cross with Star of the Order of Pius IX[43]
- Gold Medal of the Munich Academy of Art
- Papal Gold Medal of Leo XIII
- Medal "Pro litteris et artibus", Vienna
- Odznaka Honorowa za Dzieła Sztuki i Umiejętności, Poland (1887)[44]
- Brzezany
- Doctor honoris causa of the Jagiellonian University (1887)[45]
- Member of the
Legacy
Matejko's aim was to focus on major themes in Polish history using historical sources to paint events in minute historical detail.[47] His earliest paintings are purely historical depictions without didactic content.[16] The later works, starting with Stańczyk (1862), are intended to inspire the viewer with a patriotic message.[16][48] Stańczyk focuses on the court jester, portrayed as a symbol of his country's conscience, sitting in a chair, against the background of a party - a lonely figure reflecting on war, ignored by the joyful crowd.[26]
His paintings are on display in numerous Polish museums, including: the
As teacher and influencer
Over 80 painters were Matejko's students, many influenced during his tenure as director of the Kraków School of Fine Arts, and are called members of the "Matejko School".[51][26][52] Some went on to become members of the brief flowering of the Young Poland (Młoda Polska) movement, which encompassed literature, music, theatre as well as visual arts and was dissipated by World War I. Matejko has been dubbed "Father of Young Poland".[53] Prominent among his students were:
- Maurycy Gottlieb[52]
- Ephraim Moses Lilien[54]
- Jacek Malczewski[52]
- Helena Matejko, Matejko's daughter
- Józef Mehoffer[52]
- Jozef Pankiewicz
- Antoni Piotrowski[52]
- Witold Pruszkowski[52]
- Jan Styka[55]
- Włodzimierz Tetmajer
- Józef Unierzyski, Matejko's son-in-law
- Leon Wyczółkowski[52]
- Stanisław Wyspiański[52]
-
Jan Kochanowski over his dead daughter's body, 1862
-
Samuel Zborowski on his way to his execution
-
Wladyslaw I Lokietekfrom the Gallery of Polish Monarchs
-
TheConstitution of May 3. Four-Year Sejm. Educational Commission Partition. A.D. 1795 Royal Castle
-
Frombork Cathedral
-
Pen and ink drawing possibly of Bona Sforza, 1861
-
National Museum in Warsaw
Selected work
The following is a selected list of Matejko's works, in chronological order.
# | Title | Year | Technique and size | Location | Illustration |
1. | Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III (The Shuysky Princes before King Sigismund III) | 1853 | oil on canvas 75.5 cm × 109 cm |
National Museum in Wrocław |
|
2. | Stańczyk | 1862 | oil on canvas 120 × 88 cm |
National Museum, Warsaw |
|
3. | Kazanie Skargi (Skarga's Sermon) |
1864 | oil on canvas 224 × 397 cm |
Royal Castle, Warsaw | |
4. | Rejtan | 1866 | oil on canvas 282 × 487 cm |
Royal Castle, Warsaw | |
5. | Alchemik Sędziwój (Alchemist Sendivogius) |
1867 | oil on canvas 73 × 130 cm |
Museum of Arts in Łódź | |
6. | Unia Lubelska (Union of Lublin) |
1869 | oil on canvas 298 cm × 512 cm |
Lublin Museum |
|
7. | Stefan Batory pod Pskowem (Stefan Batory at Pskov) | 1872 | oil on canvas 322 × 545 cm |
Royal Castle, Warsaw | |
8. | Astronom Kopernik, czyli rozmowa z Bogiem (Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God) |
1873 | oil on canvas 225 × 315 cm |
Collegium Novum | |
9. | Zawieszenie dzwonu Zygmunta (The Hanging of the Sigismund bell) |
1874 | oil on wood 94 × 189 cm |
National Museum, Warsaw | |
10. | Śmierć króla Przemysła II (Death of King Przemysł II) | 1875 | Modern Gallery in Zagreb |
||
11. | Bitwa pod Grunwaldem (Battle of Grunwald) |
1878 | oil on canvas 426 × 987 cm |
National Museum, Warsaw | |
12. | Polonia - Rok 1863 (Polonia - year 1863) |
1879 | oil on canvas 156 × 232 cm |
Czartoryski Museum, Kraków | |
13. | Hołd pruski (The Prussian Homage) |
1880-82 | oil on canvas 388 × 875 cm |
National Museum, Kraków |
|
14. | Jan III Sobieski pod Wiedniem (John III Sobieski at Vienna) | 1883 | Vatican Museums | ||
15. | Wernyhora | 1883-84 | oil on canvas 290 × 204 cm |
National Museum, Kraków |
|
16. | Założenie Akademii Lubrańskiego w Poznaniu (Founding of the Lubrański Academy in Poznań) | 1886 | National Museum, Poznań | ||
17. | Dziewica Orleańska (Maid of Orléans) | 1886 | oil on canvas 484 x 973 cm |
National Museum, Poznań | |
18. | Bitwa pod Racławicami (Battle of Racławice) | 1888 | oil on canvas 450 × 890 cm |
National Museum, Kraków |
|
19. | cycle Dzieje cywilizacji w Polsce (History of civilisation in Poland) |
1888-1889 | |||
20. | Chrzest Litwy (Baptism of Lithuania) |
1888 | oil on canvas 60 × 115.5 cm |
National Museum, Warsaw | |
21. | Zaprowadzenie chrześcijaństwa (Introduction of Christianity [to Poland]) |
1889 | oil on wood 79 × 120 cm |
National Museum, Warsaw | |
22. | cycle Poczet królów i książąt polskich (Fellowship of the kings and princes of Poland) | 1890-1892 | |||
23. | Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 r. (Constitution of 3 May 1791) |
1891 | oil on canvas 247 cm × 446 cm |
Royal Castle, Warsaw | |
24. | Carowie Szujscy przed Zygmuntem III (The Shuysky Princes before King Sigismund III) | 1892 | oil on wood 42 cm × 63 cm |
Jan Matejko House in Kraków | |
25. | Self-portrait (Autoportret) | 1892 | oil on canvas 160 cm × 110 cm |
National Museum, Warsaw | |
26. | Śluby Jana Kazimierza (Oath of Jan Kazimierz) | 1893 | oil on wood 315 cm × 500 cm |
National Museum, Wrocław |
See also
Notes
References
- ISBN 9788377858448.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot Fostering Polish Nationalism". Info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d "History's Impact on Polish Art". Info-poland.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
- National Gallery London. 2021.
- ^ a b William Fiddian Reddaway (1971). The Cambridge History of Poland. CUP Archive. p. 547. GGKEY:2G7C1LPZ3RN.
- ^ Matejko Adressat des Briefes Den erlauchten Polen vom 4. Januar 1889 (in German)
- ^ Nietzsches Briefe, Ausgewählte Korrespondenz, Wahnzettel 1889
- ^ ISBN 9788377858448.
- ISBN 9788377858448.
- ^ ISBN 9788377858448.
- ISBN 9788377858448.
- ^ ISBN 9788377858448.
- ISBN 9788321336527.
Matejko malował nadto dwukrotnie sceny hołdu carów Szujskich przed Zygmuntem III w 1853 i 1892 roku."
[Google Books does not display page number for this book] - ^ a b c d e Bochnak (1975), p. 185
- ^ ISBN 9788377858448.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bochnak (1975), p. 186
- ISBN 9788377858448.
- ISBN 9788377858448.
- ISBN 978-83-7023-820-9.
- ^ AB (5 December 2002). "Helena z Matejków Unierzyska". Miasta.gazeta.pl. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2009.
- ^ Projekt. Prasa-Książka-Ruch. 1992. p. cxliii.
- ISBN 978-83-213-3652-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Bochnak (1975), p. 187
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bochnak (1975), p. 188
- ISBN 978-83-08-02562-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Wanda Małaszewska. "Matejko, Jan." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 28 May 2014, http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T055919
- ISBN 9788301010485.
- ^ Mieczysław Treter (1939). Matejko: osobowosc artysty, tworczosc, forma i styl (in Polish). Książnica-Atlas. p. 611.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bochnak (1975), p. 189
- ^ "The Immaculate Conception and Sobieski Rooms". vaticanstate.va. Archived from the original on 7 June 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
- ^ a b c d e Bochnak (1975), p. 190
- ISBN 978-0-415-58073-1.
- ISBN 978-83-89747-16-7.
- Nürnberg, 26.3.-25.4.1982, Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum, Braunschweig, 16.5.-27.6.1982, Städt. Wessenberg-Gemäldegalerie, Konstanz, 11.7.-15.8.1982. 1982.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Stanisława Serafińska (1958). Jan Matejko: wspomnienia rodzinne (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 575.
- National Gallery London. Archived from the originalon 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ISBN 9788377858448.
- ^ Ciciora, Barbara (2006). "Jan Matejko in München" (PDF) (in German). zeitenblicke. Retrieved 5 March 2016. (PDF; 261 kB)
- ^ "WYSTAWA: Wielka rekwizytornia artysty. Stroje i kostiumy z kolekcji Jana Matejki" [EXHIBITION: Great artistic repository. Clothing and costumes in the collection of Jan Matejko.]. Muzeum Narodowe w Krakowie. 2012. Archived from the original on 9 March 2014. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ISBN 978-0-313-26007-0.
- JSTOR 777255.
- ^ Ciciora-Czwórnóg, Barbara. Jan Matejko. p. 56.
- ^ Krzysztofowicz-Kozakowska, Stefania.Malarstwo polskie w zbiorach za granicą. publisher, Kluszczyński. 2001, p. 12.
- ^ "Telegramy biura koresp". Czas. 190: 3. 21 August 1887.
- ^ "Doktorzy honoris causa". Jagiellonian University (in Polish).
- ^ "Kronika". Kurjer Lwowski. 335: 4. 2 December 1888.
- ISBN 978-0-19-860476-1.
- ISBN 978-0-520-03328-3.
- ^ "O oddziale". Muzeum.krakow.pl. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ Bochnak (1975), p. 191
- ISBN 978-83874-5563-7.
- ^ a b c d e f g h ""Artists from the School of Jan Matejko" | Event". Culture.pl. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- National Gallery London. Archived from the originalon 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-134-42865-6.
- ^ "Considered Poland's greatest panorama painter, Jan Styka died 95 years ago today". Retrieved 29 April 2020.
Bibliography
- Adam Bochnak; Władysław Konopczyński (1975). Jan Matejko (in Polish). Vol. XX.
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ignored (help) - Batorska, Danuta (Spring 1992). "The Political Censorship of Jan Matejko".
External links
- Works by Jan Matejko Archived 14 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine chambroch.com
- A gallery of paintings with links to biography (289 words) and bibliographical pages (12 books).
- Matejko gallery, wawel.net
- Matejko gallery, malarze.com
- Jan Matejko, culture.pl
- "Clothing and Costumes..." From the Collection of Jan Matejko (in Polish)
- "Artists from the School of Jan Matejko"
- www.Jan-Matejko.org A website dedicated to Matejko