Pulaski Skyway

Route map:
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the bridge in New Jersey. For the former General Casimir Pulaski Skyway in Boston, see Interstate 93. For the cancelled expressway in Philadelphia, see Pulaski Expressway. For the bridge in New York City, see Pulaski Bridge.

General Pulaski Skyway
Looking east at Passaic River crossing, with Hackensack River bridge in background
Coordinates40°44′09″N 74°05′30″W / 40.73583°N 74.09167°W / 40.73583; -74.09167
Carries US 1/9 and
Route 139
CrossesPassaic River
Hackensack River
New Jersey Meadowlands
Kearny Point
LocaleJersey City, Kearny, and Newark, New Jersey, United States
Maintained byNJDOT
ID number0901150 (Hudson County)[1]
0704150 (
Clearance above
14 ft (4.3 m)
Clearance below135 ft (41 m) (for river crossings)
History
OpenedNovember 24, 1932
Pulaski Skyway
Pulaski Skyway is located in Hudson County, New Jersey
Pulaski Skyway
LocationUS 1/9 between mileposts 51.25–54.55
Coordinates40°44′09″N 74°05′30″W / 40.73583°N 74.09167°W / 40.73583; -74.09167
NRHP reference No.05000880[4]
NJRHP No.1526[5]
Significant dates
Added to NRHPAugust 12, 2005
Designated NJRHPJune 13, 2005
Location
Map

The Pulaski Skyway is a four-lane

Kearny Point, the peninsula between them, and the New Jersey Meadowlands
.

Designed by

Route 1 Extension, one of the first freeways or "super-highways" in the United States, to provide a connection to the Holland Tunnel. One of several major projects built during the reign of Hudson County political boss Frank Hague, its construction was a source of political and labor disputes. The viaduct is listed in the state and federal
registers of historic places.

Unpredictable traffic congestion and its

functionally obsolete design make the Skyway one of the most unreliable roads in the United States. As of 2014, the bridges handle about 74,000 crossings per day, none of which were by trucks since they had been barred from the road in 1934. The bridges have been altered little since opening. In 2007, the New Jersey Department of Transportation
(NJDOT) began a rehabilitation program, which it estimated would cost more than $1 billion and required intermittent closures. The Skyway was closed to eastbound traffic from 2014 to 2018.

Description

Pulaski Skyway crossing the Hackensack River

Sources differ on the length and terminal points of the skyway,

Route 1 Extension.[7][8] The National Bridge Inventory identifies the Hudson County section as 14,906 feet (4,543.5 m) long[1] and the Essex County section as 3,592 feet (1,094.8 m).[2] In a historic roadway and bridge study for NJDOT, it was described as 16,000 feet (4,900 m) long.[9] NJDOT has indicated the overall length of the bridge structures to be 3.5 miles (5.6 km) and identified the Hudson County section as 14,900 feet (4,500 m) long.[10][11] Other sources,[12] along with the National Register of Historic Places,[4] The New York Times,[13] and The Star-Ledger,[14]
describe it as being 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long.

The four-lane skyway carries the

wetlands of the New Jersey Meadowlands.[15]

Some maps, including one of Newark (1938)[16] and one of Elizabeth (1967),[17] labeled the US 1/9 southern approach starting north of Newark Airport as the Pulaski Skyway. An NJDOT single line diagram (2010) shows the General Pulaski Skyway starting at mile post 49.00 of U.S. 1/9, which is just north of the renamed Newark Liberty International Airport.[18] Google Maps includes the Route 139 eastern approach.[19]

There is limited intermediate access to the skyway: two single-lane ramps rise to the inner lanes of the elevated structure, requiring traffic to enter or exit from the left [20] providing access at the Marion Section[12] (southbound entrance and northbound exit only[20]) of Jersey City and South Kearny[12] (northbound entrance and southbound exit only[20]).

Trucks have been prohibited for the "safety and welfare of the public"[21] since 1934 because of the state's approval of a local ordinance that was championed by Frank Hague, mayor of Jersey City.[22] They are detoured to use U.S. Route 1/9 Truck, along the route of the Lincoln Highway that carried traffic before the skyway's construction. Pedestrians and cyclists cannot use the road as there are no dedicated bicycle lanes or sidewalks.[23] The speed limit on the skyway is 45 miles per hour (72 km/h),[18] but is generally not enforceable as there is nowhere for police to pull over speeders[24] because of the absence of shoulders.[8]

In 2011, the

Texas Transportation Institute determined that the Skyway was the sixth-most unreliable road in the United States because of the unpredictability of traffic congestion and therefore travel times.[25]

Design and construction

Except for crossings over Jersey City rail lines and the

Marion Running Track, to the east of which the skyway is low enough to use simple vertical supports.[4][28]

Design began in 1919 for the

Route 1 Extension.[33] Sigvald Johannesson designed the Skyway portion.[27]

embankments and passed through Bergen Hill in a cut, began in mid-1925. The two major eastern and western sections in Jersey City and Newark—including the viaduct leading to the "covered roadway" (Route 139) and the embankments in eastern Newark—were opened on December 16, 1928, about a year after the tunnel opened.[35] Traffic was still required to use the Lincoln Highway to cross the Hackensack and the Passaic on the since-replaced drawbridges that frequently stopped traffic to allow ships to pass.[33][36][37]

embankments
in eastern Newark; the skyway (background) rises higher to clear the Passaic River.

Lavis's design for the final viaduct passageway, which would be raised on concrete piers across the Meadowlands, included two vertical-lift bridges 35 feet (11 m) above the Passaic and Hackensack rivers, sufficient for the majority of ships to pass underneath. He resigned in 1928, believing his task was complete, but in January 1929 the War Department objected to the continued existence of the Lincoln Highway bridges once the skyway was complete. Since the Route 1 Extension was not intended for local traffic, and replacing the vertical-lift bridges with tunnels would have been expensive, a compromise was worked out by late 1929 to raise the river bridges to 135 feet (41 m) while allowing the Lincoln Highway drawbridges to remain in place.[33] The concrete jacketing of the steel was removed from the plans since it would make the taller fixed bridges heavier. This resulted in more maintenance.[33]

Four companies—the

U.S. Bureau of Public Roads to charge tolls on the Diagonal Highway. It was thought that tolls would be illegal because of the use of $600,000 of federal aid to build the road, but that it might be possible to transfer this funding to other projects.[43] A bill was introduced into the state legislature on May 1, 1933, to add tolls to the road (then known as the "sky way"), at a rate of 10 cents for cars and 20 cents for trucks. The legal obstacle to federal aid was resolved by gaining approval to transfer the funds.[44]

A plaque with dedication details

During planning and construction, and for about half a year after opening, the road had no official name and was known as the Diagonal Highway, Newark–Jersey City Viaduct, or High-Level Viaduct. On May 3, 1933, the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Assemblyman Eugene W. Hejke of Jersey City naming the road the General Casimir Pulaski Memorial Skyway after Casimir Pulaski, the Polish military leader who helped train and lead Continental Army troops in the American Revolutionary War.[45] An official ceremony was held on October 11, 1933, including the unveiling of signs with an abbreviated designation, Gen. Pulaski Skyway.[46]

Surveys taken during 1932 and 1933 proved that the skyway saved time on the new and old routes. Not only was the distance shortened by one-half mile (0.80 km), but it took at least six minutes less to travel the new route during regular traffic. Trucks gained even more time, saving anywhere from five to eleven minutes. During times of previous traffic congestion on weekends on the old route, the viaduct saved around 25 minutes or more from the elimination of traffic congestion. In addition, the new route did not have the much longer delays and traffic back-ups that were caused whenever the bridges on the old highway were opened. It was found that the skyway also diverted a good deal of traffic from other routes.[47]

Labor issues

Pulaski Skyway construction ended up causing a dispute between

Labor Bank Building. Essentially Brandle controlled any construction projects in northern New Jersey, and any strikes he might call would be backed by Hague's police.[48]

The relationship between Hague and Brandle started to go bad in late 1931, during construction of

Jersey City Medical Center, an important project to Hague. Leo Brennan, a contractor approved by Hague without consulting Brandle, who was building a backup power station for the hospital, refused to work with Brandle's card-file system, by which he kept track of union members and blacklisted those whom he disliked. The annoyed Brandle called a strike, but Brennan's workers refused; the police shut down the site after a brawl, but Brennan got court approval to continue. To placate Brandle, who threatened a strike that would stop all construction work on the center, Hague paid off Brennan and hired another contractor that Brandle had approved.[49]

For the construction of the Pulaski Skyway, which began in April 1930, Hague chose four members of the

picket lines of loyal union men, and the two sides frequently fought in the streets or in the work area. Brandle's sole victory was a five-day stoppage in July 1931 by 165 non-union workers, who were interested in higher pay and afraid of the ongoing fights, but decided against joining the union.[50] During the La Follette Civil Liberties Committee hearings, it was discovered that, in order to save about $50,000 in salary, the American Bridge Company, one of the four contractors, spent almost $300,000 on keeping its "open shop".[51]

Looking east with almost the entire skyway in the background from the Passaic River to its terminus in Jersey City; New Jersey Turnpike in the foreground

The first casualty of the labor battle was a picketer, shot and temporarily paralyzed by a perimeter guard on November 14, 1931, for throwing stones at workers. Several months later, on February 27, 1932, a car carrying six workers to the construction site was surrounded by union men, who began to beat them with iron bars. One of the workers, William T. Harrison, was dead by the next morning; Hague broke all ties with Brandle and ordered the police to "wage relentless war against the Brandle gang-rioters". In April 1932, 21 ironworkers were indicted as suspects in the Harrison murder.

confessions.[53] In addition to William T. Harrison's death, 14 lives were claimed by work-related accidents during construction.[54]

Hague refused to allow Brandle and the unions to win, and began to force unions to

National Labor Relations Act. Socialist Norman Thomas was prevented from speaking in Jersey City and Newark by Hague and his friends.[55] This and other similar cases turned the national spotlight on Hague, and he was attacked by the New Yorker and Life in early 1938. Finally, in 1947, Governor Alfred E. Driscoll cut off Hague's judicial power, and the mayor retired.[56]

Truck and other safety issues

Looking east at the South Kearny ramp. Built to promote industrial development, its steep incline was too dangerous for trucks. (1978 photo from Historic American Engineering Record Survey, NJ-34)

The slippery concrete surfacing, steep left-side ramps, center

New Jersey State Highway Commission approved the ban on January 23.[59][60]

As a result of controversy caused by the ban, 300,000 ballots were distributed on February 6 to motorists on the skyway, asking whether trucks should be banned. Mayor Hague promised to go with the majority,

I-78) opened in September 1956, allowing trucks to bypass the old surface road, US 1/9 Truck.[64]

On May 21, 1952, large numbers of trucks were spotted by Jersey City police entering the city on the skyway. Upon pulling over the drivers, they were told that the exit in Newark for the truck route was closed for construction. A call to Newark police confirmed the situation. Hudson County police refused to force trucks to exit before Jersey City, since there was no state law banning trucks from the skyway. Jersey City Police Chief James McNamara gave in, and trucks were temporarily allowed to use the skyway, though only in one direction.[65]

1941 photo, before the median barrier was installed

When the skyway first opened, it carried five lanes; the center one was intended as a breakdown lane, but was used as a

median barrier was added in mid-1956, in addition to a new pavement coating designed to make the road less slippery.[66][67][68]

The New Jersey Turnpike, as seen in 2004 before it was lowered as part of a seismic retrofit and widening project, passes under the skyway.

The skyway was a constraint in the building of the New Jersey Turnpike in 1951. The turnpike had to be built low enough to provide enough clearance underneath the skyway, but high enough to then provide sufficient clearance over the nearby Passaic River. Turnpike engineers could have built over the skyway (at a much higher cost) or under the skyway's trusses; the latter option was chosen.[69][70] As part of a 2005 seismic retrofit project, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority lowered the Passaic River Viaduct Bridge on its easterly alignment to increase vertical clearance and allow for full-width shoulders underneath the Pulaski Skyway.[71][72] Engineers replaced the bearings and lowered the turnpike bridge by four feet (1.2 m), without shutting it to traffic.[72]

Rehabilitation

By the 2000s, the Pulaski Skyway was considered

structurally deficient.[74][75] The 2007 collapse of the I-35W Mississippi River bridge in Minneapolis raised concerns about the stability of the skyway, which was one of eight New Jersey bridges with similar design features.[76][77] Within days of the collapse, NJDOT announced that it would start a previously planned one-year, $10-million project to make critical repairs.[78] The work was the first phase of a planned 10-year, $200-million interim renovation project,[75][76] and marked the skyway's first significant repairs since 1984.[76]

After work began, it was determined that the repairs needed were more extensive, costly, and time-consuming than expected, and NJDOT estimated that rehabilitation could cost more than $1.2 billion.

US 1/9 Truck, all part of the larger distribution network in the Port of New York and New Jersey.[81][82]

In January 2013, NJDOT announced that work on the $335 million projects for repaving and restoration of the roadway would begin at the end of 2013 by the state owned China Construction America Company.[10] To facilitate the work, the eastbound lanes (northbound US 1/9) would close for two years after the Super Bowl XLVIII in February 2014 at the nearby Meadowlands Sports Complex.[83][84] The proposal was opposed by local politicians, who contended that it did not satisfactorily address the effect on local traffic and called for more thorough investigation into alternatives.[85][86] The closure date was postponed by NJDOT[87] to more completely work out comprehensive traffic and travel options.[88][89]

The roadway remained open through the use of alternate lane closures during the work[90][91] until April 12, 2014, affecting the 74,000 daily crossings.[15] The rehabilitation project, with an estimated cost of $1.2–1.5 billion,[82] is being done in phases and spread out over ten contracts, the first of which began in 2012, and the last, for final painting of the steel structure, planned for completion in 2020.[10][92] The improvements are expected to extend the life of the bridge until at least 2095.[10]

The Pulaski Skyway (left), looking east, and the Lincoln Highway (US 1/9 Truck) cross the Passaic and Hackensack rivers. The New Jersey Turnpike is visible in the foreground.

The skyway was closed for eastbound (northbound US 1/9) traffic on April 12, 2014, for two years in order to replace the entire bridge deck.[93][94] The midway access ramps in South Kearny and Jersey City were closed to regular traffic, but would be available to emergency responders.[95] In April 2015, NJDOT said that unforeseen additional repairs would be made, extending the scheduled April 2016 completion date to sometime later that year and adding $14 million in costs.[96] In March 2018, after several construction delays, it was announced that the Pulaski Skyway was set to be reopened to all traffic that spring.[97] The skyway reopened to all traffic on June 30, 2018, two days earlier than NJDOT had originally announced.[98] Auxiliary projects, such as rehabilitation of ramps onto the skyway and reconstruction of Route 139, are expected to continue at least through 2026.[99]

Travel alternatives

NJDOT worked with

New Jersey Transit (NJT) to bolster public transportation, encouraged car and van pooling, worked with local community officials, employers, truckers, local port employees, and the public to alleviate problems and address flexible working hours, and publicized alternate transportation options through television, radio, social media, news media, and its skyway website.[100][101]

To ease congestion, the Turnpike Authority converted a

variable message signs would provide motorists with daily traffic alerts[100][101] and an adaptive traffic signal system would be installed and monitored by the Meadowlands Commission to synchronize traffic lights at 15 intersections along US 1/9 Truck and Route 440 in Kearny Point and Jersey City. They are part of a larger "intelligent transportation system", the Meadowlands Adaptive Signal System, a network of traffic-controlled intersections with vehicle detectors in the Meadowlands.[102] In anticipation of traffic overflow onto local Jersey City streets, off-duty police officers would be hired to direct traffic heading to the Holland Tunnel during rush hours.[94][103]

To promote public transportation, NJT and PATH offered more frequent peak hour train services to Newark, Hoboken and Jersey City on the Hudson Waterfront, and Manhattan. NJT added a new bus route for peak hour service between Watchung and Newark Penn Station, along the US 22 corridor, and their bus schedules accommodated additional passengers on existing routes.[100][101]

Funding controversy

On June 12, 2014, the PANYNJ acknowledged that the

Securities and Exchange Commission, New York County District Attorney, and United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey were investigating its diversion of $1.8 billion to fund the Pulaski Skyway and other New Jersey roadway rehabilitation projects. These inquiries were related to how this funding, which was made at the urging of the Christie administration, was potentially misrepresented in documents related to bond sales. State laws require the PANYNJ to spend money only related to its own facilities, unless it gets approval from lawmakers in New Jersey and New York. The PANYNJ documents state that the Pulaski Skyway was designated as also providing access to the Lincoln Tunnel, even though it is miles from the tunnel and does not connect to it directly.[104][105] In December 2014, United Airlines filed a complaint with the Federal Aviation Administration that claims that since 2004 the PANYNJ has diverted more than $2 billion from the metro area airports to non-airport uses and that in 2014 alone it spent $181 million to repair the Pulaski Skyway and $60 million on the Wittpenn Bridge, NJDOT-owned and -operated structures.[106]

In popular culture

The Pulaski Skyway is the subject of The Last Three Miles, a book written by Steven Hart published in 2007.

The War of the Worlds, one of the Martian machines straddles the skyway (a scene replicated in the 2005 film wherein the first machine appears in the shadow of the bridge). It was featured in the 1979 film Hair.[12] Alfred Hitchcock's 1943 film Shadow of a Doubt and the 1999–2007 television drama The Sopranos include shots of the bridge in the opening montages.[108] Clutch included the track "Pulaski Skyway" on its 2005 release Robot Hive/Exodus.[109]

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Federal Highway Administration (2012). "NBI Structure Number: 0901150". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration.
  2. ^ a b Federal Highway Administration (2012). "NBI Structure Number: 0704150". National Bridge Inventory. Federal Highway Administration.
  3. ^ Parsons Brinckerhoff (PB Americas) (August 19, 2010). Pulaski Skyway Feasibility Assessment Study (PDF) (Report). New Jersey Department of Transportation. p. 23. Retrieved October 18, 2015.
  4. ^ a b c d McCahon, Mary E. & Johnston, Sandra G. (December 2003). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Route 1 Extension" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved March 22, 2013. Additionally, there are accompanying 25 photos from 1929 to 2003. Pulaski Skyway is a contributing property to the "Route 1 Extension".
  5. ^ Historic Preservation Office (January 18, 2013). "New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places: Essex County" (PDF). New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 19, 2012. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
  6. ISBN 978-0-8135-3510-4
    .
  7. ^ TAMS Consultants (May 1998). Preservation Plan for the Route 1 & 9 Corridor: Essex & Hudson Counties, New Jersey (PDF) (Report). New Jersey Department of Transportation. p. 10.
  8. ^ a b New Jersey Department of Transportation (2010). "Pulaski Skyway History". New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  9. ^ KSK Architects Historians Planners (January 2011). "Highway Era" (PDF). New Jersey Historic Roadway Study (Report). New Jersey Department of Transportation. p. 99.
  10. ^ a b c d Dee, Joe & Greeley, Tim (January 10, 2013). "Pulaski Skyway Rehabilitation Project to Close Northbound Travel Lanes Commencing in 2014" (Press release). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved January 12, 2013.
  11. ^ US 1 & 9 Pulaski Skyway over Hackensack Meadows (PDF). New Jersey Historic Bridge Data (Report). New Jersey Department of Transportation. November 12, 2002. p. 20. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
  12. ^ a b c d Karnoutsos, Carmela & Shalhoub, Patrick (2007). "General Casimir Pulaski Memorial Skyway". Jersey City Past and Present. New Jersey City University. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Kocieniewski, David (July 24, 2009). "Many Failing Roads, Little Repair Money". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
  14. ^ Feeney, Tom C. (August 27, 2007). "Work Set to Begin on Pulaski Skyway". Star-Ledger. Newark, NJ. Retrieved October 1, 2010.
  15. ^ a b New Jersey Department of Transportation (December 18, 2013). "The Pulaski Skyway: History and Background". New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
  16. ^ Price & Lee Co. (1938). Map of the City of Newark, NJ (Map). Price & Lee Co. Retrieved October 14, 2010.
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  21. ^ New Jersey Department of Transportation (October 29, 2003). "Traffic Regulations: Route 1 and 9, the Pulaski Skyway". New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved October 27, 2007.
  22. ^ Hart (2007), p. 163.
  23. ^ "Newark Bay, Passaic and Hackensack River Bridges". Fiboro Bridges. Transportation Alternatives. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 21, 2012.
  24. ^ Hart (2007), p. 55.
  25. ^ Fedschun, Travis (November 28, 2011). "Pulaski Skyway Ranked as Sixth Least Reliable Road in Country". The Jersey Journal. Jersey City, NJ. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
  26. OCLC 558616043 quoted in Hart (2007)
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  27. ^ a b Karnoutsos, Carmela. "General Pulaski Skyway". Jersey City A to Z. New Jersey City University. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010. Retrieved September 16, 2010.
  28. ^ Google (September 25, 2010). "3D Map of Tonnele Circle and Pulaski Skyway" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
  29. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 10, 22.
  30. ^ New Jersey Legislature (1922). "Chapter 253: Extension of Route 1". Public Laws of New Jersey. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  31. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 1–5.
  32. ^ US 1&9 over Elizabeth River & Local Streets (PDF). New Jersey Historic Bridge Data (Report). New Jersey Department of Transportation. November 12, 2002. p. 11. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
  33. ^ a b c d Hart (2007), pp. 57–73.
  34. ^ Hart (2007), p. 188.
  35. ^ "Jersey's Super Road to Be Opened Today". The New York Times. December 16, 1928. p. XX12. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  36. ^ "New Bridge is Ready: Passaic River Closed to Traffic Till Span Is Placed". The New York Times. September 7, 1940. p. 7. Retrieved October 12, 2013. (subscription required)
  37. ^ Haff, Joseph O. (February 26, 1953). "Jersey Is Building $300,000,000 Roads: Work on 165-Mile Parkway and Bridges Pushed to End Bottlenecks by Mid-1954—$8,000,000 Span Started—Jersey City-Kearny Link Will Aid Trucks". The New York Times. Books Section, p. 27. Retrieved October 12, 2013. (subscription required)
  38. ^ Hart (2007), p. 103.
  39. ^ Hart (2007), p. 123.
  40. ^ Hart (2007), p. 4.
  41. ^ "Auto Express Route Dedicated in Jersey". The New York Times. November 24, 1932. p. 27. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  42. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 132–136.
  43. ^ "Jersey Forces Toll Issue". The New York Times. October 26, 1932. p. 4. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  44. ^ "Tolls on Viaduct Set by Jersey Bill". The New York Times. May 2, 1933. p. 7. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  45. ^ "Jersey Honors Pulaski". The New York Times. May 4, 1933. p. 19. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  46. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 155–159.
  47. ^ Yordan, E.L. (March 18, 1934). "Raised Way Saves Time". The New York Times. p. XX8. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  48. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 87–92.
  49. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 89, 92–95.
  50. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 101–113.
  51. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 151–153.
  52. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 116–121.
  53. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 137–143.
  54. ^ Hart (2007), p. 112.
  55. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 143–151.
  56. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 169–172, 175–176.
  57. ^ "Bars Trucks on Skyway". The New York Times. January 9, 1934. p. 17. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  58. ^ "10 Held in Skyway Ban". The New York Times. January 16, 1934. p. 12. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
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  60. ^ a b Hart (2007), pp. 160–163.
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  64. ^ Ingraham, Joseph C. (September 9, 1956). "Bypass in Bayonne". The New York Times. p. X21. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  65. ^ "Banned Trucks Roll Along Pulaski Skyway While Jersey City Police Fume All in Vain". The New York Times. May 22, 1952. p. 29. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  66. ^ "Pulaski Skyway to Get New and Safer Surface". The New York Times. September 13, 1955. p. 26. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  67. ^ "Skyway Job to Cause Detour". The New York Times. June 4, 1956. p. 23. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  68. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 166–167.
  69. ^ Schwab, Armand Jr. (January 20, 1952). "City Linked to Super-Highway: New York Motorists Have Choice of Five Entrances to Jersey Turnpike". The New York Times. p. X17. Retrieved September 25, 2010. (subscription required)
  70. ^ Hart (2007), pp. 173–174.
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  72. ^
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  74. ^ Attachment #2: Structurally Deficient Bridges (All Bridges) (PDF). New Jersey Highway Carrying Bridges (Report). New Jersey Department of Transportation. September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  75. ^
    Hudson Reporter. Hoboken, NJ. Archived from the original
    on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  76. ^ a b c Davis, Tom (August 20, 2007). "Pulaski Skyway, at 75, to Get First Wave of Critical Repairs". The Record. Woodland Park, NJ. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  77. ^ Buettner, Russ (August 11, 2007). "After Minneapolis Disaster, Concerns About the Pulaski Skyway". The New York Times. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  78. ^ Phalon, Erin (August 10, 2007). "NJDOT Announces Major Repairs to Pulaski Skyway" (Press release). New Jersey Department of Transportation. Retrieved April 8, 2013.
  79. ^ Feeney, Tom C. (February 25, 2008). "Pulaski Skyway Repairs Will Cost Millions More than First Thought". The Star-Ledger. Newark, NJ. Retrieved September 25, 2010.
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Works cited

  • Hart, Steven (2007). The Last Three Miles: Politics, Murder, and the Construction of America's First Superhighway. New York:
    ISBN 978-1-59558-098-6
    .

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