Pulosari (volcano)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Mount Pulosari
Highest point
Elevation1,324 m (4,344 ft)[1]
Coordinates6°20′35″S 105°58′41″E / 6.343°S 105.978°E / -6.343; 105.978[1]
Geography
Mount Pulosari is located in Java
Mount Pulosari
Mount Pulosari
Mount Pulosari (Java Island)
Mount Pulosari is located in Indonesia
Mount Pulosari
Mount Pulosari
Mount Pulosari (Indonesia)
CountryIndonesia[1]
IslandJava[1]
ProvinceBanten[5]
RegencyPandeglang
Geology
Age of rockPleistocene[1]
Mountain typeStratovolcano[1]
Last eruptionUnknown[1]

Mount Pulosari is a

solfataras on its 300-metre (980 ft) deep caldera wall.[1] It has been identified as a volcano in a fumarolic state with no known eruptions.[6] Basalt, andesite, and pyroxene have all been identified in the petrology of the mountain.[6]

History

During the 10th century, a Hindu temple was built on the highland of the mountain,[5] under the Sunda Kingdom.[7] Five statues that share a single base depict Shiva Mahadewa, Durga, Batara Guru, Ganesha and Brahma; these are known as "Caringin" statues.[7]

800 priests are said to have lived on the mountain under the leadership of Prabu Pucuk Umun during the era of Sunan Gunungjati and Maulana Hasanuddin of Banten in the 16th century.[7] Hasanuddin lived there for almost a decade, and many converted to Islam.[7] Those who did not left for the southern mountainous areas.[7] Local history states that Hasanuddin required the converted priests to remain on the mountain, believing that a lack of pious guardians would be detrimental to the welfare of life on Java.[8]

The stratovolcano has also been known by the name Poelasari[1] and Pulasari.[1][2] In The Book of Ancient Kings, Mount Pulosari is referred to as Mount Batuwara.[3][4]

Cultural structures

Cidaresi Bergores stone

At 06° 21' 39.5" S, 106° 00' 17.6" E stands the Cidaresi Bergores stone, a 175 cm (69 in) long by 102 cm (40 in) wide

rice paddies. It is considered a symbol of fertility.[9]

Citaman pools

Sukasari Village stands at the base of Mount Pulosari and houses a complex of nine purification pools are located.[10]

Cipanggitikan

The pool at Cipanggitikan has been covered by concrete, leaving a rectangular shape measuring 4 m (13 ft) by 5.86 m (19.2 ft). It has a depth of 80 cm (31 in), and the water is used in the supply for Pandeglang and is owned in part by the Regional Drinking Water Company (PDAM) [id] in Pandeglang.[11]

Cikajayaan

Cikajayaan is west of Cipanggitikan and means "water of glory". Locals believe bathing in the pool will bring success. The pool is square, bordered by small rocks, and had an area comprising 3.8 m (12 ft) by 3.8 m (12 ft), with a depth of 53 cm (21 in). It is surrounded by Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.[11]

Cikaapeusan

Approximately 10 m (33 ft) from Cikajayaan stands Cikaapeusan, known as the "water of bad luck". People bathe in the pool to get rid of their bad luck. It measures 4.80 m (15.7 ft) by 5.30 m (17.4 ft) with a depth of 70 cm (28 in), and is covered by concrete like Cipanggitikan, save for a small opening on one side.[12]

Cipangantenan

Cipangantenan is approximately 8 m (26 ft) west of Cikaapeusan. It is in the shape of an "L", measuring 3.54 m (11.6 ft) by 2.90 m (9 ft 6 in) with a depth of 44 cm (17 in). This pool has a spring flowing directly into it that also flows into the larger Citaman Pool, and is surrounded by andesite rocks. The name means "wedding water" as it is believed that those who wish to find their "soul mate" must bathe in the water.[13]

Cikapaliasan

Approximately 6 m (20 ft) west of Cikapangantenan, the waters of this pool are believed to protect from danger. The pool is shaped like a trapezoid and covers an area of 34.55 m (113.4 ft) square with a depth of 22 cm (8.7 in). The water from this pool flows directly into Citaman Pool.[13]

Cikaputrian

The most popular of the nine pool, Cikaputrian measures 2 m (6 ft 7 in) by 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) with a depth of 30 cm (12 in). It lies approximately 7 m (23 ft) to the northeast of Cikapaliasan.[13]

Cikahuripan

Located to the left of the entrance to the Citaman site, the pool is bordered by andesite rocks and covers an area of 14.29 m (46.9 ft) square, with a depth of 60 cm (24 in).[13]

Cikembangan

4 m (13 ft) southwest of Cikahuripan, Cikembangan – meaning "flower water" – is directly adjacent to Citaman Pool. It measures 2 m (6 ft 7 in) by 4.35 m (14.3 ft) and has a depth of 28 cm (11 in). It is covered with green moss.[13]

Citaman

The largest of the pools, Citaman covers an area of 941.58 m (3,089.2 ft) square and a depth of up to 100 cm (39 in). The water flows directly into the Cigetir River. It has a divider, allowing for division between genders in using the pool. It is 175 m (574 ft) above sea level, located at coordinates 6° 25' 24.5" S and 105° 55' 09.8" E.[14]

Goong complex

The Goong complex is approximately 30 km (19 mi) from the Pandeglang Regency government center. The word "Goong" is Sudanese for "gong" for the artifacts found among the megaliths. Several research studies were conducted to determine the cultural heritage of the site, concluding that the area is prehistoric and the stones are megaliths.[15] It is located at coordinates 6° 20' 17.2" S and 105° 55' 18.9" E and is a terraced site, low on the west and high on the east. The resulting stepped contour is called Kaduguling Hill.[16]

One of the megalith areas includes 12 stones in a

cylindrical stones with flat tops and one gong shaped artifact. The formation is often referred to as a "meeting bracelet".[16] There are five such constructions within the complex.[17]

Ranjang stone

The flat-topped andesite stone located at Batu Ranjang [id] is known as a dolmen. Though these are traditionally grave sites, this particular location is thought to have been used for the worship of ancestral spirits.[18]

Sirit Gopar site

On the slopes of Mount Pulosari at 6° 19' 20.4" S and 105° 58' 52" E stand a number of menhirs in the shape of a phallus. The name of the site translates to "male genitals". It is considered a site for fertility rites from prehistoric Indonesian peoples.[19]

Tongtrong stone

The Tongtrong stone is located in the yard of a prayer room, and because it has been removed from its historical context, its exact historical cultural function is unknown. There is debate as to whether it was involved in burial or, because of its shape resembling female genitals, in fertility ceremonies.[20]

Flora

Some Dissochaeta plants are known to grow from Mount Pulosari to Mount Slamet in Banyumas Regency.[21] Specific species include D. inappendiculata[22] and D. gracilis.[23]

Alyxia plants have also been recorded in the area, with local wisdom mixing the wilted leaves of the gagan plant (centella asiatica) to create a vermicide for children.[24]

A variant of Actephila (Actephila javanica) is thought to grow at approximately 1,000 m (3,300 ft) above sea level. It was observed flowering in December circa 1910.[25]

Glochidion arboreseens [zh] is the recorded name of a plant found growing on the mountain between 10 m (33 ft) and 200 m (660 ft) above sea level.[26] G. rubrum [war] was found growing nearly at the top of the volcano, at 1,300 m (4,300 ft), and was seen to bloom in June.[27] G. borneense [war] also bloomed in June and was found growing at 1,050 m (3,440 ft).[28] G. kollmannianum was found at 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[29]

Myths

Mount Pulosari has a small role in the Hindu creation myth associated with Mount Karang: in the story, Hanomat, king of the monkeys, carried two large bags of sand to create two islands in the Sunda Strait. When he saw that three islands already existed there, he tore the bags to pieces, creating two growing piles of sand that formed both Karang and Pulosari.[30]

The Banaspati Ghost [id] is a legend of a ghost that roams the mountain and leads climbers astray.[31]

Another local legend tells of buffalo-sized wild boars who roam the slopes of the mountain at night and destroy crops.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Pulosari". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  2. ^ a b Simkin 1981, p. 197.
  3. ^ a b Voûte 2005, p. 219.
  4. ^ a b Judd 1889, p. 365.
  5. ^ a b c Kaur & Isa 2020, p. 179.
  6. ^ a b Grose & Keller 1975, p. 73.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Gunung Pulosari dan Proses Islamisasi di Banten" [Mount Pulosari and the Islamization Process in Banten]. Banten News (in Indonesian). 2018-11-13. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
  8. ^ Hamdani dan Mas'udi 2021, pp. 602–603.
  9. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 34–35.
  10. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 21–23.
  11. ^ a b Puspitorini et al. 2019, p. 23.
  12. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 23, 25.
  13. ^ a b c d e Puspitorini et al. 2019, p. 24.
  14. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 24–26.
  15. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 26–29.
  16. ^ a b Puspitorini et al. 2019, p. 28.
  17. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, p. 29.
  18. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, p. 31.
  19. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 38–39.
  20. ^ Puspitorini et al. 2019, pp. 36–37.
  21. ^ Kartonegoro & Veldkamp 2010, p. 126-127.
  22. ^ Kartonegoro et al. 2018, pp. 97–100.
  23. ^ Kartonegoro et al. 2018, pp. 87–91.
  24. ^ Supardi 1967, pp. 25, 59.
  25. ^ Koorders & Valeton 1910, p. 49.
  26. ^ Koorders & Valeton 1910, p. 116.
  27. ^ Koorders & Valeton 1910, p. 152.
  28. ^ Koorders & Valeton 1910, p. 165.
  29. ^ Koorders & Valeton 1910, p. 168.
  30. ^ De Leeuw 1961, pp. 105–106.
  31. ^ a b Pratama 2023, p. 1.

Bibliography

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