Race and crime

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Race is one of the correlates of crime
receiving attention in academic studies, government surveys, media coverage, and public concern. Research has found that social status, poverty, and childhood exposure to violent behavior are causes of the racial disparities in crime. Research conducted in Europe and the United States on the matter has been widely published, particularly in relation to discrimination by criminal justice systems.

Discrimination by the criminal justice system in Europe

Research suggests that police practices, such as racial profiling, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects in Sweden, Italy, and England and Wales. According to the Racial Disparity Audit conducted by the United Kingdom Prime Minister, in 2017 minorities living in Wales and England were more than 3.5 times more likely to be arrested than whites. Likewise, this same group was far more likely to be the victims of crime with their white counterparts only having 15 percent likelihood.[1][2][3][4][5][6][excessive citations] Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities in Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy, Germany, Denmark and France.[2][4][5][7][8][9][10][excessive citations]

Discrimination by the criminal justice system in the United States

Main articles: Race and crime in the United States and Race in the United States criminal justice system

Research suggests that police practices, such as racial profiling, over-policing in areas populated by minorities and in-group bias may result in disproportionately high numbers of racial minorities among crime suspects.[11][12][13][14][excessive citations] Research also suggests that there may be possible discrimination by the judicial system, which contributes to a higher number of convictions for racial minorities.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][excessive citations] On average, white offenders are less likely to be arrested for their crime than non-white offenders. [23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bulman, May (October 11, 2017). "Ethnic minorities most likely to be both victims and suspects of crime, UK race report finds". The Independent. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b "Diskriminering i rättsprocessen - Brå". www.bra.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2016-01-26.
  3. doi:10.1093/bjc/azt005
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  4. ^
    doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.029
    .
  5. ^
    S2CID 145099179
    .
  6. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.014
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  7. S2CID 143646955
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  8. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859016.013.030
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  9. S2CID 155814847
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  10. S2CID 143366742
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  11. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00556.x
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  12. ^ Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2008/09, p. 8., 22
  13. ^ West, Jeremy (February 2018). "Racial Bias in Police Investigations" (PDF). Working Paper.
  14. S2CID 1547854
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  15. S2CID 2338687
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  16. S2CID 154533225
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  17. doi:10.1093/qje/qjs014
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  18. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb01389.x
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  19. S2CID 147631237
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  20. doi:10.3386/w23421
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  21. S2CID 3348344
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  22. ISSN 1945-7731
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  23. ^ Beck, Allen J. (September 2021). "Race and Ethnicity of Violent Crime Offenders and Arrestees, 2018" (PDF). Retrieved October 13, 2023.
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