Race and video games
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The relationship between
Race and video game players
Demographics of video game players
While research has shown the stereotypical image of a "gamer" to be a white male,[2] the reality of the situation is much more diverse. Gaming's popularity among communities of color changed significantly over a short period of time: while a 2009 study found that 73.9% of white parents said their children play video games, compared to 26.1% of nonwhite parents,[3] a 2015 result showed that 83% of black teens and 69% of Hispanic teens played video games while white teens remained at 71%.[4]
Among adults, another 2015 study found that over half of black and Hispanic adults play video games (though only 11% of black and 19% of Hispanic adults identified as "gamers").[5] By some calculations, people of color will be the majority of players before 2030.[6]
Experiences of gamers of color
Adrienne Shaw describes how the gamer identities of players intersect with identities of gender, race, and sexuality. Her research looked at the ways that identity shaped the player's own perception of whether or not they may be considered a "gamer" as its own identity and suggested that their rise in popularity among players of color is rooted in its mainstreaming, not any change in the games or development processes to attract diverse audiences.[7]
In online play, gamers of color may experience racial harassment once identified as such, including based on voice chat. This is particularly well-documented for women of color, whose issues are compounded by their intersecting identities.[8] A 2020 survey conducted by the Anti-Defamation League reported that over half of online gamers experienced discrimination, including at least 30% of both black and Hispanic/Latino respondents.[9]
People of color in the games industry
According to gaming convention organizer Avinelle Wing, "the industry has an even bigger problem with race than it does with gender.”[10] A report published in 2016 by the International Game Developers Association found that people of color were both underrepresented in senior management roles as well as underpaid in comparison to white developers.[11] The IGDA's 2021 report showed minimal improvement in diversity among employees, with three-quarters of employees in the industry identifying as white.[12]
Many have pointed out that this lack of
The Game Developers Conference, a popular annual video game conference frequented by both industry and players, runs an "Advocacy Track" to "address new and existing issues within the realm of social advocacy. Topics covered range from diversity to censorship to quality of life."[15] While initially started in 2013 to address issues around gender and gaming, the "Advocacy Track" features panels explicitly interested in improving diversity in gaming more broadly, including concerns around race[16] and representation.[17]
Racial representations in video games
Through interactive gameplay, players learn about race through the types of characters that are portrayed in the virtual reality. Some scholars argue that the way racial groups are portrayed in video games may affect the way video game players perceive defining characteristics of a racial group.
Compared to the research on gender stereotyping, fewer studies have examined racial stereotyping in video games.[20]
Light skin tones are seen as the default skin color for many games.[3] A 2015 survey found that 35% of blacks, 36% of Hispanics, and 24% of whites surveyed believe that minorities are portrayed poorly in video games.[21]
Black representation
The portrayal of racial minorities in video games has been demonstrated to have a tendency to follow certain racial stereotypes. In a 2001 study by Children Now, 83% of African-American males were portrayed as competitors in sports-oriented games, while 86% of African-American females were either "props, bystanders, or participants in games, but never competitors."[22] Other research from the era found similar proportions of black characters appearing in sports games.[23] Research by Anna Everett and Craig Watkins in 2007 claimed that since then, the number of black and Latino characters has increased with the rising popularity of "urban/street games," while their portrayal remained consistently narrow,[18] but 2009 research showed that black characters made up just over 10% of characters, primarily adhering to one of these two archetypes.[19] In the action/shooter genre of urban/street games, both blacks and Latinos are typically portrayed as "brutally violent, casually criminal, and sexually promiscuous," while in sports, blacks are typically portrayed as "verbally aggressive and extraordinarily muscular and athletic."[18] African Americans are represented as aggressive or athletic characters[24] more often than as protagonists or heroes. In a study that examined the top 10 most-highly rated games for each year from 2007 to 2012, black characters represented just 3% of main protagonists,[25] in line with Kishonna Gray's suggestion that representations of black people in sports games skew statistics and mask the lack of diversity in other games.[26]
Adam Clayton Powell III argued that the high proportion of black male characters in sports video games have enabled (predominantly white male) gamers to practice what refers to as "high-tech blackface",[27] which David J. Leonard describes as a digital form of minstrelsy that allows white players to effectively 'try on' blackness without being forced to acknowledge or confront the degrading racist histories surrounding minstrelsy.[23] White players who play violent video games as a black avatar show increases in both racial bias and violent tendencies in the player,[28] and black players have been found to self-enforce black stereotypes in game environments.[18]
Latino and Hispanic representation
The 2001 Children Now study claimed that of the 1,716 video game characters analyzed, all Latino characters "appeared in a sports-oriented game, usually baseball."[22] When only the most popular games were studied in 2009, less than 3 percent of characters were recognizably Hispanic, all non-player characters.[19] Ross Orlando's 2012 examination concurred, finding only 1 percent of characters to be Latino.[25] Some games' protagonists have since broken this trend, like Just Cause's Rico Rodriguez and Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six's 'Ding' Chavez, who are both Hispanic. Criticism remains that Latino characters are defined by their race, often highlighted by their accents or injected Spanish words in their dialogue, and that Latino characters adhere to classic stereotypes of male violence and female promiscuity.[29]
East Asian representation
The potential for video games as a site for promulgating reductive, racist tropes has prompted many to point out the use of
Controversies
There have been a number of controversies surrounding race and video games, including public debates about
Video games may influence the learning of young players about
In 2008, the release of Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Colonization was controversial for giving players the ability to colonize the Americas. For some critics, like Ben Fritz, the game was 'offensive' since it allowed players to do "horrific things ... or whitewash some of the worst events of human history." Fritz wrote, "the idea that 2K and Firaxis and Sid Meier himself would make and release a game in the year 2008 that is not only about colonization, but celebrates it by having the player control the people doing the colonizing is truly mind boggling."[44] Firaxis Games' president Steve Martin responded by pointing out how "the game does not endorse any particular position or strategy—players can and should make their own moral judgments."[45] There was significant backlash against Fritz on online forums and blogs, with some players defending in-game colonization as simply a realistic depiction of history.[46] Rebecca Mir and Trevor Owens write that the game must necessarily depict the reality of colonization, and that if there is to be criticism, it should be that the violence of the experience is sanitized for players.[35] Ken White[47] responded to Fritz's post, writing "Empire-building games always involve conflict — often violent — with other people, and the more sophisticated ones almost always depict stronger groups overcoming weaker groups. Many involve religious or cultural conversion of some sort. Many permit digital genocide, with your little nation of abstractions defeating another little nation of abstractions mercilessly.... While the graphics, gameplay detail, and level of abstraction vary widely, they all come down to build, manage, conquer, and destroy." Media theorist Alexander Galloway, in his book, Gaming: Essays on Algorithmic Culture, argues about how these kinds of games are always an "ideological interpretation of history" that attempt to convert the breadth of history into a specific, preordained experience.[48]
Effects and applications
Video games have also had an effect on the ability of racial minorities to express their identities online in semi-protected environments. The extensive ability to modify users' avatars in some multiplayer games, such as Minecraft, allows players to alter their outer appearance in game to match their real life appearance as closely as they choose.[49]
See also
- List of black video game characters
- Indigenous people in video gaming
- Brittney Morris's 2019 novel SLAY portrays a Black teen who creates a massively multiplayer online game for Black gamers to escape racial harassment in mainstream games.
- Jynx: A Pokémon accused by some of representing a blackface caricature
- Gender representation in video games
References
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- ^ "Video Games, Teen Boys and Building Social Skills and Friendships | Pew Research Center". Pewinternet.org. 6 August 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ Monica Anderson2 comments (17 December 2015). "Views on gaming differ by race, ethnicity | Pew Research Center". Pewresearch.org. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
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- ^ "Free to Play? Hate, Harassment and Positive Social Experience in Online Games 2020". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ a b Ong, Sandy (13 October 2016). "The Video Game Industry's Problem With Racial Diversity". Newsweek.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "Developer Satisfaction Survey 2014 & 2015 – Diversity in the Games Industry Report" (PDF). International Game Developers Association. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
- ^ "Developer Satisfaction Survey 2021: Summary Report" (PDF). International Game Developers Association. 13 September 2021. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ Owen Good (14 September 2009). "Minority Report: The Non-White Gamer's Experience". Kotaku.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ McWhertor, Michael (5 March 2015). "Black developers speak out on stereotypes in gaming". Polygon.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "GDC 2017 | February 27 — March 3, 2017 | Moscone Convention Center | San Francisco, California". Gdconf.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "GDC 2013 adds 'Advocacy Track' talks on women in games, games' public image – GDC News". Gdconf.com. 21 February 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ "Black Games in Review GDC". YouTube. 25 August 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
- ^ a b c d Everett, Anna; Watkins, Craig (2008), "The Power of Play: The Portrayal and Performance of Race in Video Games" (PDF), The Ecology of Games: Connecting Youth, Games, and Learning, The MIT Press
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- ^ "Gender and Racial Stereotypes in Popular Video Games". Handbook of Research on Effective Electronic Gaming in Education. LIII.
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- ^ a b Glaubke, Christina R.; Miller, Patti; Parker, Mccrae A.; Espejo, Eileen (2001), Fair Play? Violence, Gender and Race in Video Games, Children Now
- ^ a b "Gaming – High Tech Blackface – Leonard". Intelligentagent.com. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
- ^ Everett, Anna. "Race in Games" (PDF). Games Tech Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ a b Shoemaker, Stephen (4 June 2014). "Researcher examines racial and gender representation in top 50 video games". Phys.org.
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- ^ "Playing as black: Avatar race affects white video game players". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ "Portrayals of Latinx Characters in 2020 Video Games Already Have Me Tired". Fanbyte. 10 July 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
- ^ Kung, Jess (31 August 2019). "Should Your Avatar's Skin Match Yours?". NPR. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
- ^ Nakamura, Lisa (1995). "Race in/for cyberspace: Identity tourism and racial passing on the Internet" (PDF). Works and Days. 13: 1–2.
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- ^ Shoemaker, Stephen; College, Ithaca. "Researcher examines racial and gender representation in top 50 video games". phys.org. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
Of the games developed in Japan, Orlando notes that 75 percent feature white main characters. "Which was kind of the most interesting finding. I attribute that, more than anything, to business and marketing to the large markets that are North America and Europe.
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- ^ a b Rebecca Mir; Trevor Owens (2013). "Modeling indigenous peoples: Unpacking ideology in Sid Meier's colonization" (PDF). Playing with the Past: Digital Games and the Simulation of History: 91–106. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 February 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
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- ^ Morris, Seren (6 April 2021). "'Genshin Impact' critics call for boycott amid racism and pedophilia claims". Newsweek. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
- ^ Asarch, Steven (7 April 2021). "Gamers say they're boycotting popular role-playing title 'Genshin Impact' amid allegations of colorism". Business Insider. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ "Haitian-Americans protest Vice City." GameSpot website Accessed 18 August 2006.
- ^ "Take-two: self censoring "Vice City"." GameSpot website. Accessed 18 August 2006.
- ^ Hourigan B. "The moral code of grand theft auto IV." Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 1 December 2013.
- ^ Jamin Brophy-Warren (12 March 2009). "'Resident Evil 5' Reignites Debate About Race in Videogames". WSJ. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
- ^ "Ben Fritz, "Civilization IV: Colonization... Wow that looks offensive". [This link no longer loads from Variety.com]". Variety. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2008.
- ^ ""Firaxis responds to my Colonization post". Variety. 2008-06-27. Archived from the original on 2010-09-30". Archived from the original on 30 September 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
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- ^ "Variety's "The Cut Scene" Blog Shocked That Non-Pretend Events Depicted In Games". Popehat. 27 June 2008. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
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