Rama Kulasekhara
Rama Kulasekhara | |
---|---|
Kulasekhara Perumal • Koyil Adhikarikal • Cheraman Perumal • Cheramanar ( Chera Perumal dynasty | |
Religion | Hinduism |
Rama Kulasekhara (fl. late 11th century CE
Inscriptions related to Rama Kulasekhara can be found at Panthalayani Kollam near
Kollam functioned as the second headquarters of the Chera Perumal kingdom towards the final phase of Rama Kulasekhara's rule (c. 1100/02 AD - c. 1122/23). According to scholars, "the strategic advantage of marriage relations with the old ruling clan of Kollam in securing the loyalty of Venad can also be considered in the light of continuous Chola-Pandya attacks in south Kerala".[9] There is a tradition that Vira Kerala, a ruler of Kollam in early 12th century, was a son of the last Chera king.[10]
Career
Corrections by
Rama Kulasekhara came to the Chera Perumal throne in c. 1089/90.
Kulottunga Chola's south Kerala campaign
Southern parts of Kerala (
Recovery of Kollam
It seems that the Chera Perumal managed to recover
Vikrama Chola's south Kerala campaign
Later years of Rama Kulasekhara witnessed
A Tanjore inscription of Vikrama Chola mentions "the flight of the Chera king".
Epigraphic records
Note: Material: granite, script: Vattezhuthu with Grantha, and language: old Malayalam (unless otherwise stated)
Year | Location | Contents | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nature | Royal Name | Notes[7] | ||||
c. 1089 (no regnal year) | Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavathi temple inscription - courtyard of Panthalayani Kollam Bhagavathi temple[14]
|
Royal order | "Kulasekhara - Koyil Adhikarikal" | Koyil Adhikarikal orders that out of the Annual Dues (the Attaikoil) from Panthalayani Kollam , the Village Assembly (the Ur) was granted five nazhi out of every six nazhi and the melpadi of Thathamangalam
| ||
1092 AD (3rd regnal year)
Jupiter - Makaram[14] |
Periyar[14]
|
Temple committee resolution | "Kulasekhara Perumal" |
| ||
1099 AD (10th regnal year)
Jupiter - Karkadakam (month -Vrishchikam)[14] |
Perunna temple inscription (west side of the central shrine in temple)[14] | Royal order | "Kulasekhara" | King residing and issuing orders from the Great Temple (the Nediya Thali) at Kodungallur.
| ||
1099 (10th regnal year)
Jupiter - Karkadakam (month - Minam)[14] |
Nedumpuram Thali ( Wadakkanchery) inscriptions (right side of half-wall of the entrance corridor through the vathilmadam of the temple)[14]
|
Temple inscription (10th year) | "Ma[ha] Ko Rama" (10th year) |
| ||
1100 AD (11th regnal year)
Jupiter - Chingam[14] |
Temple committee resolution (11th year) | King's name or regnal year not mentioned (11th year) |
| |||
Rameswaram temple inscription (Kollam) (pillar set up in the courtyard of Rameswaram temple) or 'Quilon Inscription of Kollam 278' | Royal order | "Rama Thiruvadi Koyil Adhikarikal alias Sri Kulasekhara Chakravarthikal" |
| |||
1122 AD - 4th regnal year of king Vikrama Chola (coronation 1118 AD)[16] Material: granite blocks, script: Tamil, and language: Tamil. |
Thiruvanchuli/Thiruvalanjuli temple inscription (Tanjore ) - south wall of the mandapa in front of the central shrine in Kapardiswara temple
|
Temple inscription | "Cheramanar Rama Varma" |
|
Quilon Inscription of Kollam 278
swasti śṛi I
kollantoṉṛi-yirunūṛṛeḻupatteṭṭām-āṇṭai-kkaṉṉiyil viyāḻam pukka [ciṅṅa ñā]yiṛu oṉpatu ceṉṛa nāḷ iraṇṭām-āṇṭaikketir pati[norā]m āṇṭai[y
i]rāmar tiruvaṭi koyilatikārikaḷ-āyiṉa śṛi kulacekara-ccakkiravarttikaḷ kurakkēṇi-kkollattu paṉaiṅkāviṉ koyilakattirunnaruḷa
āriyaroṭu vanna virotattiṉu vrāyaccit-ttattiṉu putten paṛaiyāl patiṉāḻi-kkoḷḷum paṛaiyāl niyatam oro-parai-cceytu nel irāmeccuvarattu...āriya brāhmaṇaruṅkūṭi-yirunnaṭattu...pakkal....yakkaṅkaiyil-ttirukkai naṉaicaruḷa
nāṉku taḷiyum āyi[ram a]ṛunūṛṛuvarum eṛāṉaṭu vāḻkkai māṉavikkiramaṉ-āṉa pūntuṛaikkōṉ mutalāyuḷḷa cāmantarun tirukkaikkiḻ-kkūṭiyirukka-ttirukkai naṉaicc-a[ru]ḷiyāvitu I
accerikkal kārāṇmai ceta
veṇāṭṭukumāraṉ-utaiya vāmmaṉ...i...
ainnāḻikoḷḷum-iṭaṅkaḻiyāl muppattaru kala nelli rāmecurattu maṇṭapattil [kūttaṅ]kūṭi-yirunnatil i[vvāṇṭu] mutal tiru...vaikkum tirukkūttuṅkūṭi-cce[lvatu] I
kiṛṛaṭiccuvarattu meloṭitti...lu cennel muppattaṛu-kalam...lippaṭi-patiṉeṇkalam nellāl celaviṭuvitu I
vaiccanel patiṉaiṅkalattāl toḷḷāyira-nāḻi palākkāṭṭu kaṇṇan tevaṉ celaviṭuvitu I
toḷḷāyira-nāḻi mel ivvur cattipiramañ celaviṭuvitu I
celavu muṭṭikiṉṛe...mayālaññāḻi ari taṇṭapattu celaviṭuvitu I
kārāḷar mūvaruṅkūṭi cerikkal...kārāḷarum tirukkuṇavāttevar tirunaṭaiyil koṇṭu munnāḻikku‐okkum-iṭa[ṅ]kaḻi nānūṛṛu nāḻi nelāṭṭai kārāḷaru cerikkal koṭuppatu I
yivaṇṇ-a[m]maiccamaikku...kuṇavāyiraṉum yikkaṭai-kaṭamaiyāl...tiṉṛumaticcu okku...ṉṛunāḻi-uriyāl...
yirunāḻi akkiram patiṉāḻi ipperumāḷ naṭai cilaviṛku avaṛṛiṛku nāḻuri kiṛṛaṭiccurattu moloṭikku nāḻuri...koṭuktu...
ka...ṉṛa maṅṅalatt-iraviyirāyāṉ kaiyeḻuttu I
...ṉa...lakkaluṅyum...
micā-naṅkai-yāṭiyār āṛikku...ccṉeḻuttu I
araicūr ācāri kaiyeḻuttu I
tirupperūr maṛaikka...kaṇṭāccaaṉ kaiyeḻuttu
śṛi II
Literary evidences
A medieval Malayalam sloka names the last "Cheraman" as "Rama Varma".[19][20]
"Arum nerittu nillar ariya netuvirippoteto vanmelallo
Nireki pantotukkattakhila gunanidhe Ceraman Rama Varma".
Medieval Malayalam sloka, Ulloor S. Parameswara Ayyar, Vijnanadeepika, IV
Patron of Vasubhatta
Vasubhatta, a famous Yamaka poet of medieval Kerala, names his patron king as "Rama". A later commentary on a poem by Vasubhatta says that "Kulasekhara" was the regnal title of king Rama.[21] Scholars generally consider this a result of confusion on the part of the commentators (between Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara and Rama Rajasekhara) who were separated in time from Vasubhatta.[21] Some scholars identify king Rama Kulasekhara as the patron of poet Vasubhatta (and with royal dramatist Kulasekhara Varma).[22] This view is generally found unacceptable on several counts.[23]
Accounts of disappearance
Rama Kulasekhara was believed to have disappeared under strange circumstances in 1122 A.D. which prevented the nomination of another leader, in consequence of which the kingdom broke into pieces.
See also
- Chera dynasty
- Kulothunga Chola I
- Legend of Cheraman Perumals
References
- ^ ISBN 9781108857871.
- ^ As per M. G. S. Narayanan (1972)
- ^ ISBN 9788188765072.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. (2002). "The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala". In Champakalakshmi, R.; Veluthat, Kesavan; Venugopalan, T. R. (eds.). State and Society in Premodern South India. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 111–19.
- ISBN 9781108857871.
- ^ ISBN 9788188765072.
- ^ ISBN 9788188765072.
- ^ ISBN 9781108494571.
- ISBN 9788188765072.
- ^ ISBN 9788188765072.
- ^ ISBN 9788188765072.
- ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. 19. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore: 19.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. 19. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore: 24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Narayanan, M. G. S., ed. (2013) [1972]. "Index to Cera Inscriptions". Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 467–70.
- ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. 19. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore: 21-22 and 25-26.
- ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. (1993). Tewari, S. P. (ed.). "Manavikrama alias Punturakkon of Eranad - A New Name in the Twilight of the Chera Kingdom in Kerala". Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India. 19. The Epigraphical Society of India, Mysore: 20.
- ^ a b c d e Narayanan, M. G. S., ed. (2013) [1972]. "Index to Cera Inscriptions". Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 469–70.
- ^ Ayyar, A. S. Ramanatha, ed. (1924). "Quilon Inscription of Kollam 278". Travancore Archaeological Series. Vol. V. Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. pp. 44–46.
- ^ Kunjan Pillai, Elamkulam, P. N. (1963) [1953]. Kerala Charithrathile Iruladanja Edukal. Kottayam. pp. 147–8.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ayyar, Ulloor S. Parameswara. Vijnana Deepika. Vol. IV.
- ^ JSTOR 44141225.
- .
- ^ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "The Semantic Universe of the Kudiyattam Theatre". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–30.
- ISBN 978-81-7041-859-7. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-85065-484-1. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
According to this the Cochin dynasty owes its origins to the last king of the Chera empire , Rama Varma Kulasekhara , who divided his empire among his own and his sister's children , and among other relatives . He then embraced Islam
- ^ Congress, South Indian History (1999). Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... The Congress. p. 476. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
- ^ Sharafudeen, S. (2003). Muslims of Kerala: A Modern Approach. Kerala Historical Society. p. 14. Retrieved 6 September 2023.