Sthanu Ravi Varma
Sthanu Ravi | |
---|---|
"Kulasekhara" Deva | |
Chera Perumal of Makotai[3] | |
Religion | Hinduism |
Sthanu Ravi Varma (
The Chera Perumal relations with the
Sthanu Ravi probably abdicated the throne toward the end of his reign and became a
Career
Present-day central Kerala probably detached from Kongu Chera or Kerala kingdom (around 8th-9th century AD) to form the Chera Perumal kingdom.[14] Central Kerala was under some form of viceregal rule prior to this period.[15]
The direct authority of the Chera Perumal king was restricted to the country around capital Makotai (Mahodaya, present-day Kodungallur) in central Kerala.[16] His kingship was only ritual and remained nominal compared with the power that local chieftains (the udaiyavar) exercised politically and militarily. Nambudiri-Brahmins also possessed huge authority in religious and social subjects (the so-called ritual sovereignty combined with Brahmin oligarchy).[16][17]
Chola contemporary of Sthanu Ravi
Sthanu Ravi was a partner in the Chola king Rajakesari Varma's campaign in Kongu country (central Tamil Nadu).[18] It is known that the two rulers jointly conferred military honours on a chief of Tanjore called Vikki Annan (who was the husband of Kadamba Mahadevi), probably a Ganga prince. Vikki Annan, son of Prithvipati, is mentioned in a Ganga inscription of the mid-9th century AD.[19][20] The title "Kadamba" suggests a relationship with the Kadamba lineage.[21][18]
King Rajakesari Varma can be identified either with Aditya Chola (c. 871–907 AD[22]) or with Srikantha Chola (817–845 AD).[23]
- Identification of Rajakesari Varma with Aditya Chola (c. 871–907 AD) (followed Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai) – Elamkulam also assumes that Sthanu Ravi ruled up to 885 AD to be able to become the junior partner in Aditya Chola's wars in Kongu Nadu.[9] – this view is found acceptable by the recent scholarship.[22][24]
- Identification of Rajakesari Varma with Srikantha Chola (817–845 AD) – this puts the joint action in 844/45 AD and Sthanu Ravi's final regnal year in 883 AD[9] – this view was found acceptable by M. G. S. Narayanan (following T. V. Mahalingam).[9]
Astronomy
An astronomer called Sankara Narayana (c. 840 – 900 AD) was a member of the royal court of Kulasekhara. Narayana is best known as the author of Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, a detailed commentary of on the works of mathematician Bhaskara I (early 6th century AD).[25]
An observatory functioned at Kodungallur under the charge of Narayana.[26] There are references to an instrument called "Rashi Chakra" marked by a "Yanthra Valaya" in the Vyakha. This instrument might be the same as the Gola Yanthra/Chakra Yanthra mentioned by famous polymath Aryabhata. The Chakra Yanthra was developed further and called Phalaka Yanthra by Bhaskara I.[27]
Inscriptions
As Sthanu Ravi
Ayyan Adikal, the chieftain of Quilon (
Year | Inscription | Nature (language) | Royal Name | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
849 AD | Quilon Syrian Christian copper plates
|
Royal charter (Malayalam) |
|
|
855 AD | Irinjalakkuda inscription (Kudalmanikyam Temple) - a single granite slab currently fixed on the bottom portion of the inside wall of the first prakara of the temple.[33] | Temple committee resolution (Malayalam) | "Tanu Ravi, Ko" | |
861 AD | Thiruvatruvay copper plate - owned by Muvidathu Mecheri Illam (Thiruvalla) | Temple committee resolution (Malayalam) | "Tanu Ravi, Ko" |
|
c. 870/71 AD | Thillaisthanam inscription (Tanjore) - a single granite slab[18] on the south wall of the central shrine in the Ghrithasthaneshwara Temple, Thillaisthanam. | Temple inscription (Tamil) | "Cheraman Tanu Ravi, Ko" |
|
As Kulasekhara
9th century AD | Thirunanthikarai inscription - a single slab of granite in the courtyard of the structural temple | Temple committee resolution (Tamil) |
|
|
Literary references
An anonymous work called Padmapada Acharya Charita says that the protagonist who was the disciple of philosopher-theologian Sankara flourished in time of king "Kulasekhara".[35] Vasubhatta, a famous Yamaka poet of medieval Kerala, names his patron king as "Rama". A later commentary on a poem by Vasubhatta says that "Kulasekhara" was the regnal title of king Rama.[36] Scholars generally consider this a result of confusion on the part of the commentators (between Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara and Rama Rajasekhara) who were separated in time from Vasubhatta.[36] Some scholars also identify king Rama Kulasekhara as the patron of poet Vasubhatta (and thus placing Vasubhatta in 11th-12 centuries AD).[37] This view is generally found unacceptable on several counts.[38]
Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha
The opening verse of Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, composed in the court of Ravi Kulasekhara, gives an indirect invocation to the lord called "Sthanu" (carefully composed to be applicable to god Siva and the ruling king).[25]
sa sthanurjayati trirupasahito lingepi lokarcitah
— Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, Chapter I
The commentary also gives the current date as Kali Era and as Saka Era.
angartvambara nanda devamanubhir yate dinanam gane
graste tigma mayukhamalinitamobhute parahne divi
prsta praggrahanad dvitiyaghatika grasa pramanam raver
bharta sri kulasekharena vilasad velavrtaya bhuva— Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, Chapter IV
- Anga = 6, Rtu = 6, Ambara = 0, Nanda = 9, Veda = 4, and Manu = 14
- Order - 6609414
- Reverse Order - 1449066
- Kali Date - 3967 years and 86 days = 25 Mithuna, Kollam Era 41 = 870 AD
evam sakabdah punariha candra randhramuni sankhyaya asambhiravagatah
— Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, Chapter 1 (c. 870 AD)
- Candra = 1, Randhra = 9, and Muni = 7
- Order - 197
- Reverse Order - 791 (Saka Year) = 870 AD
It was on the basis of certain statements in Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, the date coronation of Ravi Kulasekhara was fixed at 844 AD. [25]
capapravista guru sauri samatva kalam
yamyottaram gamanamantaratah pramanam
acaksvya sarvamavagamya bhatoktamargad
ityuktavan ravirasena nrpabhivandya
tada pancavimsati varsanyatitani devasya— Laghu Bhaskariya Vyakha, Chapter VII
- Meeting of Guru (=Jupiter) and Sauri (=Saturn) in Capa (Dhanu) = 25th regnal year of the king = 870 AD
See also
- Rajendra Chola
- Raja Raja Chola
- Kulasekhara Alvar
References
- ^ As per MGS, 1972
- ^ As per MGS, 1972
- ^ As per MGS, 1972
- ^ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-66.
- ^ a b c 'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), Irreverent History:- Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan, Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. 74-75.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 64-66 and 78-79.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 436.
- ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 79-80.
- ^ 'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), Irreverent History:- Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan, Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. 74-75 and 78.
- ^ Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 46-48 .
- ^ Veluthat, Kesavan. 2004. 'Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur', in South-Indian Horizons, eds Jean-Luc Chevillard, Eva Wilden, and A. Murugaiyan, pp. 471–85. École Française D'Extrême-Orient.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 89-90 and 92-93.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 80-93.
- ^ a b Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
- ^ a b c d Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 435-437.
- ^ Tillaisthanam Inscription (844-5 CE, Tanjore) of "Tondainadu Pavina Cholan Palyanai", Ko Kandan, Rajakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 23 (1979), no. 129.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 95-96.
- ^ Menon, A. Sreedhara (1967). A Survey of Kerala History. Kottayam (Kerala): DC Books, 2007. [1]
- ^ a b Ali, Daud. “The Death of a Friend: Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India.” Studies in History, vol. 33, no. 1, Feb. 2017, pp. 36–60.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 436-37.
- ISBN 9781108494571.
- ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 78-79.
- ISBN 978-81-321-0168-0.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 390-391 and 408-409.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 435 and 37.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67 and 437-438.
- ISBN 9781108494571.
- ^ a b Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 435-437.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-38.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 436.
- ^ a b c Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 437-438.
- ^ Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-66, 95-96, 383-5, 436.
- ^ JSTOR 44141225.
- .
- ^ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "The Semantic Universe of the Kudiyattam Theatre". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 229–30.