River Torrens
Torrens Karrawirra Parri river mouth in South Australia | |
---|---|
Etymology | Robert Torrens[2] |
Native name | |
Location | |
Country | Australia |
State | South Australia |
Region | Adelaide Plains |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | Mount Lofty Ranges |
• location | Mount Pleasant |
• elevation | 480 m (1,570 ft) |
mouth[3] | |
• average | 0.71 m3/s (25 cu ft/s) |
Basin features | |
Reservoir | Kangaroo Creek Reservoir |
[4] |
The River Torrens
The river is also known by the native
At its 1836 exploration by
Since European settlement the river has been a frequently touted tourist attraction. The river's long linear parks and a constructed lake in the lower stretch are iconic of the city. The river's flora and fauna have been both deliberately and accidentally impacted since settlement. In the 19th century, native forests were cleared, gravel removed for construction and many foreign species introduced. With construction of the linear parks, many species native to the river have been replanted, and introduced species have been controlled as weeds.
The river and its tributaries are highly variable in flow, and together drain an area of 508 square kilometres (196 sq mi). They range from sometimes raging torrents, damaging bridges and flooding city areas, to trickles and completely dry in summer. Winter and spring flooding has prompted the construction of flood reduction works. A constructed sea outlet, landscaped linear parks and three holding reservoirs contain peak flow.
Physiography
The River Torrens runs largely westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the centre of Adelaide to the Gulf St Vincent. It originates close to the eastern
From its origin to
Tributaries
The Torrens is fed by numerous seasonal creeks, which are dry for most of the year in their lower reaches, but prone to occasional flooding during the winter and spring. There are five main creeks that join it from the southern side as it crosses the Adelaide Plains east of Adelaide, and at least five more in its path through the Adelaide Hills.[10]
The plains tributaries, known as First to Fifth Creeks, lie to the east of the city, with First being the most southerly and the rest numbered consecutively northward. They were once named Greenhill, Hallett, Todd, Anstey and Ormsby rivulets respectively, and had Kaurna names before European settlement.[11]
First, Second and Third Creeks have been particularly heavily modified. Some sections have been converted to concrete channels; others run through landscaped private gardens and some run in underground pipes. Much of the original vegetation has disappeared from the creeks, particularly those closest to the city. Introduced species including
First Creek begins in
Second Creek arises in the
First and Second Creeks come within about 46 metres (50 yd) of each other in Marryatville, with formerly only flat land between them.[21]
Third Creek arises near
Fourth Creek, or Morialta Creek, arises on the other side of Norton Summit, with various tributaries flowing into it from
Fifth Creek arises within the Morialta Conservation Park, runs alongside Montacute Road for some way and discharges into the Torrens at
The largest catchment of the Torrens is Sixth Creek in the Adelaide Hills, which joins the Torrens at Castambul on Gorge Road.[25]
Water flow
At the time of European settlement the river was a summertime chain of waterholes bounded by large gum trees. Flowing through the area where the city of Adelaide is sited the river was sometimes invisible beneath its gravel stream bed. It frequently flooded in winter and did not reach the sea, instead ending at coastal dunes where its waters created a vast but shallow freshwater wetlands. These wetlands, known as The Reedbeds after the dominant vegetation, occupied a large area of the western Adelaide Plains and were also fed by other waterways.[9]
The river only flowed to the sea through the Port River, Barker Inlet, and Patawalonga River following heavy rain.[26]
The river's catchment area of approximately 500 km2 (193 sq mi) is the largest of any waterway within the Adelaide region. The upper reaches are used to create a
What the River Torrens may be capable of performing for a week or two of the rainy season beyond sweeping down to the swamp the summer filth of Adelaide we cannot guess; but the Torrens at other times is not a river at all, but merely a chain of fresh water pools. At the present moment, its running water may be spanned with the hand and sounded with the forefinger
— The Register, 1838[30]
Since settlement it has repeatedly flooded, sometimes with disastrous consequences. Adelaide's western suburbs were especially prone to flooding due to their location on the river's alluvial fan.[31] As development of Adelaide progressed the amount of rainfall required for flooding decreased and consequent damage increased. Increased stormwater runoff, modification of the river's banks and other changes all served to exacerbate the problem. Work done by various groups to minimise flooding was often counter productive with the creation of levees, moving and widening channels and other works simply shifting the flooding elsewhere.[32]
Two early floods were, 18 September 1841 which resulted in two people
European exploration and naming
The first European sighting of the river was in November 1836 by an exploration party comprising Lieutenant
In recent years the river has been dually known by the indigenous Kaurna people's name of Karra wirra-parri (meaning river of the Red Gum forest), referring to the dense eucalyptus forest that lined its banks prior to clearing by early settlers.[39] This name, alternatively Karra-weera, only referred to the lake section of the river, between Adelaide and North Adelaide. It was known as Karrundo-ingga at Hindmarsh, Witoingga near the reed beds, and Yertala everywhere when in flood, which has survived as Yatala in the naming of various places in Adelaide.[35]
Changes after 1836
During early years of colonisation, the surrounding trees were cut down and the river's gravel used in road making and construction of buildings. As the natural environment was removed, the banks were eroded and the riverbed gradually levelled as waterholes filled. By 1878 the river was noted to be a malodorous, black sewer rather than the sylvan stream of the 1830s.[41]
...anything in the guise of a river more ugly than the Torrens would be impossible to either see or describe...
— Anthony Trollope prior to 1880[42]
Much of the river's catchment area consists of cleared
Flood mitigation
A flood mitigation bill was passed in 1917 to not only combat the damage caused by floods but also the public health risk due to the lack of mains
A major flood in 1931 and another in 1933 led to the latest in a series of government enquiries. In 1934 the "Parliamentary Standing Committee on Public Works" recommended that an outlet for the river be created to accommodate flows of up to 370 m3/s (13,000 cu ft/s), covering a 1-in-60-year flood. The work was partly financed by a
-
Horse-drawn tramway
-
Narrow-gauge diesel loco
-
Channel
-
Bridge
Based on recommendations in a 1925 report on flood mitigation, work began in the 1960s on the building of the Kangaroo Creek Reservoir, opened in 1969 with a capacity of 24.4 megalitres (860,000 cu ft).[49] It remains the only reservoir damming the river rather than being fed from weirs. The "River Torrens Committee" was formed in 1964 to advise the minister of works on preserving and enhancing the river's natural beauty, and developing it for recreational uses. The "River Torrens Acquisition Act 1970–72" was passed, authorising the purchase of land, in some cases 60 metres (200 ft) back from the top of the river's banks.[50]
By 1980, further development along the riverbanks and removal of levées had reduced the outlet's capacity to a 1-in-35-year flood. A study showed that a 1-in-200-year flood would inundate 13,000 properties; so the Kangaroo Creek dam's level was raised, its spillway modified, the Breakout Creek channel capacity increased and some bridges reinforced.[51] A development plan was approved in 1981 to purchase land along the length of the river, create a flood mitigating linear park and also to modify the Kangaroo Creek dam further. The sea outlet was enlarged to a capacity of 410 m3/s (14,000 cu ft/s) which now covered a 1-in-200-year flood.[52] When the O-Bahn Busway was opened, the bridges were designed to cope with this scale of flood, although the two bridges in St Peters would likely be awash.[53]
Torrens Lake
The 470 ML (17 million cu ft)[54] Torrens Lake was created in 1881 with the construction of a weir, landscaping of Elder Park and modification of the river's bank and surrounds into an English formal park. The lake forms a centrepiece of many Adelaide events and postcard scenes. Elder Park with its iron rotunda was opened on 28 November 1882. The Rotunda is a largely Glasgow built 9-metre-high (30 ft) iron bandstand which was funded by Sir Thomas Elder, the park being named after him.[55]
In 1867, prison labour from nearby Adelaide Gaol was used to build a wooden dam near the site of the current weir. The dam was poorly constructed and almost immediately the Torrens washed it away. Construction of a permanent concrete weir was begun in November 1880 and completed, at a cost of £7,000, in 1881. The sluice gates were closed to begin filling the 12-hectare (30-acre) Torrens Lake on 1 July 1881. At the lake's official opening on 21 July 1881 an estimated 40,000, almost the entire population of Adelaide, attended. During the 1889 flood, the weir was overwhelmed, its gates jammed, and in trying to free them the weir's designer John Langdon was crippled.[42] The weir was rebuilt from 1928 to 1929 with its footbridge relocated and the centre section replaced. The gates can now be fully raised and the river allowed to flow unimpeded.[56]
The "
Water use
In the early days of Adelaide, the Torrens was used for bathing, stock watering, rubbish disposal, water supply and as a de facto sewer and drainage sump. This led to a range of health issues until finally, in 1839, when a dysentery outbreak killed five children in one day, Governor Gawler forbade bathing, clothes washing and the disposal of animal carcases in the Torrens within 1.6 kilometres (1 mi) of town. The quality of the river's water was not helped by water supply methods. Carters used to drive water carts into the Torrens to refill. To prevent this the State Government in 1852 built a facility with steam powered pumps and water storage, from which the carters then filled their casks.[59]
The "Waterworks Act" of 1856 was passed to enable damming of the upstream Torrens for water supply purposes.[60] The resulting "Water Commission" arranged the following year for foundations to be laid for a water supply weir 11 kilometres (7 mi) from Adelaide near Campbelltown. Unsuitable geology and shoddy work by contractors Frost & Watson led to it being washed away in July 1858 and the site abandoned. Engineer Hamilton was replaced by John England. Government then created a Waterworks Department, which started construction of a weir 16 kilometres (10 mi) from the city and reservoir at Thorndon Park in 1859.[61] The weir was completed on 4 June 1860 and the reservoir began supplying piped water in December. Engineer England was found by a Select Committee to have overpaid the contractors and forced to resign.[62] The water was captured at the weir, piped for storage to the Thorndon Park Reservoir then to a water tower at Kent Town. Water from Kent Town storage was distributed via a manually controlled water system, unmetered for its first six years.[63] Within six years 20,000 citizens in Adelaide and Port Adelaide were connected to reticulated water from the Torrens.[64] By 1872, the 2,840 ML (620 million imp gal; 750 million US gal) Hope Valley Reservoir in the foothills of the Adelaide Hills was completed as a storage reservoir, supplied via an aqueduct and tunnel.[65]
Public baths were built in 1861 just north of the current
Bridges
Due to the river's path through the centre of Adelaide, transport necessitated the construction of many bridges. Prior to the bridges all crossings had been via fords which proved a dangerous practice in winter and spring. The first bridge was one of timber built in 1839 approximately 500 metres (1,600 ft) west of the current City bridge, but destroyed by floods in September 1844.[55] In 1849 £6,000 was allocated to bridge the Torrens. Within four years three wooden bridges had been built and subsequently destroyed in floods.[60] The bridges listed below are from up-river to down-river.
Location | Bridge name | Image | Comments/use | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mount Pleasant | Carries Cricks Mills Road (B35) | |||
Birdwood | Carries Warren Road (B34) | |||
Gumeracha |
Carries Forreston Road | |||
Carries Torrens Valley Road (B10) | ||||
Carries Gorge Road (T58) | ||||
Cudlee Creek | Carries Gorge Road (T58) | |||
Union Bridge[68] | Carries Gorge Road (B31) (T58) Opened 28 June 1871 at a cost of £624. A brewery and distillery of the same name opened in 2021 nearby.[69] | |||
Carries Gorge Road (B31) (T58) | ||||
Paracombe | Carries Gorge Road (B31) (T58) | |||
Highbury | ||||
Dernancourt | Carries Lower North East Road (A11) | |||
Carries Northeast Busway | ||||
Paradise | Dickson's Crossing | Built in 1977 and carries Darley Road; replaced an earlier ford. | [70] | |
Windsor Gardens | ||||
Klemzig | ||||
Carries Northeast Busway | ||||
Carries Riverside Drive | ||||
Marden | Felixstow Bridge | Built in 1873 and carries OG Road, the bridge was reconstructed in 1892, 1901, 1924 and 1961. The first bridge was narrow, and hay-laden carts often damaged posts while brushing past them. | [70] | |
Klemzig | Carries Northeast Busway | |||
Vale Park | Ascot Bridge | Built in 1970 and carries Ascot Avenue (A17) to connect with Lower Portrush Road. | ||
Marden | Carries Northeast Busway | |||
Royston Park |
Carries Northeast Busway | |||
Walkerville | Carries Northeast Busway | |||
Carries Northeast Busway | ||||
St Peters | Carries Northeast Busway | |||
Gilberton | Tennyson Bridge | Built 1877 and carries Stephen Terrace, the bridge replaced a ford at the same site. | [70] | |
Carries Northeast Busway | ||||
Swing Bridge | Carries Swing Bridge Lane | |||
St Peters | Carries Northeast Busway | |||
Gilberton | Carries Shared Park | |||
Hackney | Hackney Bridge | First known as the "Second Company Bridge" as the flour mill which stood where the Hackney Hotel was later built. The current bridge is the third at the same site; in 1845 "Prescott's Crossing" was built as a timber beam bridge, 1860 saw it replaced with a four span, trussed timber bridge and 5 December 1885 with a 38-metre-long (126 ft), 10-metre-wide (34 ft) truss arch bridge . Carries Hackney Road (A21) |
[70][71] | |
Adelaide | Torrens River Park Pedestrian Bridge | Located east of the zoo, the bridge was opened in late 2009 and is well patronised by cyclists. | ||
Albert Bridge | Located adjacent to the Prince Albert, royal consort to Queen Victoria, on 7 May 1879. The wrought iron structure is made from three parallel, scalloped girders that were manufactured in England. It is 36.6 metres (120 ft) long with a cantilevered span of 18 metres (60 ft). The bridge is 13 metres (43 ft) wide and originally had a timber deck, which was replaced with concrete in 1922. The coats of arms on the inside of the bridge contains the city's motto, Ut Prosint Omnibus Conjuncti which translates as "united for the common good." The bridge is listed on the "City of Adelaide Heritage Register", the "South Australian Heritage Register" and the "Register of the National Estate ". A complete restoration was finished in 1982, with the bridge now appearing as it did at the 1879 opening. |
[70][72][73] | ||
University Footbridge | The footbridge connects Victoria Drive, at the rear of Dr George Duncan was thrown into the river. A plaque on the bridge commemorates his death and the subsequent decriminalisation of homosexuality in South Australia. |
[74][75][76][77] | ||
City Bridge | The English manufactured, iron bridge was opened in June 1856, extending King William Street to North Adelaide. It was widened in 1877 then converted into a two-lane bridge in 1884. In 1929 a new wider, concrete bridge was proposed, to be the same width as King William Road and would relieve congestion, particularly on match days at the Adelaide Oval. The bridge was duly replaced in 1931 with the concrete arch structure proposed in 1929. The distinctive lamp fittings and their pylons were designed by South Australian artist John C. Goodchild. | [78][79][80] | ||
Adelaide Oval Footbridge | ||||
North Adelaide | Victoria Bridge | The bridge extends from Morphett Street and crosses the rail lines from the Adelaide railway station and the river. The first bridge was opened on 21 June 1871, having been shipped over from Britain on the ship South Australian in 1869.[81] Over time various bridges have been built on the same site. The current bridge, a prestressed concrete box girder bridge, was opened in March 1968 by Premier Don Dunstan, and Adelaide Lord Mayor Walter Lewis Bridgland. The bridge is constructed as two bridges joined to appear continuous. The first spans North Terrace and the rail lines, and the second the river. The bridge was designed without a central pillar in the river, allowing three lanes of rowers to compete without interference. | [60][82] | |
Railway Bridge | Built in 1856 to carry the Gawler Town railway lines. The bridge was constructed 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) from Adelaide railway station . |
[83] | ||
Thebarton | Hindmarsh Bridge | Carries Port Road (A21) | ||
Hindmarsh | Sir William Goodman Bridge | The Sir William Goodman Bridge, originally never named, formed the link for the Thebarton-Hindmarsh tramway, crossing the River Torrens at Holland Street, Thebarton to an intersection of Adam and Manton Streets, Hindmarsh. The bridge was built in 1909 and used by the first Chief Engineer and General Manager of the MTT . |
||
Thebarton |
Taylors Bridge | Carries South Road (A13) | ||
Torrensville |
Carries McDonnell Avenue | |||
Underdale | Holbrooks Bridge | Carries Holbrooks Road (A14) | ||
Flinders Park |
Keele Bridge | Carries Rowells Road (south)/Findon Road (north) | ||
Lockleys |
Kidman Bridge | Carries Henley Beach Road |
||
Fulham | Davis Bridge | Carries Tapleys Hill Road | ||
West Beach | Seaview Road Bridge | Carries Seaview Road |
Flora and fauna
The river was formerly a food source with
The river, and its tributaries, had a population of water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) and Australian swamp rats (Rattus lutreolus). Water rats remain in reduced numbers, but the introduced black rat (Rattus rattus) and brown rat (Rattus norvegicus) have largely supplanted the natives. The house mouse (Mus musculus) is now the most common mammal of the Torrens environ.[84]
Widely found native reeds, sedges and rushes along the upper river are bulrush, knobby club rush, spike rush, common reed, sea rush and pale rush. River red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and blue gum (Eucalyptus leucoxylon) trees are found along the riverbanks, although sparser than the forest that was seen by European discoverers. Still present are many of the original vegetation species like: Sheoak (Casuarina stricta), native cherry (Exocarpos cupressiformis), native pine (Callitris preissii) and Australia's floral emblem the golden wattle (Acacia pycnantha)[85]
Today's river
From its source the river flows westwards through
Hope Valley, Millbrook and Kangaroo Creek Reservoirs, which provide water storage for Adelaide, capture the river's flow. These reservoirs form part of the Adelaide Hills catchment, which supplies 60% of Adelaide's water needs in an average year. Adelaide City Council uses water from the lower river to irrigate the city's surrounding parklands.[86] Rubbish accumulation in the lower river is controlled with numerous collection racks, and sediments and other pollutants are filtered through constructed wetlands.[87]
The earliest linear river park in Australia bounds the suburban end of the river. The park is 35 km long with numerous playgrounds walkways and bicycle tracks. On the south bank of the lake, adjacent to the Adelaide Festival Centre, Elder Park is used for the annual Tasting Australia festival, mass singing of christmas carols at the annual "Carols by Candlelight", and other public events throughout the year. The Popeye tourist boats, small paddle boats and Black Swans of the lake are icons of the area and frequently featured in postcard photographs of the city. Due to now-limited natural river flow and stormwater born organic material, the lower river, (particularly the lake), is often polluted with algal blooms and significant levels of E. coli bacteria in spring and summer. Numerous taskforces have been formed to improve the river's water quality, including one created in 2006 by the Minister for the Environment and Conservation.[88]
The river is a used by many for recreation, with the footpaths on the riverbanks often filled with cyclists and joggers. Rowers use the lake for training all year round, and many clubs such as the Adelaide University Boat Club, the Adelaide Rowing Club, and the boat houses of the secondary schools which participate in the annual Head of the River are located upon its banks. Several rowing regattas are held on the Torrens Lake course in the summer months of each year, contested by both club and school crews.
See also
References
- ^ a b "Notice to Assign Dual Names to Places" (PDF). South Australian Government Gazette. Government of South Australia. 15 November 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
NOTICE is hereby given [that the] Minister of the Crown to whom the administration of the Geographical Names Act 1991, is committed do hereby 1. Assign the name Karrawirra Parri as an alternative name to that feature also known as River Torrens. Both names, separately or together, would have equal validity as the name of the subject feature [...]
- ^ a b c d e Smith & Twidale 1987, p.v
- ^ Noted as 22.4 GL (790 million cu ft) per year in Adelaide coastal waters study (Spring 2004). "Summary of the literature review and stormwater audit (pdf)" (PDF). City to Sea. 1 (4): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ "Map of River Torrens, SA". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
- ^ "River Torrens". SA Location Viewer. Government of South Australia. 7 March 2013. SA0033903. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
Portions of the river also known by the Aboriginal people as Karra Wirra Parri (that portion in the City of Adelaide), Korraweera (at Hindmarsh), Karraundo Ingga (reedbeds), Witoingga (whole river), Perre, Peere or Parri (in flood) and Yertala
- ^ "Karrawirraparri 'Red gum forest river' (River Torrens)". City of Charles Sturt. 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Reconciliation". Adelaide City Council. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ Sharyn Clarke, "The Creation of the Torrens: A History of Adelaide's River to 1881", University of Adelaide MA Thesis, 2005
- ^ a b c d KESAB. "A LITTLE CATCHMENT HISTORY". Catchment Boards of South Australia. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006.
New site: http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine Active on 9 September 2009. - ^ Smith & Twidale 1987, Figure 1 (River Torrens Catchment)
- ^ a b Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, p.25
- ^ Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, pp12-14,116–125
- ^ "First to Fifth Creeks". Burnside Council. Archived from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
- ^ "First Creek, Waterfall Gully: 2015 Aquatic Ecosystem Condition Report". EPA South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "First Creek Wetland". Botanic Gardens of South Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Adelaide Botanic Garden waterways study: Final report". Ecological Engineering. 29 July 2003.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|url=
(help) - ^ a b c d e Tonkin Engineering for the Torrens Catchment Water Management Board (March 2007). "First to Fifth Creeks Floodplain Mapping Project" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ "Borthwick Park Creek Improvements Draft Concept Plan". City of Norwood Payneham & St Peters. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
- ^ "Second Creek at Norwood". SA Memories. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Second Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ a b "Kensington—Old and New". The Observer (Adelaide). Vol. LXXX, no. 5, 961. South Australia. 28 April 1923. p. 14. Retrieved 20 September 2020 – via National Library of Australia.
- ^ "Third Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Fourth Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Fifth Creek, South Australia". Google Maps. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
- ^ "Sixth Creek Catchment Group – Adelaide, South Australia". www.sixthcreek.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2010.
- ^ "Wetlands of the catchment". Torrens catchment water management board. 5 July 2005. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 21 November 2006. This site is LONG dead.
Try: http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au/Caring_for_Water_Seas/Creeks_Rivers/River_Torrens.aspx Archived 12 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 9 September 2009. - ^ Surface Water Group (June 2003). Report DWLBC 2003/24, Surface Water Assessment of the Upper River Torrens Catchment (Figure 16). Adelaide: The Department of Water, Land and Biodiversity Conservation.
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1987, p.1
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1987, p.90
- ^ a b Smith & Twidale 1987, p.4
- ^ Smith & Twidale, July 1988, foreword
- ^ Smith & Twidale, July 1988, p.2
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1987, pp.69–78
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1987, pp.79–84
- ^ a b c Altmann et al. 1999, p.2
- ^ Note that the ADB entry for Robert Torrens Archived 10 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine says that Hindmarsh named it, but other sources contradict this and it seems more likely, as it was Light's choice to site the city across the river.
- ^ Supplement to The Australian, 27 March 1838, and Register, 16 June 1838, p. 3.
- ^ "South Australia". The Australian. 27 March 1838. p. 3. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
- ^ Kaurna Place Naming Archived 12 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine City of Adelaide. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
- ^ Harris, Rhondda (6 February 2014). "Pirltawadli". SA History Hub (1 June 2017 (updated spelling) ed.). Archived from the original on 7 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
...revised version of an entry first published in The Wakefield Companion to South Australian History, edited by Wilfrid Prest, Kerrie Round and Carol Fort (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 2001)
- ^ a b "An Essay on the River Torrens". State Library of South Australia, The Manning Index of South Australian History. Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ a b Altmann et al. 1999, p.19
- ^ Smith & Twidale, February 1988, p.2
- ^ Smith & Twidale, July 1988, p.4
- ^ "River Torrens". SA History Hub. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ "The Breakout Creek channel, opened in 1937, gives Adelaide's River Torrens an outlet to the sea in western suburbs". AdelaideAZ. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ "River Torrens outlet". SA Memory. State Library of South Australia. Archived from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.1
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.104
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.103
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.2
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.125
- ^ Smith & Twidale 1989, p.132
- ^ "Torrens taskforce, storage options". Adelaide and Mount Lofty ranges natural resources management board. 18 April 2007. Archived from the original on 30 August 2007. Retrieved 14 October 2007.
Try: http://www.amlrnrm.sa.gov.au Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine - ^ a b Altmann et al. 1999, p.4
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.20
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.21
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.22
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.6
- ^ a b c Altmann et al. 1999, p.3
- ^ "The Reservoir at Thorndon Park". South Australian Register. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 18 April 1859. p. 2. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 16 August 2014. This article contains a lot of useful information about Thorndon Park reservoir.
- ISBN 0 9589111 0 X
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.7
- ^ Hammerton M. 1986, p.25
- ^ "Water Supply". Atlas of South Australia 1986. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 25 September 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.8
- ^ Hammerton M. 1986, pp.155–156
- ^ "29 Jun 1871 - UNION BRIDGE, CUDLEE CREEK. - Trove". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ "NEW! First of Its Kind Whisky Distillery & Brewery Coming to Cudlee Creek • Glam Adelaide". 3 July 2020. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Lewis H. John 1985, p.57
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.11
- ^ National Library of Australia, TROVE: Opening of the Albert Bridge[permanent dead link] South Australian Register, 17 May 1879. Accessed 26 January 2014.
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.10
- ^ University Footbridge Archived 12 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine, adelaide-in-photos.blogspot.com Retrieved on 9 September 2009.
- ^ Kemp, Deane; Pickles, John (1996). Fargher, John Adrian (1901–1977). Vol. 14. Melbourne University Press. pp. 138–139. Archived from the original on 16 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
{{cite book}}
:|work=
ignored (help) - ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.12
- ^ "Call for release of documents relating to professor's death". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 10 May 2002. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 9 September 2009.
- ^ "New City Bridge". The Advertiser. Adelaide: National Library of Australia. 16 February 1929. p. 14. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2012.
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, pp.3,15
- ^ Joyce Gibberd, 'Goodchild, John Charles (1898–1980)' Archived 8 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, published first in hardcopy 1996, accessed online 8 February 2015
- ^ "South Australian, 1465225 | Historic England".
- ^ Altmann et al. 1999, p.18
- ^ Thompson & Sampson 2006, p.24
- ^ Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, p.23
- ^ Warburton J.W. (editor) 1977, p.11-14
- ^ "Water Proofing Adelaide, Exploring the issues – a discussion paper" (PDF). Government of South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2007.
Try: Water Proofing Adelaide A thirst for change 2005–2025 Brochure Archived 15 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (pdf 8 pages) and/or Strategy Archived 15 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine (pdf 64 pages) Both published 2005 and Retrieved on 9 September 2009. - ^ 2006 signage by the (now defunct) Torrens water catchment board (at Breakout Creek near Henley Beach) showed four constructed wetlands and 12 (existing or in construction) trashracks.
- ^ Owen, Michael (16 September 2006). "Taskforce to look at ailing Torrens". The Advertiser, Adelaide. News Limited.
Bibliography
- Altmann, Keith; Butcher M, Rodda L, Stacey B, Stewien R, Venus R (1999). Ponds, ponts & Pop-eye : notes for an afternoon afloat on Adelaide's River Torrens. North Adelaide: Institution of Engineers Australia, South Australian Division.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Lewis, H. John (1985). Enfield and the northern villages. Enfield, South Australia: Corporation of the City of Enfield. ISBN 0-85864-090-2.
- Hammerton, Marianne (1986). Water South Australia, A History of the Engineering and Water Supply Department. Adelaide: Wakefield Press. ISBN 0-949268-75-5.
- Payne, Pauline (1996). Thebarton Old and New. Adelaide: Thebarton City Council. ISBN 0-646-30157-8.
- Smith, Derek L.; ISBN 0-7243-4248-6.
- Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (February 1988). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 2, 1900–1917. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.
- Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (July 1988). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 3, 1918–1930. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.
- Smith, Derek L.; Twidale C.R. (1989). An Historical account of flooding and related events in the torrens river system from first settlement to 1986. Vol. 4, 1931–1988. Adelaide: The engineering and water supply department.
- Thompson, Malcolm; Sampson Bob (2006). 150 years of the Port Adelaide Railway 1856 to 2006. Port Adelaide: National Railway Museum.
- Warburton, J.W., ed. (1977). Five creeks of the River Torrens. Adelaide: Department of adult education, University of Adelaide. ISBN 0-85578-336-2.
Further reading
- Adelaide & Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- State Library Manning Index: River Torrens
- Twidale, C.R. "River Torrens". SA History Hub. History Trust of South Australia. (CC Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Australia Licence)
- "The River Torrens". Campbelltown City Council. – includes some history old photos and citations