Robert Catesby
Robert Catesby | |
---|---|
Houses of Parliament | |
Criminal penalty | Exhumation, decapitation |
Role | Leader |
Robert Catesby (c. 1572 – 8 November 1605) was the leader of a group of
Born in
The Protestant
With a much-diminished group of followers, Catesby made a
Early life
Origins
He was born after 1572, the third and only surviving son and heir of Sir William Catesby of
Education
In 1586 Robert was educated at
In 1588, at time of the Spanish Armada, Robert was allegedly imprisoned at Wisbech Castle along with Francis Tresham.[8]
Adulthood
In 1593 he married Catherine Leigh, granddaughter of
Catherine came from wealthy and respected Protestant dynasties and brought with her a dowry of £2,000, but also a religious association that offered Robert some respite from the recusancy laws then in effect.
From the death of his grandmother the following year he inherited a property at Chastleton, in Oxfordshire. The couple's first son William died in infancy, but their second son Robert survived, and was baptised at Chastleton's Anglican parish church on 11 November 1595.[nb 2] When Catesby's father died in 1598, his estates at Ashby St Ledgers were left to his wife, while Catesby and his family remained at Chastleton. Catesby had seemed happy to remain a Church Papist[nb 3] but after his wife's death later that year he further embraced Catholicism.[1][7][11]
In 1601 Catesby was involved in the
Gunpowder Plot
Background
Catholics had hoped that the persecution they suffered during Elizabeth's reign would end when she was succeeded in 1603 by
British author and historian
Early stages
Despite the ease with which Catesby seems to have inspired his fellow conspirators, that it was he and not Fawkes (today most often associated with 5 November) who devised what became known as the Gunpowder Plot, has largely been forgotten.
When Wintour responded to the summons he found his cousin with the swordsman
On Sunday 20 May in the well-to-do
Further recruitment
Although the
By 20 July 1605, 36 barrels of gunpowder had been stored in the undercroft, but the ever-present threat of the plague yet again prorogued the opening of Parliament, this time until 5 November 1605.
The day after Tresham's recruitment, Catesby exchanged greetings in London with Fawkes's former employer, Lord Montagu, and asked him "The Parliament, I think, brings your lordship up now?" Montagu told him that he was visiting a relative, and that he would be at Parliament in a few weeks' time. Catesby replied "I think your Lordship takes no pleasure to be there". Montague, who had already been imprisoned for speaking out in the House of Lords against anti-Catholic legislation, and who had no inclination to be present while more laws were introduced, agreed.[56] Following the plot's failure he became a suspect and was arrested, but after intense lobbying he was released some months later.[57]
The recruitment of Rookwood, Tresham, and Digby coincided with a series of meetings in various taverns across London, during which the last remaining details were worked out. Fawkes would light the fuse, and escape by boat across the
Monteagle letter
Several of the conspirators expressed worries about fellow Catholics who would be caught up in the planned explosion;
Catesby waited for Percy's return from the north, before making his decision.[62] He thought the letter too vague to constitute any meaningful threat to the plan, and decided to forge ahead. As Fawkes made a final check on the gunpowder, other conspirators took up their positions in the Midlands. Salisbury, already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter, did not yet know the exact nature of the plot or who exactly was involved. He elected to wait, to see how events unfolded.[63] On 3 November, Catesby met with Wintour and Percy in London. Although the nature of their discussion is unknown, Fraser theorises that some adjustment of their plan to abduct Princess Elizabeth may have occurred, as later accounts told how Percy had been seen at the Duke of York's lodgings, enquiring as to the movements of the king's daughter.[64] Nicholls mentions that a week earlier—on the same day that Monteagle received his letter—Catesby was at White Webbs with Fawkes, to discuss kidnapping Prince Henry rather than Princess Elizabeth.[nb 10][65]
Death
Late on Monday 4 November, Catesby, John Wright and Bates left for the Midlands, ready for the planned uprising. That night Fawkes was discovered guarding the gunpowder in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords. As news of his arrest spread, the next day most of the conspirators still in London fled. Catesby's party, ignorant of what was happening in London, paused at Dunstable when his horse lost a shoe. When Rookwood caught them up and broke to them the news of Fawkes's arrest, the group, which now included Rookwood, Catesby, Bates, the Wright brothers and Percy, rode toward Dunchurch. At about 6:00 pm that evening they reached Catesby's family home at Ashby St Ledgers, where his mother and Robert Wintour were staying. To keep his mother ignorant of their situation, Catesby sent a message asking Wintour to meet him at the edge of the town. The group continued to Dunchurch, where they met Digby and his hunting party and informed them that the king and Salisbury were dead, thus persuading them to continue with the plan.[66]
On 6 November they raided Warwick Castle for supplies, taking cavalry horses from the stables to aid their escape,[67] before continuing to Norbrook to collect stored weapons. From there they continued their journey to Huddington. Catesby gave Bates a letter to deliver to Father Garnet and the other priests at Coughton Court, informing them of what had transpired, and asking for their help in raising an army in Wales, where Catholic support was believed to be strong. The priest begged Catesby and his followers to stop their "wicked actions", and to listen to the pope's preachings. Father Garnet fled, and managed to evade capture for several weeks. Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington at about 2:00 pm, and were met by Thomas Wintour. Terrified of being associated with the fugitives, family members and former friends showed them no sympathy.[68]
Back in London, under pain of torture Fawkes had started to reveal what he knew, and on 7 November the government named Catesby as a wanted man. Early that morning at Huddington, the remaining outlaws went to confession, before taking the sacrament—in Fraser's opinion, a sign that none of them thought they had long to live. The party of fugitives, which included those at the centre of the plot, their supporters and Digby's hunting party, by now had dwindled to only thirty-six in number.[69] They continued through pouring rain to Hewell Grange, home of the young Lord Windsor. He was absent however, so they helped themselves to further arms, ammunition, and money. The locals were unsupportive; on hearing that Catesby's party stood for "God and Country", they replied that they were for "King James as well as God and Country". The party reached Holbeche House, on the Staffordshire boundary, at about 10:00 pm. Tired and desperate, they spread in front of the fire some of the wet gunpowder taken from Hewell Grange, to dry out. Although gunpowder does not explode (unless physically contained), a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby, Rookwood, Grant, and another man.[68]
Catesby survived, albeit scorched. Digby left, ostensibly to give himself up, as did John Wintour. Thomas Bates fled, along with Robert Wintour. Remaining were Catesby (described as "reasonably well"), Rookwood, the Wright brothers, Percy and John Grant, who had been so badly injured that his eyes were "burnt out". They resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the king's men. Catesby, believing his death to be near, kissed the gold crucifix he wore around his neck and said he had given everything for "the honour of the Cross". He refused to be taken prisoner, "against that only he would defend himself with his sword".[70]
Notable relatives
Modern actor and producer Kit Harington is a direct descendant of Robert Catesby. He, along with co-creators Ronan Bennett and Daniel West, produced a three-part dramatization called Gunpowder with the BBC delving into his ancestor's role as the mastermind of the Gunpowder Plot, with Harington himself starring as Catesby.[74]
References
Notes
- ^ The indenture for this marriage is dated 2 March, and notes that he was not then 21 years old.[1]
- ^ Their son was taken to Ashby St Ledgers, and in later years married Thomas Percy's daughter.[1]
- ^ Church Papist was a nickname for those who conformed to the rules of the Protestant Church, but who secretly remained Catholic.[10]
- ^ Comparing relative average earnings of £3,000 in 1601 with 2008.
- ^ Wright might have used the alias Anthony Dutton.[19]
- ^ Philip III made peace with England in August 1604.[1]
- ^ According to Bates's confession.
- ^ Haynes (2005) writes that Tesimond took Thomas Bates' confession.[49]
- ^ Anne Throckmorton was sister to Meriel Throckmorton, Tresham's mother.[55]
- ^ Catesby had heard from Wintour that Prince Henry would not be at the opening of Parliament.[65]
Footnotes
- ^ required.) (subscription required)
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, p. 110
- required.) (subscription required)
- JSTOR 2147044(subscription required)
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 195
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 58–59
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 111–112
- ^ George Anniss. A History of Wisbech Castle. E A R O.
- ^ Walsh, Alexandra. "The Gunpowder Plotters' Wives | Alexandra Walsh". Retrieved 9 December 2023.
- ISBN 0-86193-225-0, archived from the originalon 30 June 2012, retrieved 15 July 2010
- ^ Sharpe 2005, p. 30
- ^ Bengsten 2005, p. 25
- ^ Officer, Lawrence H. (2009), Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present, measuringworth.com, archived from the original on 24 November 2009, retrieved 3 December 2009
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. xxiv
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 47
- ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 44–46
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. xxv–xxvi
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, p. 112
- required.) (subscription required)
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 49
- ^ Marshall 2006, p. 227
- ^ Marshall 2006, p. 228
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 41–42
- ^ Haynes, Alan (5 November 2009), The Enduring Memory of the Gunpowder Plot, bbc.co.uk, retrieved 14 July 2010
- ^ Spinks 2005, pp. 24–25
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 48
- ^ Sharpe 2005, p. 31
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 48–50
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 49–50
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 59–61
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 93
- JSTOR 175701(subscription required)
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 88
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 87
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 117–119
- ^ Nicholls 1991, p. 39
- required.) (subscription required)
- ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 46–47
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 120
- ^ a b Northcote Parkinson 1976, p. 96
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 130–132
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 56–57
- ^ Nelthorpe, Sutton (November–December 1935), Twigmore and the Gunpowder Plot, vol. 8, Lincolnshire Magazine, p. 229
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 136–137
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 55–59
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 133–134
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 154
- ^ Gardiner 1883, pp. 274–275
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 62
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 42–43
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 65–67
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 146, 159
- ^ Nicholls 1991, p. 41
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 170–176
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27708. Retrieved 16 November 2009. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.) (subscription required)
- ^ a b c Fraser 2005, pp. 178–179
- ^ Haynes 2005, pp. 125–126
- ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976, pp. 62–63
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 82
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 89
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 180–182
- ^ Nicholls 1991, p. 43
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 187–189
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 197–198
- ^ a b Nicholls 1991, p. 42
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 200, 202–205
- ^ "The borough of Warwick: The castle and castle estate in Warwick, "A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8: The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick" (1969)". pp. 452–475. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 218–222
- ^ Fraser 2005, pp. 205–206
- ^ a b Fraser 2005, pp. 222–225
- ^ Dixon 1869, p. 190
- ^ Fraser 2005, p. 235
- ^ Haynes 2005, p. 104
- ^ "Kit Harington: My ancestor tried to blow up parliament". bbc.co.uk. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
Bibliography
- Bengsten, Fiona (2005), Sir William Waad, Lieutenant of the Tower, and the Gunpowder Plot (illustrated ed.), Trafford Publishing, ISBN 1-4120-5541-5
- ISBN 978-1-103-08639-9
- ISBN 0-7538-1401-3
- Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1883), "The Oath of Allegiance", History of England from the accession of James I. to the outbreak of the civil war 1603-1642, vol. 1, London: Longmans, Green
- Haynes, Alan (2005) [1994], The Gunpowder Plot: Faith in Rebellion, Sparkford, England: Hayes and Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-4215-0
- Marshall, John (2006), John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-65114-1
- Nicholls, Mark (1991), Investigating Gunpowder plot, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-3225-3
- ISBN 0-297-77224-4
- Sharpe, J. A. (2005), Remember, remember: a cultural history of Guy Fawkes Day, London: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01935-0
- Spinks, Henry Hawkes Jr. (2005) [1902], The Gunpowder Plot and Lord Mounteagle's Letter, Whitefish, Montana: Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 1-4179-3083-7
External links
- Media related to Robert Catesby at Wikimedia Commons
- Parliamentary Archives, Papers, photographs, maps and drawings relating to Robert Catesby and the Gunpowder Plot