Roscoea
Roscoea | |
---|---|
![]() | |
R. auriculata | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Zingiberales |
Family: | Zingiberaceae |
Genus: | Roscoea Sm.[1] |
Species | |
See text. |
Roscoea is a genus of
Description
Roscoea is found from
Species of Roscoea are small perennial
The flowers are borne in a spike at the end of the pseudostems. The stalk (
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roscoea_cautleoides_flower_labelled.jpg/220px-Roscoea_cautleoides_flower_labelled.jpg)
The single fertile stamen has a short filament bearing a cylindrical anther. The connective tissue between the anther's two pollen sacs extends outwards at its base to form spurs. The ovary has three "cells" or locules, eventually producing many small arillate seeds. The single functional style extends upwards through a grove in the stamen to appear above its top.[2][7]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roscoea_auriculata_flower_closeup.jpg/220px-Roscoea_auriculata_flower_closeup.jpg)
Flower structure and pollination
The orchid-like flowers with a long floral tube appear to be an adaptation for pollination by long-tongued insects specializing in this type of flower.[8] The design of the flower suggests that the lip acts as a landing platform and that if a pollinator puts its head into the flower in order to obtain nectar, it will push down on the spurs on the stamen, causing the anther (and the stigma which is held in front of it) to bend over and contact the insect's back.[9] However, in the only two species so far studied in detail (R. cautleyoides and R. humeana), the actual pollinators were short-tongued pollen-collecting bees.[10] In at least one species, R. schneideriana, it has been shown that if cross-pollination does not occur, the stigma bends over towards the anthers, thus effecting self-pollination.[8] One suggestion is that although the original pollinators may have been long-tongued insects, these are now absent from at least some of the areas where Roscoea occurs, so that the genus has been able to survive in its alpine habitats through the presence of generalist pollinators and self-compatibility.[10]
Taxonomy
Roscoea was named by the English botanist James Edward Smith in 1806. The type species is R. purpurea.[1] The name honours Smith's friend William Roscoe, the founder of the Liverpool Botanic Garden[11] (remnants of which can now be found at Croxteth Hall).[12] Roscoe is known to have been interested in "gingers" (Zingiberales) and to have grown a number of collections of this group of plants.[13]
Evolution and phylogeny
A 2002 classification of the family
Himalayan clade
Chinese clade |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roscoea_distribution_physical.png/330px-Roscoea_distribution_physical.png)
The two clades correspond to a geographical separation, the main distributions being divided by the section of the
The material of R. tibetica included in the analysis came from Chinese sources. Later research showed that plants from Bhutan and southern Tibet which had previously been considered to be R. tibetica were actually a new species, R. bhutanica, which belongs to the Himalayan clade.[18] There are few clear-cut morphological differences between the two clades; one is that compared to the Himalayan group, members of the Chinese clade have a larger number of bladeless leaves (i.e. leaves which have only a sheath forming part of the pseudostem).[4]
Species
As of October 2011[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts the following species of Roscoea:[1]
- Roscoea alpina Royle
- Roscoea auriculata K.Schum.
- Roscoea australis Cowley
- Roscoea bhutanica Ngamr.
- Roscoea brandisii (King ex Baker) K.Schum.
- Roscoea cangshanensis M.H.Luo, X.F.Gao & H.H.Lin
- Roscoea capitata Sm.
- Roscoea cautleyoides Gagnep.
- Roscoea debilis Gagnep.
- Roscoea forrestii Cowley
- Roscoea ganeshensis Cowley & W.J.Baker
- Roscoea humeana Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.
- Roscoea kunmingensis S.Q.Tong
- Roscoea nepalensis Cowley
- Roscoea ngainoi A.A.Mao & Bhaumik
- Roscoea praecox K.Schum.
- Roscoea purpurea Sm.
- Roscoea schneideriana (Loes.) Cowley
- Roscoea scillifolia (Gagnep.) Cowley
- Roscoea tibetica Batalin
- Roscoea tumjensis Cowley
- Roscoea wardii Cowley
The hybrid R. auriculata × R. cautleyoides has occurred in cultivation, and has been given the name R. × beesiana Cowley & C.Whitehouse.[1]
- Variation among the species
-
Roscoea auriculata K.Schum.
-
Roscoea capitata Sm.
-
Roscoea cautleyoides Gagnep.
-
Roscoea humeana Balf.f. & W.W.Sm.
-
Roscoea kunmingensis S.Q.Tong
-
Roscoea nepalensis Cowley
-
Roscoea purpurea Sm.
-
Roscoea scillifolia (Gagnep.) Cowley
-
Roscoea tumjensis Cowley
-
Roscoea wardii Cowley
Cultivation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Roscoeas_in_cultivation_120819.jpg/280px-Roscoeas_in_cultivation_120819.jpg)
Some Roscoea species and cultivars are grown in gardens, particularly rock gardens, as ornamental plants. Coming from monsoon regions, they require moisture in the summer but relatively dry conditions in winter. A moisture-retaining but well-drained soil is recommended, with a mulch of a material such as bark. They vary in their tolerance of sun exposure, most requiring shade for at least part of the day. In a Royal Horticultural Society trial, R. ganeshensis and R. purpurea f. rubra were the most harmed by excessive sunlight; R. cautleyoides, R. × beesiana and R. scillifolia the most resistant. In cultivation they do not appear above ground until late spring or even early summer; thus if planted deeply enough, up to 15 cm (6 in), they escape frost damage in regions where subzero temperatures occur. Different species and cultivars then flower throughout late spring and summer into early autumn.[3][5]
They can be propagated by careful division in the autumn of the individual growth points produced by a large plant, or by seed. Seed should not be allowed to dry out. If sown immediately upon ripening, it will normally germinate in the following summer. Young plants should be potted on before the tuberous roots become too intertwined.[3][5]
RHS trial
From 2009 to 2011, the Royal Horticultural Society held a trial involving around 100 entries submitted by British and other European sources. All proved hardy (rating H4, i.e. hardy anywhere in the British Isles). The Award of Garden Merit was given to 17 entries:[5]
- R. auriculata and its cultivar 'Summer Deep Purple'
- R. × beesiana
- Cultivars of R. cautleyoides – 'Abigail Bloom', 'Himalaya', 'Jeffrey Thomas' and, subject to availability, 'Purple Queen'
- R. forrestii
- Forms and cultivars of R. humeana – f. humeana, f. lutea and f. tyria and, subject to availability, the cultivar 'Stephanie Bloom'
- A form and cultivars of R. purpurea – f. rubra, cultivars 'Dalai Lama', 'Helen Lamb' and 'Red Neck'
- Subject to availability, R. wardii
- Three cultivars whose origins are unclear – R. 'Hartington Raw Silk', R. 'Kew Beauty' (possibly a hybrid between R. cautleyoides and R. humeana) and, subject to availability, R. 'McBeath's Pink'.
Notes
- ^ Some sources use the term "staminode" only for the lateral staminodes. See e.g. Wilford (2012, p. 79).
References
- ^ a b c d e WCSP (2011), World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2011-10-01, search for "Roscoea"
- ^ a b c d Wu, Delin; Larsen, Kai, Roscoea, retrieved 2011-10-01, in Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan, eds. (1994), Flora of China, Beijing; St. Louis: Science Press; Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 2011-10-01
- ^ a b c Wilford, Richard (1999), "Roscoeas for the rock garden", Quarterly Bulletin of the Alpine Garden Society, 67 (1): 93–101
- ^ , retrieved 2011-10-03
- ^ a b c d Wilford, Richard (2012), "Roscoea on trial", The Plantsman, New Series, 11 (2): 78–85
- ISBN 978-3-8331-1253-9, p. 801
- ^ Wu, Delin; Larsen, Kai, Zingiberaceae, retrieved 2011-10-01, in Wu, Raven & Hong 1994
- ^ PMID 18682439
- ^ Ngamriabsakul, C. (2005), "Morphological study of the versatile anther group in the tribe Zingibereae (Zingiberaceae)" (PDF), Walailak Journal of Science and Technology, 2: 11–12, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-12, retrieved 2011-10-22, p. 18
- ^ PMID 21668599
- ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4, p. 435
- )
- ^ Cowley 1982, p. 748
- PMID 21665595
- ^
- ^ .
- ^ Cowley 1982
- doi:10.1017/s0960428600000202, archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-06-12, retrieved 2011-10-04
Bibliography
- JSTOR 4117918
- ISBN 978-1-84246-134-1
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)