Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight

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Coordinates: 50°39′26″N 1°08′51″W / 50.65722°N 1.14750°W / 50.65722; -1.14750
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Not to be confused with Sandown Castle, Kent.

Sandown Castle
Device fort
ConditionDestroyed
Location
Sandown Castle is located in Isle of Wight
Sandown Castle
Sandown Castle
Coordinates50°39′24″N 1°08′49″W / 50.65669°N 1.14691°W / 50.65669; -1.14691
Site history
Built1545
Demolished1631

Sandown Castle was a

military architectural thinking with traditional English military design. The site was raided by a French force that summer while the fortification was still being constructed. The site suffered from coastal erosion
and the castle was demolished in 1631.

History

16th century

Background

Sandown Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England,

Henry VIII. Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities, only taking a small role in building and maintaining fortifications, and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another, maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely.[1] Modest defences, based around simple blockhouses and towers, existed in the south-west and along the Sussex coast, with a few more impressive works in the north of England, but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale.[2]

In 1533, Henry then broke with Pope

device", the construction of fortifications along the most vulnerable parts of the coast. The immediate threat passed, but resurfaced in 1544, with France threatening an invasion across the Channel, backed by her allies in Scotland.[5] Henry therefore issued another device in 1544 to further improve the country's defences, particularly along the south coast.[6]

Construction

Built between April and September 1545 to protect the south-east coast of the Isle of Wight, Sandown Castle overlooked Sandown Bay.[7] It was constructed by the Italian engineer Giovanni Portinari, the surveyor William Ridgeway and the captain of labourers, John Portinar, at a cost of £2,400.[8][a] Designed around a central courtyard, it had a square tower and two angular bastions on one side, and a circular bastion looking out to sea.[10] The rear of the stone defences was protected by a moat, and the castle had a wooden pier for boats to dock at.[11]

The angular bastions echoed contemporary Italian thinking on

arrow-head" bastion design used at nearby Yarmouth Castle and has been critiqued by historians: Andrew Saunders describes it as an imperfect "hybrid" of English and continental ideas, John Hale as a timid, confused flirtation with modern designs.[13]

Before the castle could be completed, however, the French attacked. Admiral Claude d'Annebault crossed the Channel and arrived off the Solent with 200 ships on 19 July, where the local authorities feared Sandown Castle might be the target of a night attack.[14] 2,000 French soldiers men landed on the Isle of Wight and attacked Sandown, where labourers were still present.[15] Their advance soon stalled, however, and the French retreated back to their fleet, bringing the invasion threat to an end; the castle was finally completed after their departure.[15]

17th century

By the 17th century, coastal erosion had undermined the castle's walls.[16] In 1627, Charles I announced that he would repair the fortification but instead the ruins were dismantled in 1631 by Sir John Oglander.[16] A new fortification, Sandown Fort was built in its place, positioned further inland, but the possible remains of the foundations of the original castle are still visible along the shore at low tide.[17]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Comparing early modern costs and prices with those of the modern period is challenging. £2,400 in 1545 could be equivalent to between £1.03 million and £474.3 million in 2014, depending on the price comparison used. For comparison, the total royal expenditure on all the Device Forts across England between 1539–47 came to £376,500, with St Mawes, for example, costing £5,018, and Sandgate £5,584.[9]

References

  1. ^ Thompson 1987, p. 111; Hale 1983, p. 63
  2. ^ King 1991, pp. 176–177
  3. ^ Morley 1976, p. 7
  4. ^ Morley 1976, p. 7; Hale 1983, pp. 63–64
  5. ^ Hale 1983, p. 80
  6. ^ Harrington 2007, pp. 29–30
  7. ^ Harrington 2007, pp. 8, 31–32
  8. ^ Harrington 2007, pp. 8, 31–32; Saunders 1989, p. 51; "Sandown Castle", Historic England, retrieved 20 June 2015
  9. ^ Biddle et al. 2001, p. 12; Lawrence H. Officer; Samuel H. Williamson (2014), "Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present", MeasuringWorth, retrieved 29 May 2015
  10. ^ Harrington 2007, p. 32
  11. ^ Harrington 2007, p. 32; William Page, ed. (1912), "Parishes: Brading", British History Online, retrieved 20 June 2015
  12. ^ Harrington 2007, pp. 15–16, 32; Hale 1983, p. 90
  13. ^ Harrington 2007, p. 32; Hale 1983, pp. 89–90; Saunders 1989, p. 51
  14. ^ Potter 2011, p. 376; Hale 1983, p. 86; Harrington 2007, pp. 45–46
  15. ^ a b Harrington 2007, p. 46
  16. ^ a b William Page, ed. (1912), "Parishes: Brading", British History Online, retrieved 20 June 2015
  17. ^ William Page, ed. (1912), "Parishes: Brading", British History Online, retrieved 20 June 2015; "Sandown Castle", Historic England, retrieved 20 June 2015; Adams 1884, p. 200

Bibliography

50°39′26″N 1°08′51″W / 50.65722°N 1.14750°W / 50.65722; -1.14750

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