Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul
Santa Maria | |
---|---|
Municipality of Santa Maria | |
UTC-3) | |
HDI (2010) | 0.784 – high[2] |
Website | www |
Santa Maria is a municipality (município) in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost state of Brazil. In 2020, its population was 283,677 inhabitants in a total area of 1,823 square kilometres (704 sq mi). Santa Maria is the 5th biggest municipality in the state, and the largest in its micro-region.[3]
Santa Maria is often referred to as the "heart of Rio Grande" (from Portuguese: "Coração do Rio Grande"), because the city is located in the geographical center of the State.
History and importance
The first inhabitants of Santa Maria were the Minuano Indigenous People, who lived in a region of the municipality known as Coxilha do Pau Fincado, and the Tapes, who lived in the hills.[citation needed]
With the arrival of Spanish and Portuguese colonizers this border region was witness to innumerable battles between rival groups. Finally, in 1797 the border between the two colonies was established by a commission (1ª Subdivisão da Comissão Demarcadora de Limites da América dat lit Meridional). This commission set up camp on the site of present-day Santa Maria.[citation needed]
The camp was known as Acampamento de Santa Maria, later adding Boca do Monte to the name. 1828 saw the arrival of the 28th Battalion of Foreigners, made up of hired Germans to fight against the inhabitants of present-day Uruguay in the Cisplatine War. After the war many of the soldiers decided to stay in Santa Maria, beginning the cycle of German colonization. In 1857, Santa Maria was separated from Cachoeira do Sul and elevated to town (vila) status. The municipality was created on 16 December 1857 and installed on 17 May 1858.[4]
Republican period
The city went through some turbulence during the republican period. During the 1893 Federalist Revolt, the city was taken by a battalion of revolutionaries, and during the 1923 revolution, Clarestino Bento attacked the barracks in the region, without success, and with the loss of 4 men and 7 injured, the last confrontation with deaths of the revolution. In 1926, soldiers from the 5th Horse Artillery Regiment and the 7th Infantry Regiment rebelled under the leadership of their lieutenants, firing cannons on the city and attacking the 1st Cavalry Regiment with around 700 men. The Military Brigade clashed with the rebels, which lasted about two days, which defeated the rebel forces. The day would become known in the city as "Bombing Day".[5]
Since 1910, the city is the seat of the
). Every year, hundreds of thousands of people from all over Brazil join in the celebrations.Due to its strategic geographical location, Santa Maria has a large military force, including the
On 27 January 2013, a fire broke out in the ''Kiss" nightclub during a band performance, due to misuse of pyrotechnics, which got in direct contact with the acoustic foam used in the club. In total, 242 people died due to suffocation or trampling while trying to escape, or of complication in days and months following the event. It has been reported that as many as 1,500 people were in the nightclub when the fire broke out.[7]
Population
Santa Maria is the fifth largest city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, after
It is the largest city in the central region of the state, concentrating 36.40% of this region's population. During the period between 2000 and 2010, Santa Maria had a demographic growth rate of 6.00%.
The municipality contains 10
Economy
The economy is based on
Transportation
Santa Maria is a major
- BR-158 – connects Santa Maria to northern and southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, allowing access to Uruguaiana, in the Argentine border, and to Rivera, Uruguay.
- BR-287 – east-west highway, connecting the city to the capital of the state, Porto Alegre.
Railways are used for cargo transportation, mainly of agricultural products, automobile parts and food.[citation needed]
Santa Maria is 110 kilometres (68 mi) away from the River Terminal of Cachoeira do Sul, which allows ship transport until the port of Porto Alegre through the Jacuí River, and from there to the Atlantic Ocean, through the Lagoa dos Patos.
Santa Maria Airport is located 12 km (7.5 mi) away from downtown, in the neighborhood of Camobi. It has capacity for large airplanes and offers daily flights to Porto Alegre, Santo Ângelo and Uruguaiana. Santa Maria Air Force Base - ALA4, one of their most important bases of the Brazilian Air Force, is located in Santa Maria and shares some facilities with the airport.
Distances to other cities
- Santa Maria—Porto Alegre: 286 km (178 mi).
- Santa Maria—Pelotas: 337 km (209 mi).
- Santa Maria—Cruz Alta: 135 km (84 mi).
- Santa Maria—Uruguaiana: 365 km (227 mi).
- Santa Maria—Passo Fundo: 293 km (182 mi).
- Santa Maria—Caxias do Sul: 307 km (191 mi).[10]
Education
A popular nickname for Santa Maria is "University City" (Portuguese: "Cidade Universitária") or "Culture city" (Portuguese: "Cidade Cultura"), due to its large student population.[citation needed] The largest university, the Federal University of Santa Maria, was founded in 1960 by José Mariano da Rocha Filho; while the private university center Universidade Franciscana was founded in 1951. The city also has a number of other smaller private colleges, such as the Methodist University of Santa Maria (FAMES).[9]
Geography
Climate
Santa Maria has a
Climate data for Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 39.3 (102.7) |
37.6 (99.7) |
37.2 (99.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
30.9 (87.6) |
30.7 (87.3) |
33.3 (91.9) |
35.4 (95.7) |
35.5 (95.9) |
40.0 (104.0) |
38.3 (100.9) |
40.0 (104.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.4 (86.7) |
30.0 (86.0) |
28.2 (82.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
22.1 (71.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.6 (67.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.3 (81.1) |
29.5 (85.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 24.2 (75.6) |
23.9 (75.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
18.4 (65.1) |
15.9 (60.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
14.1 (57.4) |
14.2 (57.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
18.6 (65.5) |
21.0 (69.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.5 (58.1) |
11.8 (53.2) |
9.3 (48.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
15.9 (60.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.9 (42.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
5.8 (42.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 163.0 (6.42) |
127.2 (5.01) |
136.2 (5.36) |
121.4 (4.78) |
127.5 (5.02) |
139.3 (5.48) |
144.9 (5.70) |
142.1 (5.59) |
124.3 (4.89) |
128.2 (5.05) |
120.5 (4.74) |
142.2 (5.60) |
1,616.8 (63.65) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 96 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
71 | 76 | 79 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 78 | 78 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 76.5 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 225.2 | 196.7 | 184.9 | 168.7 | 151.3 | 125.0 | 133.1 | 141.4 | 160.7 | 206.8 | 223.3 | 244.7 | 2,161.8 |
Source: INMET[12] |
Quality of life
According to the United Nations (PNUD 2000), Santa Maria ranks 45th in quality of life in Brazil and 9th in the state.[citation needed] According to data from 2006, from Fundação de Economia e Estatística – FEE, life expectancy at birth is of 74.01 years and the demographic density of the municipality is 145.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (377/sq mi).[citation needed]
The level of atmospheric pollution in Santa Maria is low, since the urban area, for the most part, is composed of retail commerce and services, without polluting sectors.[13]
Sport
Santa Maria has two football teams, Inter-SM and Riograndense-SM, one American football team, the Santa Maria Soldiers and one Rugby team, the Universitario Rugby.
Paleontology
The city is the birthplace of
In October 2009, free distribution of one thousand copies of the book Vertebrados Fósseis de Santa Maria e Região (Vertebrate Fossils of Santa Maria and surrounding regions in
Already published two comic books with titles Xiru Lautério e Os Dinossauros I and II, in order to disclose the paleontology and gaucho culture among children of city and region.
Notable people
- Oreco, Brazilian football player
- Atílio Munari, Brazilian paleontologist
- Jonatan Lucca, Brazilian football player
References
- ^ IBGE 2020
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Santa Maria, panorama". IBGE. ibge.gov.br. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Prefeitura Municipal de Santa Maria
- ^ Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros - Municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (PDF). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 1959. pp. 175–184.
- ^ "PMSM - KMW oficializa em feira internacional no RJ investimento em SM. Obra deve iniciar em setembro". www.santamaria.rs.gov.br. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ "Tragédia em Santa Maria". Estado de São Paulo. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ http://www.lagea.ig.ufu.br/xx1enga/anais_enga_2012/eixos/1068_1.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ a b IBGE Cidades Archived 30 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Onde Fica
- ^ Climate charts
- ^ "Normais climatológicas do Brasil 1961-1990" (in Portuguese). Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ Prefeitura Municipal de Santa Maria
- ^ Vertebrate Fossils of Santa Maria and surrounding regions.