Uruguay

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Coordinates: 33°S 57°W / 33°S 57°W / -33; -57
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This article is about the country. For other uses, see Uruguay (disambiguation).

Oriental Republic of Uruguay
República Oriental del Uruguay (Spanish)
Motto: Libertad o Muerte
"Freedom or Death"
Anthem: Himno Nacional de Uruguay
"
Ethnic groups
(2023)[5]
Religion
(2021)[6]
  • 38.0% no religion
  • 1.2% other
Demonym(s)Uruguayan
GovernmentUnitary presidential republic
• President
Yamandú Orsi
Carolina Cosse
LegislatureGeneral Assembly
• Upper house
Senate
• Lower house
Chamber of Representatives
Independence 
from Brazil[note 2]
• Declared
August 25, 1825
August 27, 1828
February 15, 1967
UYT)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Calling code+598
ISO 3166 codeUY
Internet TLD.uy

Uruguay,[c] officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,[d] is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast, while bordering the Río de la Plata to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast. It is part of the Southern Cone region of South America. Uruguay covers an area of approximately 176,215 square kilometers (68,037 sq mi).[8] It has a population of almost 3.5 million people, of whom nearly 2 million live in the metropolitan area of its capital and largest city, Montevideo.

The area that became Uruguay was first inhabited by groups of

hunter gatherers 13,000 years ago.[13] The first European explorer to reach the region was Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516, but the area was colonized later than its neighbors. At the time of European arrival, the Charrúa were the predominant tribe, alongside other groups such as the Guaraní and the Chaná. However, none of these groups were socially or politically organized, which contributed to their decline.[14] Amid territorial disputes, the Portuguese established Colônia do Sacramento in 1680, and the Spanish founded Montevideo as a military stronghold. Uruguay secured its independence between 1811 and 1828, following a four-way struggle involving Portugal, Spain, and later the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil. In 1830, the country enacted its constitution and was formally established as an independent state.[15]

During the early years following its independence, Uruguay remained subject to foreign influence and intervention, along with a series of internal conflicts and political turmoil.[16] From the second half of the 19th century, the country saw significant waves of European migration—mainly from Spain, Italy, and France—which greatly influenced its demographics and laid the foundation for modern-day Uruguayan culture and society.[17][18] In the early 20th century, a series of pioneering economic, labor, and social reforms were introduced, leading to the establishment of a highly developed welfare state. Coupled with its political stability, this contributed to the country being known as the "Switzerland of the Americas".[19]

Following Uruguay's independence, national politics were dominated by two political parties: the

urban guerrilla warfare in the late 1960s and early 1970s culminated in the 1973 coup d'état, which established a civic-military dictatorship until 1985.[21] Uruguay is today a democratic constitutional republic, with a president who serves as both head of state and head of government
.

In 2023, Uruguay was categorized as being a "full democracy" in

income equality, per capita income, innovation, and infrastructure.[23][24] The country has fully legalized cannabis (the first country in the world to do so), as well as same-sex marriage and abortion. It is a founding member of the United Nations, OAS, and Mercosur
.

Etymology

The country of Uruguay takes its name from the

common noun for any wild fowl).[25][26] The name could also refer to a river snail called uruguá (Pomella megastoma) that was plentiful across its shores.[27]

One of the most popular interpretations of the name was proposed by the renowned Uruguayan poet Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, "the river of painted birds";[28] this interpretation, although dubious, still holds an important cultural significance in the country.[29]

In Spanish colonial times and for some time thereafter, Uruguay and some neighboring territories were called

Eastern Province". Since its independence, the country has been known as "República Oriental del Uruguay", which literally translates to "Eastern Republic of the Uruguay [River]". However, it is officially translated either as the "Oriental Republic of Uruguay"[30][31] or the "Eastern Republic of Uruguay".[32]

History

Main article: History of Uruguay
Monument to the last four Charrúa, the indigenous people of Uruguay

Prehistory

Human presence in the region now known as Uruguay dates back approximately 13,000 years, with evidence of hunter-gatherer communities.[13][33] It is estimated that at the time of the first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, there were about 9,000 Charrúa and 6,000 Chaná and some Guaraní island settlements.[34]

There is an extensive archeological collection of man-made tumuli known as "Cerritos de Indios" in the eastern part of the country, some of them dating back to 5,000 years ago. Very little is known about the people who built them as they left no written record, but evidence has been found in place of indigenous agriculture and of extinct indigenous woolly dogs.[35][36][37]

Colonial rule

The Portuguese established Colonia do Sacramento in 1680.

The

Portuguese were the first Europeans to enter the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512.[38][39] The Spanish arrived in present-day Uruguay in 1515 but were the first to set foot in the area, claiming it for the crown.[40] The indigenous peoples' fierce resistance to conquest, combined with the absence of valuable resources, limited European settlement in the region during the 16th and 17th centuries.[40] Uruguay then became a zone of contention between the Spanish and Portuguese empires. In 1603, the Spanish began introducing cattle, which became a source of regional wealth. The first permanent Spanish settlement was founded in 1624 at Soriano on the Río Negro. In 1680, the Portuguese built a fort at Colonia del Sacramento.[41]

British army attempted to seize Buenos Aires and Montevideo as part of the Napoleonic Wars.[43] Montevideo was occupied by British forces from February to September 1807.[43]

Independence struggle

Further information:
Liga Federal, and Cisplatina
In 1825 The oath of the Thirty-Three Orientals set in motion the process in which Uruguay gained independence from the Empire of Brazil.
National personification of Uruguay by Juan Manuel Blanes.

In 1811, José Gervasio Artigas, who became Uruguay's national hero, launched a successful revolt against the Spanish authorities, defeating them on 18 May at the Battle of Las Piedras.[40] In 1813, the new government in Buenos Aires convened a constituent assembly where Artigas emerged as a champion of federalism, demanding political and economic autonomy for each area and the Banda Oriental in particular.[44] The assembly refused to seat the delegates from the Banda Oriental; however, Buenos Aires pursued a system based on unitary centralism.[44]

As a result, Artigas broke with Buenos Aires and besieged Montevideo, taking the city in early 1815.

Federal League under his protection, consisting of six provinces, five of which later became part of Argentina.[44]

In 1816, 10,000 Portuguese troops invaded the Banda Oriental from Brazil; they took Montevideo in January 1817.

Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by the United Kingdom through the diplomatic efforts of Viscount John Ponsonby, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state. 25 August is celebrated as Independence Day, a national holiday.[45] The nation's first constitution was adopted on 18 July 1830.[40]

19th century

See also: Uruguayan Civil War and Uruguayan War

At the time of independence, Uruguay had an estimated population of just under 75,000.[46] The political scene in Uruguay became split between two parties: the conservative Blancos (Whites), headed by the second President Manuel Oribe, representing the agricultural interests of the countryside, and the liberal Colorados (Reds), led by the first President Fructuoso Rivera, representing the business interests of Montevideo. The Uruguayan parties received support from warring political factions in neighboring Argentina, which became involved in Uruguayan affairs.

The Colorados favored the exiled Argentine liberal

Manuel de Rosas. On 15 June 1838, an army led by the Colorado leader Rivera overthrew President Oribe, who fled to Argentina.[46] Rivera declared war on Rosas in 1839. The conflict would last 13 years and become known as the Guerra Grande (the Great War).[46] In 1843, an Argentine army overran Uruguay on Oribe's behalf but failed to take the capital. The siege of Montevideo, began in February 1843 and lasted nine years.[47] The besieged Uruguayans called on resident foreigners for help, which led to a French and an Italian legion being formed, the latter led by the exiled Giuseppe Garibaldi.[47]

In 1825 in the Battle of Sarandí Uruguayan troops first defeated the Brazilian Empire.
In July 18, 1830, Uruguay proclaimed its first Constitution, a significant event that marked the end of the independence process.

In 1845, Britain and France intervened against Rosas to restore commerce to normal levels in the region. Their efforts proved ineffective, and by 1849, tired of the war, both withdrew after signing a treaty favorable to Rosas.[47] It appeared that Montevideo would finally fall when an uprising against Rosas, led by Justo José de Urquiza, governor of Argentina's Entre Ríos Province, began. The Brazilian intervention in May 1851 on behalf of the Colorados, combined with the uprising, changed the situation, and Oribe was defeated. The siege of Montevideo was lifted, and the Guerra Grande finally came to an end.[47] Montevideo rewarded Brazil's support by signing treaties that confirmed Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs.[47]

In accordance with the 1851 treaties, Brazil intervened militarily in Uruguay as often as it deemed necessary.

emperor of Brazil, the president of Argentina, and the Colorado general Venancio Flores, the Uruguayan head of government whom they both had helped to gain power. The Triple Alliance declared war on the Paraguayan leader Francisco Solano López.[48] The resulting Paraguayan War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo was used as a supply station by the Brazilian navy, and it experienced a period of prosperity and relative calm during the war.[48]

The first railway line was assembled in Uruguay in 1867, and a branch consisting of a horse-drawn train was opened. The present-day State Railways Administration of Uruguay maintains 2,900 km of extendable railway network.[49]

The constitutional government of General

Quebracho
in 1886.

The Colorado effort to reduce Blancos to only three departments caused a Blanco uprising of 1897, which ended with creating 16 departments, of which the Blancos now had control over six. Blancos were given ⅓ seats in Congress.

Jose Batlle y Ordonez instituted his political reforms, which caused the last uprising by Blancos in 1904 that ended with the Battle of Masoller and the death of Blanco leader Aparicio Saravia
.

Between 1875 and 1890, the military became the center of power.

hacendados, and industrialists) were organized and had a strong influence on the government.[52] A transition period (1886–90) followed, during which politicians began recovering lost ground, and some civilian participation in government occurred.[52] After the Guerra Grande, there was a sharp rise in the number of immigrants, primarily from Italy and Spain. By 1879, the total population of the country was over 438,500.[53] The economy reflected a steep upswing (if demonstrated graphically, above all other related economic determinants) in livestock raising and exports.[53] Montevideo became a major financial center of the region and an entrepôt for goods from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.[53]

20th century

Palacio Salvo, built in Montevideo from 1925 to 1928, was once the tallest building in Latin America.

The Colorado leader José Batlle y Ordóñez was elected president in 1903.[54] The following year, the Blancos led a rural revolt, and eight bloody months of fighting ensued before their leader, Aparicio Saravia, was killed in battle. Government forces emerged victorious, leading to the end of the co-participation politics that had begun in 1872.[54] Batlle had two terms (1903–07 and 1911–15) during which he instituted major reforms, such as a welfare program, government participation in the economy, and a plural executive.[40]

Gabriel Terra became president in March 1931. His inauguration coincided with the effects of the Great Depression,[55] and the social climate became tense as a result of the lack of jobs. There were confrontations in which police and leftists died.[55] In 1933, Terra organized a coup d'état, dissolving the General Assembly and governing by decree.[55] A new constitution was promulgated in 1934, transferring powers to the president.[55] In general, the Terra government weakened or neutralized economic nationalism and social reform.[55]

In 1938, general elections were held, and Terra's brother-in-law, General Alfredo Baldomir, was elected president. Under pressure from organized labor and the National Party, Baldomir advocated free elections, freedom of the press, and a new constitution.[56] Although Baldomir declared Uruguay neutral in 1939, British warships and the German ship Admiral Graf Spee fought a battle not far off Uruguay's coast.[56] The Admiral Graf Spee took refuge in Montevideo, claiming sanctuary in a neutral port, but was later ordered out.[56]

The sinking of the German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee is the most known event occurring in Uruguay during World War II.

In 1945, Uruguay formally signed the Declaration by the United Nations and entered World War II, leading the country to declare war on Germany and Japan. Following the end of the war, it became a founding member of the United Nations.

An armed group of Marxist–Leninist urban guerrillas, known as the Tupamaros, emerged in the 1960s, engaging in activities such as bank robbery, kidnapping, and assassination, in addition to attempting an overthrow of the government.[57][58]

Civic-military dictatorship

Garments worn by prisoners during the dictatorship, exhibited at the Museum of Memory

President Jorge Pacheco declared a state of emergency in 1968, followed by a further suspension of civil liberties in 1972. In 1973, amid increasing economic and political turmoil, the armed forces, asked by President Juan María Bordaberry, disbanded Parliament and established a civilian-military regime.[40] The CIA-backed campaign of political repression and state terror involving intelligence operations and assassination of opponents was called Operation Condor.[59][60]

According to one source, around 180 Uruguayans are known to have been killed and disappeared, with thousands more illegally detained and tortured during the 12-year civil-military rule from 1973 to 1985.[61] Most were killed in Argentina and other neighboring countries, with 36 of them having been killed in Uruguay.[62] According to Edy Kaufman (cited by David Altman[63]), Uruguay at the time had the highest per capita number of political prisoners in the world. "Kaufman, who spoke at the U.S. Congressional Hearings of 1976 on behalf of Amnesty International, estimated that one in every five Uruguayans went into exile, one in fifty were detained, and one in five hundred went to prison (most of them tortured)." Social spending was reduced, and many state-owned companies were privatized. However, the economy did not improve and deteriorated after 1980; the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by 20%, and unemployment rose to 17%. The state intervened by trying to bail out failing companies and banks.[64]: 45 

Return to democracy (1984–present)

Former Uruguayan president Jorge Batlle with former U.S. president George H. W. Bush in 2003

A new constitution, drafted by the military, was rejected in a November 1980 referendum.[40] Following the referendum, the armed forces announced a plan for the return to civilian rule, and national elections were held in 1984.[40] Colorado Party leader Julio María Sanguinetti won the presidency and served from 1985 to 1990. The first Sanguinetti administration implemented economic reforms and consolidated democracy following the country's years under military rule.[40] The National Party's Luis Alberto Lacalle won the 1989 presidential election, and a referendum endorsed amnesty for human rights abusers. Sanguinetti was then reelected in 1994.[65] Both presidents continued the economic structural reforms initiated after the reinstatement of democracy.[66]

The 1999 national elections were held under a new electoral system established by a 1996 constitutional amendment.

Argentina in 2002) caused a severe recession; the economy contracted by 11%, unemployment climbed to 21%, and the percentage of Uruguayans in poverty rose to over 30%.[68]

In 2004, Uruguayans elected

cannabis in the following year,[75]
making Uruguay the first country in the modern era to legalize cannabis.

In 2014,

Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou, a member of the conservative National Party, as the 42nd President of Uruguay.[77] On 1 March 2025, Yamandu Orsi took office as Uruguay's new president, meaning the left-wing coalition, the Broad Front, returned to power after a five-year interruption.[78]

Geography

Main article: Geography of Uruguay
See also: Geology of Uruguay
territorial sea, exclusive economic zone and extended continental shelf
.

With 176,214 km2 (68,037 sq mi) of continental land and 125,436 km2 (48,431 sq mi) of

AMSL in the Sierra Carapé hill range. To the southwest is the Río de la Plata
, the estuary of the Uruguay River (the river which forms the country's western border).

A dense fluvial network covers the country, consisting of four river basins, or deltas: the

Laguna Merín, and the Río Negro. The major internal river is the Río Negro ("Black River"), dammed in 1945, resulting in the formation of the artificial Rincón del Bonete Lake
in the heart of Uruguay. Several lagoons are found along the Atlantic coast.

Montevideo is the southernmost national capital in the Americas and the third most southerly in the world (after Canberra and Wellington). Uruguay is the only country in South America situated entirely south of the Tropic of Capricorn, and is the southernmost sovereign state in the world when ordered by northernmost point of latitude. There are ten national parks in Uruguay: Five in the wetland areas of the east, three in the central hill country, and one in the west along the Rio Uruguay. Uruguay is home to the Uruguayan savanna terrestrial ecoregion.[81] The country had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 3.61/10, ranking it 147th globally out of 172 countries.[82]

Climate

Main article: Climate of Uruguay
Köppen–Geiger climate classification map for Uruguay

Located entirely within the southern temperate zone, Uruguay has a climate that is relatively mild and fairly uniform nationwide.[83] According to the Köppen climate classification, most of the country has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Only in some spots of the Atlantic Coast and at the summit of the highest hills of the Cuchilla Grande the climate is oceanic (Cfb).

The country experiences four seasons, with summer from December to March and winter from June to September. Seasonal variations are pronounced, but extremes in temperature are rare.[83] Summers are tempered by winds off the Atlantic, and severe cold in winter is unknown.[83][84] Although it never gets too cold, frosts occur every year during the winter months, and precipitation such as sleet and hail occur almost every winter, but snow is very rare; it does occur every couple of years at higher elevations, but almost always without accumulation. As would be expected with its abundance of water, high humidity, and fog are common.[83]

The absence of mountains, which act as weather barriers, makes all locations vulnerable to high winds and rapid changes in weather as fronts or storms sweep across the country.[83] These storms can be strong; they can bring squalls, hail, and sometimes even tornadoes.[85] The country experiences extratropical cyclones but no tropical cyclones, due to the fact that the South Atlantic Ocean is rarely warm enough for their development. Both summer and winter weather may vary from day to day with the passing of storm fronts, where a hot northerly wind may occasionally be followed by a cold wind (pampero) from the Argentine Pampas.[31]

Even though both temperature and precipitation are quite uniform nationwide, there are considerable differences across the territory. The average annual temperature of the country is 17.5 °C (63.5 °F), ranging from 16 °C (61 °F) in the southeast to 19 °C (66 °F) in the northwest.[86] Winter temperatures range from a daily average of 11 °C (52 °F) in the south to 14 °C (57 °F) in the north, while summer average daily temperatures range from 21 °C (70 °F) in the southeast to 25 °C (77 °F) in the northwest.[87] The southeast is considerably cooler than the rest of the country, especially during spring, when the ocean with cold water after the winter cools down the temperature of the air and brings more humidity to that region. However, the south of the country receives less precipitation than the north. For example, Montevideo receives approximately 1,100 mm (43 in) of precipitation per year, while the city of Rivera in the northeast receives 1,600 mm (63 in).[86] The heaviest precipitation occurs during the autumn months, although more frequent rainy spells occur in winter.[31] But periods of drought or excessive rain can occur anytime during the year.

National extreme temperatures at sea level are, 44 °C (111 °F) in Paysandú city (20 January 1943) and Florida city (14 January 2022),[88] and −11.0 °C (12.2 °F) in Melo city (14 June 1967).[89]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Uruguay
Palacio Legislativo, inaugurated in 1925 is the seat of the General Assembly of Uruguay
.

Uruguay is a representative democratic republic with a presidential system.[90] The members of government are elected for a five-year term by a universal suffrage system.[90] Uruguay is a unitary state: justice, education, health, security, foreign policy and defense are all administered nationwide.[90] The executive power is exercised by the president and a cabinet of 14 ministers.[90]

Palacio Piria, seat of the Supreme Court of Uruguay.

The legislative power is constituted by the

Chamber of Representatives, consisting of 99 members representing the 19 departments, elected for a five-year term based on proportional representation; and the Chamber of Senators, consisting of 31 members, 30 of whom are elected for a five-year term by proportional representation, and the vice-president, who presides over the chamber and has the right to vote.[90]

The judicial arm is exercised by the Supreme Court, the Bench, and Judges nationwide. The members of the Supreme Court are elected by the General Assembly; the members of the Bench are selected by the Supreme Court with the consent of the Senate, and the Judges are directly assigned by the Supreme Court.[90]

Uruguay adopted its current constitution in 1967.[91][92] Many of its provisions were suspended in 1973, but reestablished in 1985. Drawing on Switzerland and its use of the initiative, the Uruguayan Constitution also allows citizens to repeal laws or to change the constitution by popular initiative, which culminates in a nationwide referendum. This method has been used several times over the past 15 years: to confirm a law renouncing prosecution of members of the military who violated human rights during the military regime (1973–1985); to stop privatization of public utility companies; to defend pensioners' incomes; and to protect water resources.[93]

For most of Uruguay's history, the

absolute majority in Parliamentary elections, and in 2009, José Mujica of the Broad Front defeated Luis Alberto Lacalle of the Blancos to win the presidency. In March 2020, Uruguay got a conservative government, meaning the end of 15 years of left-wing leadership under the Broad Front coalition. At the same time, center-right National Party's Luis Lacalle Pou was sworn in as the new President of Uruguay.[96] In the 2024 general elections
, the Broad Front regained the presidency (Yamandú Orsi) and a Senate majority, and increased their plurality in the Chamber of Representatives.

A 2010

V-Dem Democracy indices in 2023, Uruguay ranked 31st in the world on electoral democracy and 2nd behind Switzerland on citizen-initiated direct democracy.[98]

Administrative divisions

Main article: Departments of Uruguay
Uruguay is subdivided into 19 departments.

Uruguay is divided into 19 departments whose local administrations replicate the division of the executive and legislative powers.[90] Each department elects its own authorities through a universal suffrage system.[90] The departmental executive authority resides in a superintendent and the legislative authority in a departmental board.[90]

Department Capital Area Population (2023 census)[99]
km2 sq mi
Artigas Artigas 11,928 4,605 77,487
Canelones Canelones 4,536 1,751 608,956
Cerro Largo Melo 13,648 5,270 91,025
Colonia Colonia del Sacramento 6,106 2,358 135,797
Durazno Durazno 11,643 4,495 62,011
Flores Trinidad 5,144 1,986 26,271
Florida Florida 10,417 4,022 70,325
Lavalleja Minas 10,016 3,867 59,175
Maldonado Maldonado 4,793 1,851 212,951
Montevideo Montevideo 530 200 1,302,954
Paysandú Paysandú 13,922 5,375 121,843
Río Negro Fray Bentos 9,282 3,584 57,334
Rivera Rivera 9,370 3,620 109,300
Rocha Rocha 10,551 4,074 80,707
Salto Salto 14,163 5,468 136,197
San José San José de Mayo 4,992 1,927 119,714
Soriano Mercedes 9,008 3,478 83,685
Tacuarembó Tacuarembó 15,438 5,961 96,013
Treinta y Tres Treinta y Tres 9,529 3,679 47,706
Total[note 3] — 175,016 67,574 3,499,451

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Uruguay
The seat and parliament of Mercosur are located in Montevideo.

The country's foreign policy is directed by the Ministry of Foreign Relations.[101] Uruguay has traditionally had strong political and cultural ties with its neighboring countries and with Europe, and its international relations have been guided by the principles of non-intervention and multilateralism.[102] The country is a founding member of international organizations such as the United Nations, the Organization of American States, the Southern Common Market, and the Latin American Integration Association.[103] The headquarters of the latter two are located in its capital Montevideo, for which the role of the city has been compared to that of Brussels in Europe.[104]

Uruguayan President Luis Lacalle Pou (second from right) at the summit of Mercosur Heads of State in 2023

Uruguay has two uncontested boundary disputes with Brazil, over

Isla Brasilera and the 235 km2 (91 sq mi) Invernada River region near Masoller. The two countries disagree on which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quaraí/Cuareim River, which would define the border in the latter disputed section, according to the 1851 border treaty between the two countries.[80]
The disputed areas remain de facto under Brazilian control, with little to no actual effort by Uruguay to assert its claims. Both countries have friendly diplomatic relations and strong economic ties.

Uruguay is also a founding member of

United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.[68] In 2017, Uruguay signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[106] It also rejoined the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (TIAR or "Rio Pact") in 2020.[107]

Military

Main article:
Military of Uruguay
Uruguayan Army M41 Walker Bulldog light tank monument
Two Cessna A-37 Dragonfly of the Air Force during a flypast

The Uruguayan Armed Forces are constitutionally subordinate to the president of the Republic, through the minister of defense.[40] Armed forces personnel number about 18,000 for the Army,[108] 6,000 for the Navy, and 3,000 for the Air Force.[40] Enlistment is voluntary in peacetime, but the government has the authority to conscript in emergencies.[80]

Uruguay ranks first in the world on a per capita basis for its contributions to the

United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan.[109]

Since May 2009, homosexuals have been allowed to serve in the military after the defense minister signed a decree stating that military recruitment policy would no longer discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation.

Foreign Military Financing and $480,000 in International Military Education and Training.[68]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Uruguay
GDP per capita development since 1900.
World Trade Center Montevideo.

In 1991, the country experienced an increase in strikes to obtain wage compensation to offset inflation and to oppose the privatizations desired by the government of Luis Alberto Lacalle. A general strike was called in 1992, and the privatization policy was widely rejected by the referendum.

economic problems of Argentina.[68] The economy contracted by 11%, and unemployment climbed to 14–21%.[113][68]

In 2004, the Batlle government signed a three-year $1.1 billion stand-by arrangement with the

structural reforms designed to improve competitiveness and attract foreign investment.[68] Uruguay terminated the agreement in 2006 following the early repayment of its debt but maintained a number of the policy commitments.[68] Vázquez, who assumed the government in March 2005, created the Ministry of Social Development and sought to reduce the country's poverty rate with a $240 million National Plan to Address the Social Emergency (PANES), which provided a monthly conditional cash transfer of approximately $75 to over 100,000 households in extreme poverty. In exchange, those receiving the benefits were required to participate in community work, ensure that their children attended school daily, and have regular health check-ups.[68]

Following the 2001 Argentine credit default, prices in the Uruguayan economy made a variety of services, including information technology and architectural expertise, once too expensive in many foreign markets, exportable.[114] The Frente Amplio government, while continuing payments on Uruguay's external debt,[115] also undertook an emergency plan to attack the widespread problems of poverty and unemployment.[116] The economy grew at an annual rate of 6.7% during the 2004–2008 period.[117] Uruguay's export markets have been diversified to reduce dependency on Argentina and Brazil.[117] Poverty was reduced from 33% in 2002 to 21.7% in July 2008, while extreme poverty dropped from 3.3% to 1.7%.[117]

Between 2007 and 2009, Uruguay was the only country in the Americas that did not technically experience a recession (two consecutive downward quarters).

public sector debt contracted in the second quarter of 2010, after five consecutive periods of sustained increase, reaching $21.885 billion US dollars, equivalent to 59.5% of the GDP.[122]

Uruguay was ranked 62nd in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.[123] The number of union members has quadrupled since 2003, rising from 110,000 to more than 400,000 in 2015 for a working population of 1.5 million.[124] According to the International Trade Union Confederation, Uruguay has "ratified all eight core ILO labour Conventions".[125] The growth, use, and sale of cannabis were legalized on 11 December 2013,[126] by former president José "Pepe" Mujica, making Uruguay the first country in the world to fully legalize marijuana. The law was voted on at the Uruguayan Senate on the same date with 16 votes to approve it and 13 against.

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture in Uruguay
Vineyards in Uruguay.

In 2010, Uruguay's export-oriented agricultural sector contributed to 9.3% of the GDP and employed 13% of the workforce.[80] Official statistics from Uruguay's Agriculture and Livestock Ministry indicate that meat and sheep farming in Uruguay occupies 59.6% of the land. The percentage further increases to 82.4% when cattle breeding is linked to other farm activities such as dairy, forage, and rotation with crops such as rice.[127]

According to

quinces (17th). Most farms (25,500 out of 39,120) are family-managed; beef and wool represent the main activities and main source of income for 65% of them, followed by vegetable farming at 12%, dairy farming at 11%, hogs at 2%, and poultry also at 2%.[127] Beef is the main export commodity of the country, totaling over US$1 billion in 2006.[127]

In 2007, Uruguay had cattle herds totalling 12 million head, making it the country with the highest number of cattle per capita at 3.8.[127] However, 54% is in the hands of 11% of farmers, who have a minimum of 500 head. At the other extreme, 38% of farmers exploit small lots and have herds averaging below one hundred head.[127]

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Uruguay
Punta del Este is one of the main tourist destinations in the Southern Cone.

The tourism industry in Uruguay is an important part of its economy. In 2012, the sector was estimated to account for 97,000 jobs and (directly and indirectly) 9% of GDP.[128] Uruguay is the Latin American country that receives the most tourists in relation to its population. In 2023, 3.8 million tourists entered Uruguay, of which the majority were Argentines and Brazilians, followed by Chileans, Paraguayans, Americans and Europeans of various nationalities.[129]

Torres García Museum and Estadio Centenario. One of the main natural attractions in Uruguay is Punta del Este. Punta del Este is situated on a small peninsula off the southeast coast of Uruguay. Its beaches are divided into Mansa, or tame (river) side and Brava, or rugged (ocean) side. Punta del Este adjoins the city of Maldonado, while to its northeast along the coast are found the smaller resorts of La Barra and José Ignacio.[130]

Transportation

Main article: Transport in Uruguay
Port of Montevideo.
Carrasco International Airport, Montevideo.

The Port of Montevideo is one of the major container terminal port; it handles over 1.1 million containers annually.[131] Its quay can handle 14-meter draft (46 ft) vessels. Nine straddle cranes allow for 80 to 100 movements per hour.[131] The port of Nueva Palmira is a major regional merchandise transfer point and houses both private and government-run terminals.[132]

Air

Carrasco International Airport was initially inaugurated in 1947, and in 2009, Puerta del Sur, the airport owner and operator, commissioned Rafael Viñoly Architects to expand and modernize the existing facilities with a spacious new passenger terminal with an investment of $165 million.[133][134] The airport can handle up to 4.5 million users per year.[133] PLUNA was the flag carrier of Uruguay and was headquartered in Carrasco.[135][136]

The

Punta del Este International Airport, located 15 kilometers (9.3 mi) from Punta del Este in the Maldonado Department, is the second busiest air terminal in Uruguay, built by the Uruguayan architect Carlos Ott. It was inaugurated in 1997.[132]

Land

The

Administración de Ferrocarriles del Estado is the autonomous agency in charge of rail transport and the maintenance of the railroad network. Uruguay has about 1,200 km (750 mi) of operational railroad track.[80] Until 1947, about 90% of the railroad system was British-owned.[137] In 1949, the government nationalized the railways, along with the electric trams and the Montevideo Waterworks Company.[137] However, in 1985, the "National Transport Plan" suggested passenger trains were too costly to repair and maintain.[137] Cargo trains would continue, but bus transportation became the "economic" alternative for travellers.[137] Passenger service was then discontinued in 1988.[137]
However, rail passenger commuter service into Montevideo was restarted in 1993, and now comprises three suburban lines.

Punta del Este International Airport.

Surfaced roads connect Montevideo to the other urban centers in the country, the main highways leading to the border and neighboring cities. Numerous unpaved roads connect farms and small towns. Overland trade has increased markedly since Mercosur (Southern Common Market) was formed in the 1990s and again in the later 2000s.[138] Most of the country's domestic freight and passenger service is by road rather than rail. The country has several international bus services[139] connecting the capital and frontier localities to neighboring countries.[140] These include 17 destinations in Argentina,[note 4] 12 destinations in Brazil[note 5] and the capital cities of Chile and Paraguay.[141]

Telecommunications

Main article:
Communications in Uruguay

The telecommunications industry is more developed than in most other Latin American countries, being the first country in the Americas to achieve complete digital telephone coverage in 1997. The system is government-owned, and there have been controversial proposals to partially privatize it since the 1990s.[142]

The mobile phone market is shared by the state-owned

Claro. The ANTEL has the largest market share at 49% of Uruguay's mobile lines.[143] ANTEL has launched a commercial 5G network in April 2019[144] with still continual development.[145] While Movistar and Claro have only 30% and 21% of the market share, respectively.[146] The Google Search engine accounted for 95% of total search engine market share in 2023–2024.[147]

Energy

In 2010, the Ministry of Energy, Mining and Industry of Uruguay approved Decree 354 on the Promotion of Renewable Energies.[148] In 2021, Uruguay had, in terms of installed renewable electricity, 1,538 MW in hydropower, 1,514 MW in wind power (35th largest in the world), 258 MW in solar power (66th largest in the world), and 423 MW in biomass.[149] In 2023, 98% of Uruguay's electricity comes from renewable energy.[150] The dramatic shift, taking less than ten years and without government funding, lowered electricity costs and slashed the country's carbon footprint.[151][152] Most of the electricity comes from hydroelectric facilities and wind parks. Uruguay no longer imports electricity.[153] In 2022, 49% of the country's total carbon dioxide emissions came from the burning of diesel fuel, followed by gasoline, with a 25% share.[154]

Demographics

See also: Demographics of Uruguay and Uruguayans
Ethnic groups in Uruguay (2011 census)[155][80]
  1. White (87.68%)
  2. Black
    (4.6%)
  3. Indigenous (2.35%)
  4. East Asian
    (0.23%)
  5. Other/none (5.14%)

Uruguayans are of predominantly

European origin, with 85.2% of the population claiming "white" as their dominant ancestry self-identified in the 2023 census,[156] a decrease from 87.7% over the 2011 census.[157]
Most Uruguayans of European ancestry are descendants of 19th and 20th century immigrants from Spain,
African descent make up around five percent of the total.[31] There are also important communities of Japanese.[158] Overall, the ethnic composition is similar to neighboring Argentine provinces as well as Southern Brazil.[159]

From 1963 to 1985, an estimated 320,000 Uruguayans emigrated.[160] The most popular destinations for Uruguayan emigrants are Argentina, followed by the United States, Australia, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Italy, France and Portugal.[160] In 2009, for the first time in 44 years, the country saw an overall positive influx when comparing immigration to emigration. 3,825 residence permits were awarded in 2009, compared with 1,216 in 2005.[161] 50% of new legal residents come from Argentina and Brazil. A migration law passed in 2008 gives immigrants the same rights and opportunities that nationals have, with the requisite of proving a monthly income of $650.[161]

Metropolitan Montevideo is the only large city, with around 1.9 million inhabitants, or more than half the country's total population. The rest of the urban population lives in about 30 towns.[40] Uruguay's rate of population growth is much lower than in other Latin American countries.[31] Its median age is 35.3 years, higher than the global average[40] due to its low birth rate, high life expectancy, and relatively high rate of emigration among younger people. A quarter of the population is less than 15 years old, and about a sixth are aged 60 and older.[31] In 2017, the average total fertility rate (TFR) across Uruguay was 1.70 children born per woman, below the replacement rate of 2.1. It remains considerably below the high of 5.76 children born per woman in 1882.[162] A 2017 IADB report on labor conditions for Latin American nations ranked Uruguay as the region's leader overall in all but one subindexes, including gender, age, income, formality, and labor participation.[163]

Largest cities

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Uruguay
"Uruguay". citypopulation.de. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
Rank Name Department Pop. Rank Name Department Pop.
1 Montevideo Montevideo 1,304,687 11 Artigas Artigas 40,657
2 Salto Salto 104,011 12 Minas
Lavalleja
 38,446
3 Ciudad de la Costa Canelones 95,176 13 San José de Mayo San José 36,743
4 Paysandú Paysandú 76,412 14 Durazno Durazno 34,368
5 Las Piedras Canelones 71,258 15 Florida Florida 33,639
6 Rivera Rivera 64,465 16 Barros Blancos Canelones 31,650
7 Maldonado Maldonado 62,590 17 Ciudad del Plata San José 31,145
8 Tacuarembó Tacuarembó 54,755 18 San Carlos Maldonado 27,471
9 Melo Cerro Largo 51,830 19 Colonia del Sacramento Colonia 26,231
10 Mercedes Soriano 41,974 20 Pando Canelones 25,947

Religion

Main article: Religion in Uruguay
The Church of Saint Charles Borromeo in San Carlos is one of the oldest churches in Uruguay.

Armenian Apostolic.[166]

Political observers consider Uruguay the most secular country in the Americas.[167] Uruguay's secularization began with the relatively minor role of the church in the colonial era, compared with other parts of the Spanish Empire. The small numbers of Uruguay's indigenous peoples and their resistance to proselytism reduced the influence of the ecclesiastical authorities.[168]

After independence, anti-clerical ideas spread to Uruguay, particularly from France, further eroding the influence of the church.[169] In 1837, civil marriage was recognized, and in 1861, the state took over the running of public cemeteries. In 1907, divorce was legalized, and in 1909, all religious instruction was banned from state schools.[168] Under the influence of the Colorado politician José Batlle y Ordóñez (1903–1911), complete separation of church and state was introduced with the new constitution of 1917.[168] Uruguay's capital has 12 synagogues and a community of 20,000 Jews as of 2011. With a peak of 50,000 during the mid-1960s, Uruguay has the world's highest rate of aliyah as a percentage of the Jewish population.[170]

Language

Main articles: Uruguayan Spanish and Rioplatense Spanish

Spanish is the de facto national language.[171] Uruguayan Spanish, as a variant of Rioplatense, employs both voseo and yeísmo (with [ʃ] or [ʒ]) and has a great influence of the Italian language and its different dialects since it incorporates lunfardo.[172] In the border areas with Brazil in the northeast of the country, Uruguayan Portuguese is spoken, which consists of a mixture of Spanish with Brazilian Portuguese.[173] It is a dialect without formally defined orthography and without any official recognition.[174] English is the most widespread foreign language among the Uruguayan people, being part of the educational curriculum.[175]

As few indigenous people exist in the population, no indigenous languages are thought to remain in active use in the country.[176] Another spoken dialect was the Patois, which is an Occitan dialect. The dialect was spoken mainly in the Colonia Department, where the first pilgrims settled, in the city called La Paz. There are still written tracts of the language in the Waldensians Library (Biblioteca Valdense) in the town of Colonia Valdense, Colonia Department. Patois speakers arrived to Uruguay from the Piedmont. Originally, they were Vaudois who become Waldensians, giving their name to the city Colonia Valdense, which translated from the Spanish to mean "Waldensian Colony".[177]

In 2001, Uruguayan Sign Language (LSU) was recognized as an official language of Uruguay under Law 17.378.[4]

Education

Main article: Education in Uruguay
Faculty of Medicine of the University of the Republic, founded in 1849.

Education in Uruguay is secular, free,[178] and compulsory for 14 years, starting at the age of 4.[179] The system is divided into six levels of education: early childhood (3–5 years), primary (6–11 years), basic secondary (12–14 years), upper secondary (15–17 years), higher education (18 and up), and postgraduate education.[179] Public education is the primary responsibility of three institutions: the Ministry of Education and Culture, which coordinates education policies; the National Public Education Administration, which formulates and implements policies on early to secondary education; and the University of the Republic, responsible for higher education.[179] In 2009, the government planned to invest 4.5% of GDP in education.[178]

Uruguay ranks high on standardized tests such as

Plan Ceibal.[181] Over the 2007–2009 period, 362,000 pupils and 18,000 teachers were involved in the scheme; around 70% of the laptops were given to children who did not have computers at home.[181] The OLPC project represents less than 5% of the country's education budget.[181]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Uruguay

Uruguayan culture is strongly European and its influences from southern Europe are particularly important.[31] The tradition of the gaucho has been an important element in the art and folklore of both Uruguay and Argentina.[31]

Visual arts

The School of Architecture in Montevideo.
A "livable sculpture", Carlos Páez Vilaró's Casapueblo was his home, hotel and museum.

Abstract painter and sculptor

Post-Impressionist painter Pedro Figari did pastel studies in Montevideo and the countryside.[184] Most of the paintings were part of the abstract trend, not muralism.[185]

Uruguay has many art museums, most of which are in Montevideo, such as the Torres García Museum and the Gurvich Museum.[186] The Torres García Museum was dedicated in honor of the Uruguayan artist Joaquín Torres-García.[187]

Music

Main article: Music of Uruguay
Tango dancers in Montevideo
Murga singers at the Carnival

The folk and popular music of Uruguay shares its

Numa Moraes
.

There are numerous radio stations and musical events of rock music and the Caribbean genres.[31] Early classical music in Uruguay showed Spanish and Italian influence, but since the 20th century, a number of composers of classical music, including Eduardo Fabini, Héctor Tosar, and Eduardo Gilardoni, have made use of Latin American musical idioms more.[31] There are two symphony orchestras in Montevideo, OSSODRE and Filarmonica de Montevideo. Some of the well-known classical musicians are pianists Albert Enrique Graf; guitarists Eduardo Fernandez and Marco Sartor; and singers Erwin Schrott.

Tango has especially affected Uruguayan culture during the 20th century, particularly the 1930s and 1940s with Uruguayan singers such as Julio Sosa from Las Piedras.[188] When tango singer Carlos Gardel was 29 years old, he changed his nationality to be Uruguayan, saying he was born in Tacuarembó.[189] Nevertheless, a Carlos Gardel museum was established in 1999 in Valle Edén, near Tacuarembó.[190]

Rock and roll was first introduced into Uruguay with the arrival of the Beatles and other British bands in the early 1960s. A wave of bands appeared in Montevideo, including Los Shakers, Los Iracundos, Los Moonlights, and Los Malditos, of which all became major figures in the so-called Uruguayan Invasion of Argentina.[191] Popular Uruguayan rock bands include La Vela Puerca, El Cuarteto de Nos, and Cursi. In 2004, the Uruguayan musician and actor Jorge Drexler won an Academy Award for composing the song "Al otro lado del río" from the movie The Motorcycle Diaries, which narrated the life of Che Guevara.[192]

Food

Main article: Uruguayan cuisine

Uruguayan food culture comes mostly from the European cuisine culture. Most of the Uruguayan dishes are from Spain, France, Italy, and Brazil, the result of immigration caused by past wars in Europe. Daily meals vary between meats, pasta of all types, rice, sweet desserts and others, with meat being the principal dish due to Uruguay being one of the world's largest producers of meat in quality.[citation needed]

Typical dishes include: "Asado uruguayo" (big grill or barbecue of all types of meat), roasted lamb, Chivito (sandwich containing thin grilled beef, lettuce, tomatoes, fried egg, ham, olives and others, and served with French fries), Milanesa (a kind of fried breaded beef), tortellini, spaghetti, gnocchi, ravioli, rice and vegetables.[citation needed]

One of the most consumed spreads in Uruguay is Dulce de leche (a caramel confection from Latin America prepared by slowly heating sugar and milk). The most typical sweet is Alfajor, which is a small cake, filled with Dulce de leche and covered with chocolate or meringue. Other typical desserts include the Pastafrola (a type of cake filled with quince jelly) and Chajá (meringue, sponge cake, whipped cream and fruits, typically peaches and strawberries are added). Mate, a herbal drink, is the most typical beverage in Uruguay.[citation needed]

Literature

Main article: Uruguayan literature
José Enrique Rodó

José Enrique Rodó (1871–1917), a modernist, is considered Uruguay's most significant literary figure.[31] His book, Ariel (1900), deals with the need to maintain spiritual values while pursuing material and technical progress.[31] It also stresses resisting cultural dominance by Europe and the United States.[31] Notable amongst Latin American playwrights is Florencio Sánchez (1875–1910), who wrote plays about contemporary social problems that are still performed today.[31]

From about the same period came the romantic poetry of Juan Zorrilla de San Martín (1855–1931), who wrote epic poems about Uruguayan history. Also notable are Juana de Ibarbourou (1895–1979), Delmira Agustini (1866–1914), Idea Vilariño (1920–2009), and the short stories of Horacio Quiroga and Juan José Morosoli (1899–1959).[31] The psychological stories of Juan Carlos Onetti (such as "No Man's Land" and "The Shipyard") have earned widespread critical praise, as have the writings of Mario Benedetti.[31]

Uruguay's best-known contemporary writer is Eduardo Galeano, author of Las venas abiertas de América Latina (1971; "Open Veins of Latin America") and the trilogy Memoria del fuego (1982–87; "Memory of Fire").[31] Other modern Uruguayan writers include Sylvia Lago, Jorge Majfud, and Jesús Moraes.[31]

Media

The Reporters Without Borders worldwide press freedom index has ranked Uruguay as 19th of 180 reported countries in 2019.[193] Freedom of speech and media are guaranteed by the constitution, with qualifications for inciting violence or "insulting the nation".[116] Uruguay's freedom of the press was severely curtailed during the years of military dictatorship. On his first day in office in March 1985, Sanguinetti reestablished complete freedom of the press.[194] Consequently, Montevideo's newspapers expanded their circulations.[194] Uruguayans have access to more than 100 private daily and weekly newspapers, more than 100 radio stations, and some 20 terrestrial television channels, and cable TV is widely available.[116]

State-run

Búsqueda serves as a forum for political and economic analysis.[194] Although it sells only about 16,000 copies a week, its estimated readership exceeds 50,000.[194]

Sports

Main article: Sport in Uruguay
Centenario Stadium
Uruguay supporters at the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia

Spain national soccer team.[203]

Another popular sport is basketball.

Americas Basketball Championship in 1988 and 1997, and is a host of the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Spanish has never been proclaimed the official language of Uruguay by either constitution or any decree. However, it is de facto official in all forms of government and society.
  2. ^ It has de jure official status as of 2001.[3][4]
  3. ^ /ˈjʊərəɡwaɪ/ ⓘ[12] YOOR-ə-gwy, Spanish: [uɾuˈɣwaj] ⓘ
  4. ^ Spanish: República Oriental del Uruguay
  1. ^ Self-identified primary ethnic-racial ancestry. Total adds up to more than 100% as people were allowed to choose more than one ancestral racial group
  2. Cisplatina Province
    until it declared independence from Brazil and adhesion to the United Provinces, which didn't come to fruition.
  3. ^ Total does not include the 1,199 km2 (463 sq mi) artificial lakes of the Rio Negro.[100]
  4. Villa Mercedes
  5. ^ Namely Camboriú, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Jaguarão, Joinville, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Quaraí, São Gabriel, São Paulo, Santa Maria, and Santana do Livramento.
    (Santana do Livramento has open borders with the Uruguayan city of Rivera. There are no physical barriers or immigration checkpoints inhibiting movement between or within the two contiguous cities, despite each one belonging to separate national jurisdictions.)

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Further reading

  • Andrew, G. R. (2010). Blackness in the White Nation: A History of Afro-Uruguay, The University of North Carolina Press
  • Behnke, A. (2009). Uruguay in Pictures, Twenty First Century Books
  • Box, B. (2011). Footprint Focus: Uruguay, Footprint Travel Guides
  • Burford, T. (2010). Bradt Travel Guide: Uruguay, Bradt Travel Guides
  • Canel, E. (2010). Barrio Democracy in Latin America: Participatory Decentralization and Community Activism in Montevideo, The Pennsylvania State University Press
  • Clark, G. (2008). Custom Guide: Uruguay, Lonely Planet
  • Jawad, H. (2009). Four Weeks in Montevideo: The Story of World Cup 1930, Seventeen Media
  • Lessa, F. and Druliolle, V. (eds.) (2011). The Memory of State Terrorism in the Southern Cone: Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, Palgrave Macmillan
  • Mool, M (2009). Budget Guide: Buenos Aires and Montevideo, Cybertours-X Verlag
Library resources about
Uruguay

Government

  • Uruguay – Official website of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay
  • Government – Official website of the Government of Uruguay
  • Presidency – official website of the president of Uruguay
  • General Assembly – official website of the General Assembly of Uruguay
  • Senate – official website of the Senate of Uruguay
  • Chamber of Representatives – official website of the Chamber of Representatives of Uruguay
  • Statistics – official website of the National Institute of Statistics

History

Tourism

Maps

33°S 57°W / 33°S 57°W / -33; -57

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruguay&oldid=1296995686"