Sargasso Sea

Coordinates: 28°N 66°W / 28°N 66°W / 28; -66
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Saragossa.
For other uses, see Sargasso Sea (disambiguation).

Map of the Sargasso Sea
The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is bounded by the Gulf Stream on the west, the North Atlantic Current on the north, the Canary Current on the east, and the North Equatorial Current on the south.

The Sargasso Sea (/sɑːrˈɡæsoʊ/) is a region of the Atlantic Ocean bounded by four currents forming an ocean gyre.[1] Unlike all other regions called seas, it is the only without land boundaries.[2][3][4] It is distinguished from other parts of the Atlantic Ocean by its characteristic brown Sargassum seaweed and often calm blue water.[1]

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre. It lies between 20° and 35° north and 40° and 70° west and is approximately 1,100 kilometres (600 nautical miles) wide by 3,200 km (1,750 nmi) long. Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.

While all of the above currents deposit marine plants and refuse into the sea, ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is distinctive for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity, with underwater visibility of up to 60 m (200 ft).[5] It is also a body of water that has captured the public imagination, and so is seen in a wide variety of literary and artistic works and in popular culture.[6]

History

A chart drawn by the

Gonçalo Velho was dispatched with orders to determine the location of "islands" first identified by de Silves. Velho apparently got as far as the Formigas
, in the eastern archipelago, before having to return to Sagres, probably due to bad weather.

By this time, the Portuguese navigators had also reached the Sargasso Sea (western North Atlantic region), naming it after the Sargassum seaweed growing there (sargaço or sargasso in Portuguese).[7]

Later in 1492, Christopher Columbus wrote about seaweed that he feared would trap his ship and potentially hide shallow waters that could run them aground, as well as a lack of wind that he feared would trap them.[8]

The sea may have been known to earlier mariners, as a poem by the late fourth century author Avienius describes a portion of the Atlantic as being covered with seaweed and windless, citing a now-lost account by the fifth century BC Carthaginian Himilco the Navigator. Columbus himself was aware of this account and thought Himilco had reached the Sargasso Sea, as did several other explorers. However, modern scholars consider this unlikely.[9]

In 1609, the English vessel Sea Venture was blown to the shore of Bermuda. The sea has also been the site of whaling and fishing.[10]

The 1920–1922

Swallow float in the late 1950s, the discovery of Prochlorococcus by a team of researchers in the 1980s, and various oceanographic data gathering programs such as those of Henry Stommel.[13]

In July 1969, British businessman and amateur sailor Donald Crowhurst disappeared after his yacht became mired in the Sargasso Sea. He had been competing in the Sunday Times Golden Globe Race, a single-handed, round-the-world yacht race when his poorly prepared boat began to take on water. He abandoned his circumnavigation attempt, but reported false positions by radio in an attempt to give the impression that he was still participating. Eventually, Crowhurst wound up drifting in the Sargasso Sea, where he deteriorated psychologically, filling his logbooks with metaphysical speculation and delusional comments. His last entry was July 1, and his yacht was found unoccupied and drifting on July 10. It is unclear whether his death came as the result of suicide or misadventure.[14][15]

Boundaries

The sea is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream, on the north by the North Atlantic Current, on the east by the Canary Current, and on the south by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current, the four together forming a clockwise-circulating system of ocean currents termed the North Atlantic Gyre.[16] It lies between 20° to 35° N and 40° and 70° W and is approximately 1,100 km (600 nmi) wide by 3,200 km (1,750 nmi) long.[17][18] Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea.[19]

Because the Sargasso Sea is bordered by oceanic currents, its precise borders may change. The Canary Current in particular is widely variable, and often the line utilized is one west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A 2011 report based the sea's boundaries on several variables including currents, presence of seaweed, and the topography of the ocean floor, and determined that the specific boundaries of the sea were "between 22°–38°N, 76°–43°W and centred on 30°N and 60°W" for a total of around 4,163,499 km2 (1,213,882 sq nmi).[20]

Ecology

Lines of sargassum in the Sargasso Sea

The Sargasso Sea is home to seaweed of the genus Sargassum, which floats en masse on the surface.[21] The Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt is the largest such mass in the world.[22] The sargassum masses generally are not a threat to shipping, and historic incidents of sailing ships being trapped there are due to the often-calm winds of the horse latitudes.[21]

The Sargasso Sea plays a role in the

eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young loggerhead sea turtles use currents such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the sargassum as cover from predators until they are mature.[23][24] The sargassum fish is a species of frogfish specially adapted to blend in among the sargassum seaweed.[25] Millions of European eel babies are born there and then make a three-year journey back to UK waters; many seabird species also fly and feed across it on their way to Britain. [26]

In the early 2000s, the Sargasso Sea was sampled as part of the Global Ocean Sampling Expedition, to evaluate its diversity of microbial life through metagenomics. Contrary to previous theories, results indicated the area has a wide variety of prokaryotic life.[27]

Commonly called seaweed, Sargassum is a type of

macroalgae. Like all algae, it produces oxygen. Based on 1975 measurements of oxygen production, and estimates of the total mass of Sargassum in the sea, it can be calculated that the Sargasso Sea may produce 2.2 billion litres of O₂ per hour,[28]
making the sea one of the primary sources of atmospheric oxygen.

Threats

The Sargasso Sea, like many unique ocean ecosystems, is under various threats, such as

oil drilling, and deep-sea mining.[29][26]

Pollution

Owing to surface currents, the Sargasso accumulates a high concentration of non-biodegradable plastic waste.[30][31] The area contains the huge North Atlantic garbage patch.[32]

Several nations and nongovernmental organizations have united to protect the Sargasso Sea.[33] These organizations include the Sargasso Sea Commission[34] established 11 March 2014 by the governments of the Azores (Portugal), Bermuda (United Kingdom), Monaco, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Bacteria that consume plastic have been found in the plastic-polluted waters of the Sargasso Sea; however, it is unknown whether these bacteria ultimately clean up poisons or simply spread them elsewhere in the marine microbial ecosystem. Plastic debris can absorb toxic chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning anything that eats it.[35]

Others

Human activity in the Sargasso Sea has negatively affected it, such as over-fishing and shipping.[36]

The Sargasso Sea is often portrayed in literature and the media as an area of mystery.[6] It is often depicted in fiction as a dangerous area where ships are mired in weed for centuries, unable to escape.[37] Outer-space equivalents are a recurring motif in science fiction.[38][39]

Literature

Ezra Pound's Portrait d'une Femme opens with the line: "Your mind and you are our Sargasso Sea", suggesting that the woman addressed in the poem is a repository of trivia and disconnected facts.[40]

The Sargasso Sea features in classic fantasy stories by

short stories.[41] Jules Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas describes the Sargasso Sea and gives an account of its formation.[42] Thomas Allibone Janvier's 1898 novel is titled In the Sargasso Sea.[43]

Uncharted Seas (1938) is a fantasy novel by

Hammer Films and Seven Arts
.

Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) by Jean Rhys is inspired by Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and gives Bertha Mason's history, experiences and perspective. Two film adaptations of the same name have been released, one in 1993 and another in 2006.[44][45]

"Prisoners of the Sargasso Sea" was a story published in Batman number 122 dated March 1959. Batman encounters ships trapped there for centuries. Batman and Robin are welcomed by the pirate Jolly Roger, Erik of Norway and Flavius from ancient Rome. They explain to Batman that a strange mist from the seaweed keeps them alive and ageless.

Music

Television

  • "The Mystery of the Lizard Men" is the 1964 pilot episode of the animated series Jonny Quest. The story involves the disappearance of multiple ships in the Sargasso Sea and a secret laser base (protected by lizard-suited scuba divers) hidden aboard an 18th-century shipwreck.
  • In the second episode of the third series of the 2014 series Black Sails, Captain Flint and the crew of the Walrus are stranded in the Sargasso Sea for several episodes.

Comic Books

References

Notes

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0198606871
    . Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  2. ISBN 978-0495561972
    . Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  3. ^ "What's the Difference between an Ocean and a Sea?". Ocean Facts. Silver Spring MD: National Ocean Service (NOS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 25 March 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2017 – via OceanService.NOAA.gov.
  4. ^ [1]
  5. Field Enterprises Educational Corporation
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0448424170
    .
  7. ^ "Wide Sargasso Sea - Setting - Book Drum". 15 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  8. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 10.
  9. ISBN 978-0195382075
    .
  10. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 11.
  11. ^ "Where Do Eels Come From?". The New Yorker. 14 May 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2021.
  12. ISBN 978-0295982397
    .
  13. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 28.
  14. ^ McCrum, Robert (4 April 2009). "Deep water". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  15. ^ Proudfoot, Shannon (2016). "Inside Donald Crowhurst's heartbreaking round-the-world hoax". Sportsnet. Retrieved 30 September 2021.
  16. ^ "Ocean Gyre". National Geographic. Retrieved 24 June 2022.
  17. ^ "Sargasso Sea". oceanfdn.org. The Ocean Foundation. 14 September 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  18. ISBN 978-1408188088
    . Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  19. ^ Webster, George (31 May 2011). "Mysterious waters: from the Bermuda Triangle to the Devil's Sea". CNN. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  20. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 7.
  21. ^ a b "Sargasso". The Straight Dope. August 2002.
  22. PMID 31273122
    .
  23. ^ "Turtles return home after UK stay". BBC News Online. 30 June 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  24. ^ "Satellites track turtle 'lost years'". BBC News Online. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  25. ^ "In the Sargasso Sea, life depends on floating sargassum seaweed". National Geographic Society. 15 May 2019. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019.
  26. ^ a b The Sargasso Sea: why this ‘golden floating rainforest’ urgently needs protecting, greenpeace.org.uk, 2nd May 2024.
  27. S2CID 1454587
    .
  28. doi:10.1016/S0011-7471(76)80020-4
    .
  29. ^ Greenpeace calls on Government to spearhead sea sanctuary campaign, perspectivemedia.com, 7 May 2024.
  30. ^ "The Trash Vortex (2008)". Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
  31. ^ "The trash vortex (2014)". Greenpeace.
  32. ^ Wilson, Stiv J. (16 June 2010). "Atlantic Garbage Patch". HuffPost. Retrieved 27 June 2017.
  33. ^ Shaw, David (27 May 2014). "Protecting the Sargasso Sea". Science & Diplomacy. 3 (2).
  34. ^ "Sargasso Sea Commission". sargassoalliance.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  35. doi:10.1038/news.2011.191
    .
  36. ^ Sargasso Sea Alliance 2011, p. 33.
  37. JSTOR 24943833
    .
  38. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3
    .
  39. Warwick University. Cosmic Stories Blog. Archived
    from the original on 22 November 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  40. ISBN 978-0822373209
    .
  41. ISBN 978-1892389398
    .
  42. ISBN 978-0192828392. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help
    )
  43. ^ The Literary World: A Monthly Review of Current Literature. S. R. Crocker. 1898. p. 243.
  44. JSTOR 30046421
    .
  45. JSTOR 24246943
    .
  46. ^ Nastos, M. G. Allmusic Review accessed September 6, 2011
  47. ^ Tony, Caro and John. "Sargasso Sea". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  48. ^ Taeko Ohnuki. "Sargasso Sea". AllMusic. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  49. ^ "Pram – Sargasso Sea". AllMusic. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  50. ^ Modest Mouse – Dashboard (Official Music Video). YouTube
  51. ^ "Carving Desert Canyons". Discogs. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  52. ^ "Pretty soon they'll discover me / In the Super-Sargasso Sea!". Genius. Retrieved 31 October 2024.
  53. ^ Sargasso (Eels). A Capella Science. 31 October 2024. Retrieved 31 October 2024 – via YouTube.
  54. ISBN 978-1683901860
    .

Bibliography

Look up Sargasso Sea in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

28°N 66°W / 28°N 66°W / 28; -66

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