Serer maternal clans
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Serer maternal clans or Serer matriclans (
Terminology
- In Serer, Tim (proper : o timfamily name.
- The head of a matriclan is called Tokoor (or Tokor). The Tokoor is usually a very old man (the eldest male of the clan) and a rather important figure in the maternal family.[9]
- ƭeen yaay[5] or den yaay (var : den yay [7]) — means maternal inheritance[5] or matrilineage[7] depending on context.
- A ndok ya — literally means a mother’s house (or cabin).[6] In a historical sense, it can also means all those who trace descent from a direct maternal ancestor.[6] The paternal alternative is mbin (as in Mbin Semou Njekeh - see the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof). All the members of this mother's house partains to the same matriclan.[6][7]
- Maasir (who have an ancient relationship. This tradition which is present between Serer patriclans and in Senegambian culture, is also present among the Serer matriclans. They are historical alliances to which their descendants still adhere to.[10] For more on this, see Serer - Maasir.
Types
Serer matriclans can be divided into two types :
- 1. Those clans who are Serers by origin — through the bloodline. They are usually revered in
- 2.Those who are assimilated to Serer medieval history, but have no relevance in Serer religion, legend, mythology or ancient history. In certain cases, some of these clans attempt to advance their mythological legitimacy by affiliating themselves to the proto-Serer matriclans or adopting as totems — objects which are enshrined in Serer mythology.[13]
Serer matriclans can be further categorized by splitting them into groups. For example, :
- 1. The Coofaan group (var : Tiofane or Tiofan) —: i.e. the Coofaan (itself a matriclan), Siañ, Pedior, Taa'boor (or Tabor) and Jolax (var : Diolah) matriclans.[14]
History
Serer matriclans and the role of Serer women are intricately linked to the
The ritual control of the
Many Serer families can recite their maternal genealogy at least as far back to ten generations from the eldest living member of the clan.[6]
The Serer group and matrilineality
The Serer ethnic group are very diverse and include : the
The following table gives some of the variations in the matriclans among the Palor, Ndut, Saafi, Lebou and Seex :
Palor clans | Ndut clans | Saafi clans | Lebou clans | Seex clans |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ƴuuɗ | Ƴuuɗ | Ƴuuɗ | Yuur | - |
Lemu | Lemu | Lemu | - | - |
Joofa | - | Joofa | - | Cofa (var : Coofaan) |
Caagis | - | Caages | - | Cegandum |
Yookam | Yookam | Yokam | Yokam (Dumbuur) | Bagadou or Bagadu (more commonly known as Wagadou)[21] |
Role of the Tokoor
The Tokoor (or Tokor
[...] wealth, whether achieved initially through individual accumulation as in the Agni case, or through pooling, as in the Serer case, ultimately results in collective accumulation which preserves the ‘power’ of the community of Co-heirs. In the long run, competition and differentiation take place between matrilineages rather than individuals, and can be better represented in terms of ‘power’ - including demographic strength and symbolic power - than in terms of ‘wealth’.[6]
— Jean-Marc Gastellu
Matriclans
There are several Serer maternal clans. The list of clans given below is not exhausive. Many of these went on to establish royal dynasties in Senegambia or provided some of the kings of the Senegambia Region. Not all Serer matriclans went on to establish royal dynasties. Others are more mythological in nature.
Gareh Kareh, Rik & Gogol
The matriclans Gareh Kareh (variations: Garé Karé, singular : Kareh Kareh or Karé Karé) and Rik (singular : Tik) are two of the old Serer matriclans enshrined in Serer legend, especially the Gareh Kareh, more commonly referred to in academic papers as : Karé Karé (following its French spelling in Senegal). The Gareh Kareh matriclan is one of the better known Serer matriclans. According to the legend of these two clans, they both came from the same mother but diverged following a calamity. Their divergence is elucidated by the proverb : "what goes around comes around".[24] As of 1983, the total Gareh Kareh clan in Ñakhar Arrondissement is estimated to be 1127, and 1336 for Rik. In Baol, the Gareh Kareh are called Gogol.[13]
The legend of Gareh Kareh & Rik
These two Tim came from the same mother.
When their ancestors were about to die in the bush from thirst, they were guided by an iguana who climbed a baobab tree and quenched its thirst from the rainwater that had gathered in the hollow chamber of a baobab tree (mbudaay-baak[27] or ƥaak[28]). It was this animal that led them to a source of water in order to quench their thirst and from then on became the totem of this family. The legend went on to say that the ancestors of this family from then on had an extraordinary power resist death.[24]
Following a
- In Serer : "Reti bis a saxal alé [aleh] o rik olehneh".
- Translation : "Will carry the calabash little thing."[24]
Having been called a "little thing", the group seceded and declared that their matriclan would henceforth be known as Rik. The term Rik means "the little thing".[24] This remark is a derogatory remark, made in reference to the other family members but not necessarily directed at the little girl who was of the other matriclan (what became the Rik). In
:In serer :
- "Rik a paanga naak
- baa mbar o mbambe
- Gare Kare [Gareh Kareh] mbaaxeer,
- a mbar o mbusu!"[13]
Translation :
- The Rik finished their cows,
- And kill a kid!
- The Gareh Kareh are worthless!
- They kill an ox!
Jolax
Like the Gareh Kareh, the Jolax (var : Diolah,
Their totem is the African sparrow.[26] It is from this animal that they take their name from — Jolax (sparrow).[24][26] It is reported that this matriclan does not appear to have many members. As of 1983, only 375 people are reported to be members of this matriclan, mostly concentrated in the arrondissement of Ñakhar (in Senegal).[24] The Jolax along with the Siañ', Pedior and Taa'boor clans are classified as part of the Coofaan group (var : Tiofane or Tiofan).[14]
Simala
The Simala are one of the three main Serer matriclans, the other two being Fatik and Koyeh (var : Koyé). The Simala are also usually referred to as the "men of the
Fatik
There are various branches of the Fatik (or Fatick) matriclan which spread from the Kingdom of Sine to Saloum and beyond (see below —: Siañ, Xuter, Siwaña & Fata Fata). Like the Simala, it is one of the principal Serer matriclans.[13] The city of Fatick in Senegal, and the region by the same name derive their names from the Serer term "Fati Ubadik" - which means "we have more to go".[33]
Siañ, Xuter, Siwaña & Fata Fata
These four matriclans are of the same family. They are called by different names depending on which part of Serer country one finds oneself in. In the Kingdom of Sine, they are called Siañ; in the
The Fata Fata are also referred to as Pata Fata (var : Patafata
Bande Ñambo was a member of the Serer patrilineage Sarr and the matrilineage Pata Fata.[39] She was not the founder of this matriclan but one of the Serer matriarchs. She is regarded as a princess or founder of Gandun.[40] Whilst the Simala matriclan are associated with the sea, the Pata Fata are regarded as the masters of salines (fata).[32]
Koyeh
The Koyeh (var : Koyé or Koyer) make up the third of the main three matriclans. They are generally referred to as the "men of rushes".[13] As of 1983, the Koyeh, Fatik and Simila collectively make up 20.81% of the residents of Ñakhar Arrondissement.[13]
Cegandum & Kagaw
The historical narrative of the Cegandum (var : Tiégandoum, The major elements of the historical narrative of these two is summarized as follows :
- 1. One engages in cannibalism unknowingly,[43][44]
- 2.
- 3. One is afforded the highest spiritual honour in Serer religion.[43][44]
The legend of Cegandum & Kagaw
The Cegandum matriclan used to lived with the Kagaw. One day a famine broke out. Two members of these matriclans travelled a long distance (accomapanying each other) in search of food. Due to hunger and fatigueness, the Cegandum fell to the ground and was unable to move. The Kagaw clan member was powerless to help his companion because there was no food in the vicinity. He laid his companion down and begged him to wait whilst he go and look for food. Having walked some distance away from the sight of his companion, he cut a piece of his thigh muscle, made himself a fire, cooked the human flesh and took it to his companion (the Cegandum) to eat. The Cegandum ate it without knowing he was eating a human flesh. Having recovered his strength, they both carried off walking. Having walked some distance, the Kagaw began to lose blood and suddenly collapsed. The Cegandum asked him what the problem was and the Kagaw replied in the following terms :
The meat that you have eaten to save your life. It is this wound that prevents me from walking.
The Cegandum was unable to save his companion from his condition. At this moment,
Although the Cegandum and Kagaw narrative is well enshrined in Serer religion and tradition, a different matriclan known as Bagadu or Bagadou in Serer, and more commonly referred to as Wagadou (or Wagadu) brings a different dimension to the well established narrative. According to the advocates of the Bagadou matriclan, the historical adventure following the famine was between a Kagaw and a Bagadou (and not a Cegandum). However, this is not the generally accepted view. The Bagadou matriclan were a maternal dynasty in Serer and Senegambian medieval dynastic history (see Wagadou & Jaafun below). They have no significance in Serer religion. By trying to associate the Bagadou with the Kagaw, it is merely regarded as attempting to bestow religious legitimacy to the Bagadous. However, it is suggested that, the three matriclans Kagaw, Cegandum and Bagadou are allies.[43]
Joofaan
This matriclan is linked to an early ancestor from the Joof family, and at Faoye (in Senegal), it is still the members from the Joof patrilineage who are the head of this matriclan (as of 2002).[45] Like their Lamanic paternal ancestor who is associated with a Serer saint — i.e. the justicer Fangool—Lunguñ Joof,[46] this matriclan is also revered in Serer religion, in particular, through the Serer Pangool. Although the Fangool[47] Ngolum Joof (another Fangool from this family) is one of those ancient Pagool requiring a blood sacrifice (i.e. cattle), the totem of this matriclan forbids a blood sacrifice.[48]
Soos
The origin of this clan is
The Soos (or Sos) have become so "Sererized" and assimilated that most facets of their Mandé origin has been lost. The Soos assimilation to Serer culture is regarded by some scholars as sheer evidence of strong Serer culture. However, the Soos are few of those matriclans who became Serer through marriage, yet, held in high esteem especially in the Serer oral tradition. The Soos are one of the most well known Serer matriclans. For several centuries, they have formed a permanent fixture in Serer culture and country.[49] According to their tradition, a Soos is prohibited from touching a partridge (ceбel in Serer)[4][26] or the Nile monitor lizard (cas in Serer).[26]
Peƴoor
The Peƴoor matriclan is one of the old Serer matriclans who are believed to have held sacred powers especially over the environment, in particular marine life. It is suggested that, this matriclan held great economic power right until the Guelowars' arrival in
Caxanora
Somewhat linked to the Peƴoor matriclan, the proto-Caxanora matriclan (variations : Caxanoora
The Caxanoras are related to the Pufun matriclan as well as the Coofaan clan of Saloum. They are regarded as the same clan. They merely branched out and adopted different names.
Wagadou & Jaafun
The Wagadous (Serer : Bagadou, other variations Wagadu or Ougadou) originally came from the Kingdom of Wagadou in the early
The Wagadous of Sine are related to the Lokam matriclan of
Although both have no significance in term of Serer religion or mythology,
Joos
The
Guelowar
The
Mouïoy
The Mouïoy[74] (many variations : Mooyoy[75] or Moyoy[76]) are one of the oldest Serer matriclans.[76] In the Middle Ages, they were one of the rivals of the Wagadous. The Mouïoy prominence came later especially in Cayor and Baol. Some of the earliest Damels of Cayor were Mouïoys (16th century). Deche Fou Njoogu (father of Amari Ngoneh Sobell) is credited as the first Damel, albeit his short reigne (1549, died the same year) was a Mouïoy[56] and so was Biram Yassin Boubou (var : Biram Yacine Boubou, reigned : c. 1664 - 1681[77])[78] and Ma Fali Gaye (reigned : c. 1683*[79] - 1684[78]) who was assassinated in 1884.[78] From 1549 following the Battle of Danki to 1697 following the rise of the Geej Maternal Dynasty of Cayor and Baol, the Mouïoys were one of the dominant maternal dynasties of these two countries at least during this period.[78]
The legend of the Mouïoy brothers
According to Serer oral tradition, the first Mouïoys were two brothers of noble birth, the eldest of which was destined to become a king. However, in his youth, he (the eldest) killed a man from a foreign family. In that distance past, Serer religious law dictates that a murderer must pay with blood for his action or in certain cases, deliver himself or a family member to the victims family to work in servitude if that is the will of the victim's family in a murder hearing for the purposes of tort. The killer failed to deliver himself to the grieving family. As he had no one to deliver other than his younger brother, the young man was delivered to the victim's family. Instead of the victim's family killing the young man, he was held in servitude for his older brother's deed. Without rest, the young man was required to work all day, and at night, he was chained in the most inhabitable hut. He spent most of his youth in servitude.[76]
The Serer tradition is silent on whether this foreign family were royals from a foreign land or not. However, it did went on to say that when the older brother took power in the country and became the king, he thought about liberating his younger brother, and accordingly, organized a great army to liberate him from servitude. The younger brother was successfully liberated and brought back to the palace. However, the stigma of servitude especially for a royal prince was unpalatable for the Serer community of that era, and he was regarded as nothing more than a liberated serf in spite of his royal blood. Therefore, the ambition of becoming a king one day was unlikely. As such, the younger brother's altered his royal ambitions from kingship to becoming a member of local government or even a military commander. He settled near the palace in order to part take in constitutional affairs as much as he was possibly allowed. A man who was gifted with wisdom and supernatural powers became the father of two Mouïoys. This man, regarded as the Tokoor of the clan, had before his death hidden a secret
Beye
Beye
Geej
The Geej (many variations : Guedj or Gedj) matriclan gained prominence in the late 17th century. The Serer princess —
The Geej family of Cayor and Baol are related to the Soos family of Sine and Saloum, the country of their birth. They are usually regarded as extended relatives.[4]
Gaanguuna
The Gaanguuna (
Other matriclans
The following are some of the other major matriclans :
- Taa'boor matriclan (var : Tabor) — their clan is linked to the Pangool Laga Ndong, whose libation is headed by this maternal family.[85]
- Sass[86] or Saas — the name for their clan is linked to the Saas tree which is enshrined in Serer cosmogony.
- Didink[86]
- Bangai[86]
- Siagne[86]
- Biban[86]
- Tied[86]
- Tioka[14]
- Baling[59]
Alliances (Maasir)
Alliances (maasir) between matriclans which are
- 1. The Coofaan group which includes : the Coofaan, Siañ, Pedior (also : Feejoor or Peeĵoor), Taa'boor and Jolax (or Diolah) are allies of the Gareh Kareh, Kogol, Haleh (or Halé), Rik, Lumel, Saas (or Sass), Tioka and Sasan.[14]
- 2. The Kagaw are allies of the Cegandum and Wagadou (or Bagadou).[43]
- 3. The Joofaan are allies with the Feejoor (Peeĵoor[26] or Pedior); the Waale have a bond of cousinage with the Rik and the Simala are allies with the Wagadou[17]
- 4. The Gaanguuna are a major allies of the Simala.[13]
- 5. The Soos are allies of the Jegandum, Kagaw, Coofaan, Taa'boor, Jaxanora, Siañ and Wagadou.[49]
Surnames of matriclans
The
Matriclan | Totemic observance / myth | Surname of the clan |
---|---|---|
Peeĵoor[26] (var : Pedor,[87] singular : Feeĵoor) | The death of a Pedor will bring rain[26][87] | Mbasor[87] |
Leket | Forbidden from touching turtle doves[26][87] | Sukan[87] |
Siwaña (or Sivana[87]) | Forbidden from touching the Nile monitor lizard (see above)[26][87] | Mbangu[87] |
Simala | The death of a Simala brings common cold[26][87] | Das[87] |
Caxanora [88] | Forbidden from touching savannah monitors (cas) (see above)[26][87] | Puham[87] |
Pata Fata | — | Bam[87] |
Waagaan [89] | One of their observances dictates that they should do nothing on Sundays, but this is believed to be a new addition.[26][87] | Dab[87] |
Soos[26] (or Sos) | Forbidden from touching a partridge (ceбel) — (see above)[26][87] | Banda[87] |
List of matriarchs
The following is a list of known Serer
- Lingeer Fatim Beye, Queen of Sine c 1335, matriarch of the Joos Maternal Dynasty
- Lingeer Bande Ñambo Sarr, a matriarch of the Pata Fata clan.[90]
- Lingeer Ndoye Demba, Queen and Queen Mother of Waalo, c. 1367, grand daughter of Lingeer Fatim Beye. Lingeer Ndoye Demba established the Joos Maternal Dynasty in Waalo.
- Lingeer Ngoneh Jaye (var : Ngoneh Jaaye / Jaay or Ngoné Dièye) of
- Lingeer Bassine Soureh (var : Bassine Souré), matriarch of the Beye Maternal Dynasty of Cayor and Baol and mother of Dé Tialao (reigned : 1693).[84]
- Lingeer Ngoné Dièye, 17th century Queen and Queen Mother of Cayor and Baol, and mother of Damel Lat Sukabe Fall
Saying
Like the reverence held for the most ancient—Serer patriarchs (Mam o Kor),[92] the reverence for Serer matriclans is also preserved in the following popular saying in pre-colonial Sine :
O lok yaa, ten fisu a Sinig.[92]
The 1983 Ñakhar project
The 1983 Ñakhar project was a collaborative effort by various scholars and institutions such as Charles Becker, Léonce Crétois, Henry Gravrand, Victor Martin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, etc., to research and document the Serer matriclans of Niakhar or Ñakhar arrondissement in Senegal.[93] Ñakhar was chosen particularly because it is one of those Serer countries where the Serer religion is dominant, unpenetrated by Islam or Christianity.[93] It is also a place rich in Serer traditions, itself located in the Fatick Region which houses many of the Serer holy sites.[93] The scope of the project included the documentation of the Tim in this Senegalese arrondissement, population and demographic spread, and the mythology associated with the clans, etc.[93] [94] The research was a long process but it was actually documented in 1983.[93] A similar project had been undertaken previously by Gravrand, Martin and Crétois,[93][94] and even before them by Lamoise in 1873 with his work on Serer grammar ("Grammaire de la langue Serer") which lists some of the Serer patriclans and matriclans and the myths associated with them.[4]
Filmography
- Boumi et l'oiseau pélican (1990) by Phillipe Cassard, Paris.[18]
See also
- The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof
- The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof
- The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof
- States headed by ancient Serer Lamanes
- Yaboyabo
- Serer creation myth
- Index of Serer matriarchs
- Index of Serer patriarchs
- Index of Serer surnames
References
- ^ ISBN 2865374874(Retrieved : 31 July 2012)
- ^ Dupire, "Totems sereer et contrôle rituel de l'environnement", p 40
- ^ Kalis, p 299
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o (in French) Lamoise, LE P., "Grammaire de la langue Serer" (1873)
- ^ a b c d e f g h (in French) Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M. [2] (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k (in French) Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest", Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines 4 (1985) [in] (in English) Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa: A Note", O.R.S.T.O.M. Fonds Documentaire (1988), pp 1, 2-4 (pp 272-4), 7 (p 277) [3]
- ^ ISBN 2709905914
- ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
- ^ a b c Gravrand, "Cosaan", pp 210-12
- ^ Université Cheikh Anta Diopde Dakar (2002), pp 64-70
- ^ Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine, suivie de Notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972)», . (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, pp 706-7 (pp 4-5), pp 713-14 (pp 9-10)
- ^ a b c d Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", p 118 (Henry Gravrand, "La civilisation Sereer" - Cosaan, 1983, pp 154-155 [in] Dupire)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gravran, "Cosaan", p 202
- ^ a b c d BIFAN (1983), p 359
- ^ ISBN 3515028420(Henry Gravrand, "La civilisation Sereer - Pangool" [in] "Paideuma: Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Volumes 43-44")
- ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
- ^ Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar(2002)
- ^ a b c Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", pp 98-9
- ^ Palor in Ethnologue (2007) : Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. "Ethnologue: Languages of the World", Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.[4]
- ^ a b Dupire, "Totems sereer et contrôle rituel de l'environnement", pp 40-4
- ^ Adapted from Dupire "Totems sereer et contrôle rituel de l'environnement", p 42
- ^ Kalis, p 300
- ^ a b c Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 208-9
- ^ ISBN 2723608778
- ^ a b c d Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 201
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y (in French) Crétois, Léonce , Becker, Charles "Le vocabulaire sereer de la faune", (Editor: Charles Becker), Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (1983), p v
- Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (23 and 24 June 2009), Dakar [5](Retrieved : 3 August 2012)
- ^ Kalis, p 292
- ^ ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
- ^ a b (in French) Lericollais, André, « La gestion du paysage ? Sahélisation, surexploitation et délaissement des terroirs sereer au Sénégal », Afrique de l'ouest, Dakar (21–26 November 1988), ORSTOM, [6]. For the name of Serer medicinal plants and their corresponding Latin names, see : Ndooy page 9 [7] (Retrieved 3 August 2012)
- ^ A small stream
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", p 119
- ^ (in French) Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département d'Histoire, "Ñirohmol, un village déserté du Diokoul (Saloum) (XIVe-XXe siècle) : histoire et archéologie", p 24
- ^ a b c « Myth of Siañ » [in] Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 200
- ^ (in French) Njenje [in] ALFOUTIYOU PLANTES MEDECINALES (note spelling error) — (Retrieved : 3 August 2012)
- ) (XIVe-XXe siècle): histoire et archéologie", (2001), p 110
- ^ a b Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département d'Histoire, "Ñirohmol, un village déserté du Diokoul (Saloum) (XIVe-XXe siècle): histoire et archéologie", (2001), p 26
- ^ Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département d'Histoire, "Ñirohmol, un village déserté du Diokoul (Saloum) (XIVe-XXe siècle): histoire et archéologie", (2001), p 30
- ^ "Bulletin. serie B: Sciences humaines, Volume 41" (1979), p 745
- ^ Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 181
- Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, IFAN (1983), pp 387, 398, 401
- ^ BIFAN (1983), pp 387-401
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 200
- ^ (Retrieved : 3 August 2012)
- ^ Faye & Diop, "Contribution a l'étude de l'histoire de Fa-oy des origines aux grandes migrations (XIIIe - XXe siècle): approche historique et ethnographique", pp 66-8, 134
- ^ Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 342-3, 349
- ^ Fangool is the singular of Pangool.
- ISBN 2723611078
- ^ a b c Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 199
- ^ a b c d Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87. p 19"
- ^ See : Galvan, "The State must be our Master of Fire"
- ^ Gravrand, "Cosaan", pp 75-6, 155
- ^ Boulègue, pp 39-40
- ^ ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
- ^ (in French) Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38, IFAN (1976), pp 557-504
- ^ a b Deche Fou Njoogu (var : Détié Fou Ndiogou) - father of Amari Ngoneh did not rule long. He died too early. He was a Wagadou (var : Ouagadou). See Brigaud (1964), pp 22-3
- ^ Variation : For Amari Sobell's mother (Ngoneh Sobell Njie - also spelled Ngoné Ndiaye) and Wagadou spelled Ouagadou, see : Brigaud, 1964, pp 22-3
- ^ (in French) Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964), pp 22-3
- ^ a b BIFAN (1983), pp 385-6
- ^ a b Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987), p 40
- ^ (in French) Kesteloot, Lilyan, Veirman, Anja, "Le mboosé: mythe de fondation et génie protecteur de Kaolack", IFAN (2006), p 36
- ^ Kesteloot, Lilyan, & Veirman, Anja, p 57
- ^ Boulègue, p 39
- ^ Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal) Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. 1986-87, p 19
- ^ Université de Dakar, (1987) [9](Retrieved 1 August 2012)
- ISBN 2-7236-0868-9. p 59
- ^ a b (in English) Klein, Martin A, "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968), p XV"
- ^ (in French) Ba, Abdou Bouri. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. pp 10-27
- ^ a b (in French) Centre I.F.A.N. (Sénégal). Ministère de l'éducation nationale, C.R.D.S. (Sénégal), "Connaissance du Sénégal", Part 1, Centre I.F.A.N. (Sénégal) (1962), p 268
- ISBN 2825704512(Note error in referring to the word Guelowar as a Wolof word. It is not Wolof.)
- ^ Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", pp 110, 119, 121
- ^ Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", p 118
- ^ Gravrand, Henry, "La civilisation Sereer, Pangool", p 10
- ^ Brigaud (1964), pp 22-3, 64
- ^ BIFAN (1983), p 401
- ^ a b c d « The mythology of the Mouïoy [or Moyoy] » [in] Henry Gravrand, "La civilisation Sereer : Cosaan", pp 205-6
- ^ Brigaud (1964), p 64
- ^ a b c d Brigaud (1964), pp 23, 24, 63-64
- ISBN 3496004606
- ^ a b Brigaud (1964), p 63
- ^ Brigaud (1964), p 24
- ^ (in French) Fall, Tanor Latsoukabé, "Recueil sur la Vie des Damel", Introduit et commenté par C. Becker et V. Martin, BIFAN, Tome 36, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1974
- ^ a b c d e Che Yassin Demba Noudj is spelled Tègne Thié Yasin Demba Noudj, See : « Fall » [in] Bulletin. serie B: Sciences humaines, Volume 36, IFAN (1974), p 111
- ^ a b Brigaud, p 22
- ^ Gravrand, "Pangool", p 352
- ^ a b c d e f Dupire, "L'Egalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal", pp 519, 520 & 535
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Lamoise (1873)
- ^ Variations : Caxaanoora or Tahanora
- ^ The proper spelling is Waagaan. Other variations include : Wagan or Vagan
- ^ See :
- (in French) "Bulletin. serie B: Sciences humaines, Volume 41" (1979), pp 740-745
- (in French) Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 181
- ^ Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", p 104
- ^ a b Gravrand, "Cosaan", p 210
- ^ a b c d e f (in French) Crétois, Léonce , Becker, Charles "Le vocabulaire sereer de la faune", (Editor: Charles Becker), Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (1983), p 24
- ^ a b Dupire, "Sagesse sereer: Essais sur la pensée sereer ndut", pp 7, 91, 111
Bibliography
- (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)
- Dupire, Marguerite, "Totems sereer et contrôle rituel de l'environnement", [in] Persee (in French) [11] (Retrieved : 9 August 2012)
- ISBN 2-7384-5196-9
- Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer", Dakar (1993), CNRS - ORS TO M. (in French) Excerpt (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)
- ISBN 2-7236-0868-9
- Faye, Amade., & Agence de coopération culturelle et technique, "Le thème de la mort dans la littérature Seereer: Essai", Nouvelles éditions africaines du Sénégal (1997), ISBN 2723611078
- Faye, Ousmane, Diop, Adama, "Contribution a l'étude de l'histoire de Fa-oy des origines aux grandes migrations (XIIIe - XXe siècle) : approche historique et ethnographique", Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar(2002)
- Crétois, Léonce, Becker, Charles "Le vocabulaire sereer de la faune", (Editor: Charles Becker), Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar (1983)
- Sarr, Alioune, "Histoire du Sine-Saloum (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986-87
- Lericollais, André, « La gestion du paysage ? Sahélisation, surexploitation et délaissement des terroirs sereer au Sénégal », Afrique de l'ouest, Dakar (21–26 November 1988), ORSTOM, [12]. (in French) [13] (Retrieved 3 August 2012)
- ISBN 2-7236-1055-1
- Gravrand, Henry, "La Civilisation Sereer - Cosaan", Nouvelles Editions africaines (1983), ISBN 2723608778
- ISBN 3515028420
- Centre I.F.A.N. (Sénégal). Ministère de l'éducation nationale, C.R.D.S. (Sénégal), "Connaissance du Sénégal", Part 1, Centre I.F.A.N. (Sénégal) (1962), p 268
- Girard,Jean, "L'or du Bambouk: une dynamique de civilisation ouest-africaine", Georg (1992), pp 206–8, ISBN 2825704512
- Ngom, Biram: "La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin", Université de Dakar, (1987) (in French) [14](Retrieved 1 August 2012)
- Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Petit traité de matrilinarité. L'accumulation dans deux sociétés rurales d'Afrique de l'Ouest", Cahiers ORSTOM, série Sciences Humaines 4 (1985)
- Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "Matrilineages, Economic Groups and Differentiation in West Africa: A Note", O.R.S.T.O.M. Fonds Documentaire (1988), pp 1, 2-4 (pp 272–4), 7 (p 277) (in English) [15] (original publication in French : "Petit traité de matrilinarité") — (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)
- Gastellu, Jean-Marc, "L'Egalitarisme économique des Serer du Sénégal", IRD Editions (1981), (Retrieved : 31 July 2012)
- Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Département d'Histoire, "Ñirohmol, un village déserté du Diokoul (Saloum) (XIVe-XXe siècle): histoire et archéologie", (présenté par Mamadou Lamine Camara), (2001)
- BIFAN, "Bulletin. serie B: Sciences humaines, Volume 41" (1979)
- Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, "Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 28", (1966), pp 610, 602 (BIFAN 1966)
- Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (23 and 24 June 2009), Dakar (in French) [17](Retrieved : 3 August 2012)
- "Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire: Sciences humaines, Volume 45", Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, IFAN (1983), pp 387–401
- Diouf, Léon, "Eglise locale et crise africaine: le diocèse de Dakar", KARTHALA Editions (2001), p 147, (Henry Gravrand, "Cosaan" [in] Diouf) — (Retrieved : 3 August 2012)
- Ba, Abdou Bouri. Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire. pp 10–27
- Klein, Martin A, "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847-1914." Edinburgh University Press (1968), p XV
- Monteil, Vincent, "Le Dyolof et Al-Bouri Ndiaye," in Esquisses senegalaises (Dakar, 1966)
- Lamoise, LE P., "Grammaire de la langue sérère avec des exemples et des exercises renfermant des documents très utiles", Imprimerie de la Mission (1873)
- Kesteloot, Lilyan, Veirman, Anja, "Le mboosé : mythe de fondation et génie protecteur de Kaolack", IFAN (2006)
- Boulègue, Jean, "Le Grand Jolof, (XVIIIe - XVIe Siècle)", (Paris, Edition Façades), Karthala (1987)
- Phillips, Lucie Colvin, "Historical dictionary of Senegal", ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
- Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin de l'Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Volume 38, IFAN (1976)
- Brigaud, Félix, "Histoire du Sénégal: Des origines aux traités de protectorat", Clair-afrique (1964)
- Glinga, Werner, "Literatur in Senegal: Geschichte, Mythos und gesellschaftliches Ideal in der oralen und schriftlichen Literatur", D. Reimer (1990), ISBN 3496004606
Further reading
- Dupire, Marguerite, "Totems sereer et contrôle rituel de l'environnement", [in] Persee (in French) [19]
- ISBN 2-7475-8907-2
- Camara, Fatou Kiné (PhD) & Seck, Abdourahmane (PhD), "Secularity and Freedom of Religion in Senegal: Between a Constitutional Rock and a Hard Reality", (11/26/2010) [20] (Retrieved : 9 August 2012)
- Zewde, Bahru, "Society, State, and Identity in African History", African Books Collective (2008), « Traite négrière et repli identitaire dans l'espace sénégambien : L'exemple des Sereer du nord-ouest (Sénégal) by Ismaila Ciss, from page 23 »(Retrieved : 10 August 2012)
- Niang, Mor Sadio, "CEREMONIES ET FÊTES TRADITIONNELLES", [in] Ethiopiques no 31 révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine 3e trimestre (1982) (in French) [22] (Retrieved : 10 August 2012)
- Martin, Victor & Becker, Charles, "Lieux de culte et emplacements célèbres dans les pays sereer" (Sénégal), Publié dans le Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire, Tome 41, Série B, n° 1, janvier 1979, (in French) [23] (Retrieved : 10 August 2012)