Shortia galacifolia
Oconee bells | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Ericales |
Family: | Diapensiaceae |
Genus: | Shortia |
Species: | S. galacifolia
|
Binomial name | |
Shortia galacifolia | |
Varieties | |
Synonyms[2] | |
|
Shortia galacifolia, the Oconee bells or acony bell, is a rare North American plant in the family Diapensiaceae found in the southern Appalachian Mountains, concentrated in the tri-state border region of Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina.[3][4] Additional populations (some of them naturalized) have been found in Alabama, Tennessee, Virginia, and Massachusetts.[5] Shortia galacifolia has also been reported in Japan, as have three other species of Shortia.[4][6]
Description
Creamy-white flowers appear from late March to May. Seedlings appear in late July and early August. This is about 6 weeks after the maturation of the
Habitat
Within its small range, S. galacifolia is invariably found along rivers and in gorges where the land is sloping and shows evidence of natural or man-made disturbance: mud slides, erosion, trees knocked down by wind, logging, etc. Shortia galacifolia often forms a dense mat that may prevent seeds of other species from embedding in the soil and germinating. Its decayed vegetative matter may also have a toxic effect on other species. Consequently, it is often found as the only or one of few species of ground cover in a given area.[4] It is found at elevations from 185–625 meters (607–2,051 ft). The pattern of elevation distribution varies widely from one watershed to another.[4]
Tree species and genera commonly associated with S. galacifolia are:
Several factors have made S. galacifolia an
Shortia galacifolia has been successfully cultivated as far north as
Gray's search for a specimen
Shortia galacifolia is a relict evergreen
There has been disagreement as to whether Michaux's original collection site was in Transylvania County, North Carolina at the confluence of the Horsepasture and Toxaway rivers, or in Oconee County, South Carolina along the Keowee River at Jocassee. At the time it was thought to be one of the last living specimens of the plant, with fruits but no flowers.[4] Much of the area around Jocassee and the Keowee River was covered by up to 105 meters (344 ft) of water after the Jocassee Dam was completed in 1973.[11] In Michaux's journal for December 8–11, 1788, he says he found the specimen near the headwaters of the Keowee, near where two rivers join together.[6] Prior to the plant's rediscovery, Gray made several unsuccessful trips to this region, the last one in 1876.[10]
A specimen of S. galacifolia was not rediscovered until May 1877 on the banks of the
For the preceding 39 years, Gray had been enraptured by his search for a living example in the field. When a specimen was finally placed in Gray's hand as proof, he exclaimed: "Now let me sing my nunc dimittis." Gray wrote about the rediscovery to his colleague William M. Canby on October 21, 1878. Gray wrote to the elder Hyams, on October 27, 1878, telling him the great news. He noted that because the Hyamses had waited eighteen months before contacting Congdon, they had missed the chance to have their discovery included in a new botanical book published in the meantime. In spring 1879 Gray led an expedition, in which the Hyamses assisted, to the spot where S. galacifolia had been found.[6] Gray's final trip to this region was in 1884.[10]
In Gray's diary entry for April 8, 1839, he named the genus after Charles Wilkins Short, because the plant was native to America in a region close to where Short lived in Kentucky. Short and Gray never met, but they corresponded with one another frequently. Short never saw a live nor dried specimen of his namesake genus.[6] The galacifolia part of the name means "galax-like leaves" because its evergreen leaves are shaped like leaves in the genus Galax.[7] Gray made his first field trip to find a wild specimen from late June to late July 1841. Gray never saw Shortia in its native habitat while it was in bloom. He also never visited the area of the Keowee River.[6] The 2011 U.S. postage stamp honoring Gray also depicts this species.[12]
References
- ^ NatureServe (10 November 2020). "Shortia galacifolia". NatureServe. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
- ^ Tropicos, Shortia galacifolia Torr. & A.Gray
- ^ "Shortia galacifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ JSTOR 2483507.
- ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
- ^ JSTOR 42953488.
- ^ ISBN 0-486-29099-9.
galacifolia white milk.
- ^ "Shortia galacifolia". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- JSTOR 42955144.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-801-83741-8.
- ^ Fletcher, Debbie (2007). "Extraordinary Sights Await Discovery" (PDF). 8 (1): 4, 6–7.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Gray Gets Stamp of Approval". Harvard Gazette. June 30, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2014.