Siward, Earl of Northumbria
Siward Sigvarðr Diger | |
---|---|
Waltheof (Ælfflæd) | |
Father | Bjorn (?) |
Siward (
Siward entrenched his position in northern England by marrying Ælfflæd, the daughter of
Sources
Source material on Siward's life and career is scarce. No contemporary or near-contemporary biography has survived, and narratives from around the time of his life such as the
Background
Siward's career in northern England spanned the reigns of four monarchs; from
Northern England in the 11th-century was a region quite distinct from the rest of the country. The former kingdom of Northumbria stretched from the
Ancestry
"The Stories of the ancients tell us that Ursus (a certain nobleman whom the Lord, contrary to what normally happens in human procreation, allowed to be created from a white bear as a father and a noblewoman as a mother), begot Spratlingus; Spratlingus begot Ulfius; and Ulfius begot Beorn, who was nicknamed Beresune, that is, "Bear's Son". This Beorn was Danish by race, a distinguished earl and famous soldier. As a sign, however, that due to part of his ancestry he was of a different species, nature had given him the ears of his father's line, namely those of a bear. In all other features he was of his mother's appearance. And after many manly deeds and military adventures, he begot a son, a tried imitator of his father's strength and military skill. His name was Siward, nicknamed Diere, that is, the Stout (grossus)". |
— A description of Siward's ancestry and his father Beorn, taken from the Vita Waldevi, a saint's life dedicated to Siward's son Waltheof.[23] |
Historians generally claim Siward to be of Scandinavian origin, a conclusion supported by the Vita Ædwardi Regis, which states that Siward was "[called] Digri in the Danish tongue" (Danica lingua Digara).[24] Legendary material incorporated in the Vita et passio Waldevi comitis (or simply Vita Waldevi), the hagiographic biography of Siward's son Waltheof, states that Siward was the son of a Scandinavian earl named Bjorn and provides a genealogy claiming that he was the descendant of a polar bear,[23] a commonplace piece of Germanic folklore.[25]
Historian Timothy Bolton has recently argued that the similarities between these genealogies is evidence of a shared family tradition between the descendants of Siward and Thorgil Sprakling. Bolton hypothesized that Siward's alleged father Bjorn was probably a historical figure, a brother of
The Vita Waldevi provides further legendary detail of Siward's journey from Scandinavia to England. According to the Vita, Siward passed through
Career under Cnut, Harold and Harthacnut
"[A]fter a short conversation the king took him [Siward] into his service, and promised him the first position of dignity which became vacant in his realm. After that Siward said farewell, and he and his men took the way back to London. On the bridge not far from the monastery [Westminster] he met the Earl of Huntingdon, Tosti, a Dane by birth; the king hated him because he had married Earl Godwine's daughter, sister to the queen. The earl crossed the foot-bridge so near Siward that he soiled his mantle with his dirty feet; for at that time it was fashionable to wear a mantle without any cord by which to hold it up. Then blood rushed to his heart; yet he checked himself from taking revenge on the spot, because the shame was inflicted upon him by one who was on his way to the king's hall. But he remained standing with his men by the same bridge until Tosti came from the king; then he drew his sword and hacked off Tosti's head, and went with it under his mantle back to the king's hall. Here he asked, according to his promise, to give him the earldom of Huntingdon. But as the earl had just left him, the king thought he was only joking. Then Siward related his deed, and, as sure proof, cast the head down before the king's feet. The king then kept his promise, and proclaimed him at once earl of Huntingdon ... A few days later, the Northmen began to attack the realm. The king then was in a state of uncertainty, and deliberated with the great men of his realm as to what means should be adopted; and they made over with one voice Northumberland, Cumberland and Westmoreland to Earl Siward, and the king invested him with earldom over them". |
— A saga-like description of Siward's accession to power in England, taken from the Vita Waldevi[30] |
The exact date and context of Siward's arrival in England are unknown, though the Vita Waldevi offers a legendary account.[31] Charters dating to 1019, 1024, 1032, 1033 and 1035 mention a Si[ge]ward Minister, "the thegn Siward", but it is impossible to securely identify any of these names with the man who became Earl of Northumbria.[32] The earliest certain contemporary record of Siward occurs in a charter of King Cnut to Ælfric Puttoc, Archbishop of York, in 1033.[33] This charter attestation can be identified as Siward the earl because he is styled dux ("earl").[33]
Although it is clear that Siward was earl by 1033, he may have attained the position somewhat earlier. His predecessor
When Cnut died in 1035, there were a number of rival claimants for his throne. These included his son
Siward is found in 1038, as Sywardus Comes ("Earl Siward"), witnessing a charter of King Harthacnut to the
Siward was, at some stage, married to Ælfflæd, daughter of
There may nonetheless be a connection between the murder of Eadwulf and events further south. For the same year the Chronicle of John of Worcester related that, because of an attack on two of Harthacnut's tax-collectors there, Siward took part in a reprisal on the city and monastery of
English affairs under Edward the Confessor
Relations between Siward and King Edward appear to have been good. Neither Siward nor any associates of Siward were punished by Edward in later years.
The Norman propagandist and historian,
In 1051 Siward, along with Earls Leofric and Ralph the Timid, mobilised forces in defence of the king against a rebellion by Earl Godwine and his sons.[61] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle relates that although Siward had to call up reinforcements, King Edward was successful and Earl Godwine was temporarily exiled.[62] Earl Godwine remained a threat in exile, and the continued "belligerent support" of Siward and Leofric was thus vital to King Edward's safety.[63] It was apparently, however, the reluctance of these two earls to fight Earl Godwine that contributed to Godwine's re-establishment in England in 1052.[64]
There is evidence to suggest that Siward extended his power southward, bringing the
Likewise, it has been argued that Siward brought Cumberland, thought by some historians to have been lost to Strathclyde, back under Northumbrian lordship.[69] The evidence comes from a document known to historians as "Gospatric's Writ".[70] This is a written instruction, issued either by the future Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria,[71] or Gospatric, son of Earl Uhtred,[72] that was addressed to all Gospatric's kindred and to the notables dwelling in the "all the lands that were Cumbrian" (on eallun þam landann þeo Cōmbres); it ordered that one Thorfinn mac Thore be free in all things (þ Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo in eallan ðynges) in Allerdale, and that no man is to break the peace which was given by Gospatric and Earl Siward.[73] Historians such as Charles Phythian-Adams believed that such phraseology indicated that Siward conquered the region from its previous rulers,[74] although others, like William Kapelle, believed that the region had come, were it ever lost, back into English power before Siward's time.[75]
A little can be said about Siward's relations with the Northumbrian church, in particular with regard to his relations with
Siward can be found witnessing numerous charters during Edward's reign, though not as many as the Godwinsons; Siward usually comes third in lists of earls, behind Godwine and Leofric but ahead of Godwine's sons and the other earls.
Expedition against the Scots
"Around this time Siward, the mighty earl of Northumbria, almost a giant in stature, very strong mentally and physically, sent his son to conquer Scotland. When they came back and reported to his father that he had been killed in battle, he asked 'Did he receive his fatal wound in the front or the back of his body?' The messengers said 'In the front'. Then he said, 'That makes me very happy, for I consider no other death worthy for me or my son'. Then Siward set out for Scotland, and defeated the king in battle, destroyed the whole realm, and having destroyed it, subjected it to himself".[85] |
— A description of Osbjorn's death and Siward's reaction, taken from the Historia Anglorum of Henry of Huntingdon[23] |
Siward is perhaps most famous for his expedition in 1054 against
The Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham, written in the early 12th century, relate under the year 1046 that "Earl Siward with a great army came to Scotland, and expelled king Macbeth, and appointed another; but after his departure Mac Bethad recovered his kingdom".[89] Historian William Kapelle thought that this was a genuine event of the 1040s, related to the Annals of Tigernach entry for 1045 that reported a "battle between the Scots" which led to the death of Crínán of Dunkeld, Donnchad's father; Kapelle thought that Siward had tried to place Crínán's son and Donnchad's brother Maldred on the Scottish throne.[90] Another historian, Alex Woolf, argued that the Annals of Lindisfarne and Durham entry was probably referring to the invasion of Siward in 1054, but misplaced under 1046.[91]
During the invasion of 1054, a battle was fought somewhere in Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, a battle known variously as the "Battle of the Seven Sleepers" or the "Battle of Dunsinane".[92] The tradition that the battle actually took place at Dunsinane has its origins in later medieval legend. The earliest mention of Dunsinane as the location of the battle is in the early 15th century by Andrew of Wyntoun.[93]
The earliest contemporary English account of the battle is found in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, recension D:
Her ferde Siward eolr mid miclum here on Scotland, ægðer ge mid scyphere 7 mid landfyrde, 7 feaht wið Scottas, 7 aflymde þone kyng Macbeoðen, 7 ofsloh eall þæt þær betst wæs on þam lande, 7 lædde þonan micele herehuðe swilce nan man ær ne begeat, At this time earl Siward went with a great army into Scotland, with both fleet and a land-force; and fought against the Scots, and put to flight the king Macbeth, and slew all that were best in the land, and brought thence much war-spoil, such as no man obtained before; ac his sunu Osbarn, 7 his sweostor suna Sihward, 7 of his huscarlum 7 eac þæs cynges wurdon þær ofslægene on þone dæg Septem Dormientium.. And there were slain his son Osbjorn, and his sister's son Siward, and some of his housecarls, and also of the king's, on the day of the Seven Sleepers (27 July). [94]
John of Worcester, using a related version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, adds that Normans named Osbern Pentecost and Hugh, who had joined Macbeth earlier after fleeing from England, were killed in the battle.[95] The battle is mentioned in the Irish annals too, briefly in the Annals of Tigernach and more extensively in the Annals of Ulster:
Cath eter firu Alban & Saxanu i torchradur tri mile do Feraib Alban & mile co leth do Shaxanaib im Dolfinn m. Finntuir. A battle [was fought] between the men of Scotland and the English; and in it fell three thousand of the men of Scotland, and one thousand five hundred of the English, including Dolfin, Finntur's son; [96]
Dolfin is unidentified, but may have been a relation of Macbeth's enemy Crínán of Dunkeld, on the basis that some of Crínán's descendants may have borne this name.[97]
The purpose of Siward's invasion is unclear, but it may be related to the identity of the "Máel Coluim" (Malcolm) mentioned in the sources. The early 12th-century chronicle attributed to John of Worcester, probably using an earlier source, wrote that Siward defeated Macbeth and made "
The traditional historical interpretation that "Máel Coluim" is Máel Coluim mac Donnchada derives from the Chronicle attributed to the 14th-century chronicler of Scotland, John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury.
Duncan in fact believes that the Battle of the Seven Sleepers did not lead directly to a change of leadership in the Kingdom of Scotland.
Death and legacy
"Siward, the stalwart earl, being stricken by dysentery, felt that death was near, and said, "How shameful it is that I, who could not die in so many battles, should have been saved for the ignominious death of a cow! At least clothe me in my impenetrable breastplate, gird me with my sword, place my helmet on my head, my shield in my left hand, my gilded battle-axe in my right, that I, the bravest of soldiers, may die like a soldier." He spoke, and armed as he had requested, he gave up his spirit with honour". |
— A description of Siward's death, taken from the Historia Anglorum of Henry of Huntingdon.[109] |
The 12th-century historian, Henry of Huntingdon, in his Historia Anglorum, relates that when Siward was attacked by
Material incorporated in two surviving sources is thought by some to attest to the existence of a lost saga or some other kind of literary tradition concerning Siward's life. The first source is the Vita et Passio Waldevi, a hagiographic history of Siward's cult-inspiring son Waltheof. This text contains an account of Waltheof's paternal origin, and in the process recounts certain adventures of his father Siward. The second major witness of the tradition is Henry of Huntingdon's Historia Anglorum, which contains extracts of saga-like material relating to Siward's invasion of Scotland (1054) and his death (1055).[112] The Anglo-Saxonist Frank Stenton declared that Siward was "not a statesman, but a Danish warrior of the primitive type".[113] Writers in the half-century after his death remembered Siward as a strong ruler who brought peace and suppressed brigandage.[114]
Siward died more than a decade before the death of Edward the Confessor, but despite this the
Siward is said to have built a church dedicated to St Olaf at Galmanho, York.[111] The record of his burial in this church is the only notice of a non-royal lay burial inside a church in pre-Norman England.[120] Siward's Howe, i.e., Heslington Hill near York, was most likely named after Earl Siward, although probably because Siward held popular courts there rather than because it was his burial place.[121]
One of Siward's sons is known to have survived him, Waltheof, whose mother was Ælfflæd. Waltheof later rose to be an earl in the
Besides Ælfflæd, Siward is known to have been married to a woman named Godgifu, who died before Siward. The marriage is known from a grant she made of territory around
Notes
- ISBN 9781135929817.
- ^ The English name Siward or Sigeweard was cognate to the single Old Norse name written variously as Sigvarðr and Sigurðr; see Holman, Northern Conquest, p. 103; Munch (ed.), Chronica regum Manniae et Insularum, vol. i, p. 140; Stevenson, Simeon of Durham, p. 119. He was known in Latin as Siwardus.
- ^ Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward, p. 35 (= Vita Ædwardi, i. 3); Aird, "Siward"; see also reference in on the Vita Waldevi below
- ^ Gransden, Historical Writing, p. 144
- ^ Thomson, "Malmesbury, William of"
- ^ Gransden, Historical Writing, p. 194
- ^ Gransden, Historical Writing, p. 152
- ^ For source discussion in this period, see Lawson, Cnut, pp. 39–80 and Gransden, Historical Writing, passim; for particular relevant analysis, see sources used by Duncan, Kingship, pp. 33–43 and Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 248–71
- ^ The texts in question are the Historia Regum, the Libellus de exordio, De primo Saxonum adventu and De obsessione Dunelmi; the Libellus de exordio is likely to have been "authored" by Symeon; see Rollason, Symeon of Durham, pp. xlii–l, lxxvii–xci, et passim, for a recent discussion
- ^ Duncan, Kingship, passim; Broun, Scottish Independence, passim
- ^ a b E.g. Fleming, Kings and Lords, pp. 21–52
- ^ Lawson, Cnut, pp. 81–102; Sawyer, ""Cnut's Scandinavian empire", pp. 10–22
- ^ See, for a list and discussion of Cnut's earls, Keynes, "Cnut's earls", pp. 43–88; the term was, by Cnut's reign, interchangeable with the Scandinavian word earl, which supplanted the former by the end of the 11th-century (Crouch, Image of the Aristocracy, pp. 46–50)
- ^ a b Fleming, Kings and Lords, p. 49
- ^ Lewis, "Introduction", p. 6; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 232–40
- ^ Rollason, Northumbria, pp. 65–66; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 190, 211
- ^ Fletcher, Bloodfeud, passim; Kapelle, Norman Conquest, passim
- ^ Anderson, AO (1922). Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286. I. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd. p. 441.
- ^ a b Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ivarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-1903765890.
- ^ Dumville, D. N. (2001). "St Cathróe of Metz and the hagiography of exoticism". In John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (ed.). Studies in Irish Hagiography. Dublin. p. 177. ISBN 978-1851824861.
- ^ Bolton, Empire of Cnut, pp. 109–18
- ^ Bolton, Empire of Cnut, pp. 114–17 Fletcher, Bloodfeud, passim
- ^ a b c Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, vol. ii, p. 104 (in Latin); Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon, pp. 162–63
- ^ Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward, pp. 34–35
- Earl Ulf (i.e. Ulfius) father of Bjorn and Sweyn, was similarly born from a bear (Christiansen, Saxo Grammaticus, vol. i, p. 190). Saxo may have borrowed from Siward's story and genealogy when he wrote his account of Sprakling (Olrik 1908–1909, "Siward Digri", p. 234, noting in n. 1 that the name of Siward's son, Osbjorn ("bear spirit") strengthens the idea that Siward's father was actually called Bjorn); alternatively, the earlier version in John of Worcester may have been the source for both (Christiansen, Saxo Grammaticus, vol. i, p. 190, who nevertheless believes Saxo may have had access to the Vita Waldevi or the sources behind it).
- ^ Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", pp. 42–71
- ^ Bolton, "Ancestors of the Danish Royal Family?", p. 71
- ^ See Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon, pp. 128, 131, for discussion of the raven banner and the old man on the hill as Oðinn; Siward's dragon-slaying can be compared to the dragon-slaying of his namesake Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer
- ^ Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes, vol. ii, p. 104 (in Latin); Rauer, Beowulf and the Dragon, pp. 125–33, 162–66
- ^ Translation Olrik 1908–1909, "Siward Digri", pp. 215–16
- ^ Aird, "Siward"; this account (see box) he story relates that Siward slew Tostig, and as a reward the king (Edward the Confessor) granted Siward the earldom of Huntingdon. Soon after, Siward obtained Northumbria too; for text and translations of account, see Michel, Chroniques Anglo-Normandes vol. ii, pp. 107–09, (in Latin); Bartlett, England under the Norman and Angevin Kings, pp. 33–34; Olrik 1908–1909, "Siward Digri", pp. 215–16; even though there is evidence that a prominent magnate named Tostig—but not Tostig Godwinson—was active during the period, Edward [the Confessor] did not become king until 1042, and this story like others in the Vita Waldevi is regarded as fanciful; see Florence Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs, pp. 303–04
- ^ Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 65; several of Cnut's Danish earls appear earliest with the style Minister, for which see Ibid, pp. 54–66
- ^ a b Aird, "Siward"; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", pp. 65–66; Sawyer 968, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009
- ^ Aird, "Siward"; Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 23; Fletcher, Bloodfeud, p. 131; Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 66; Rollason, Northumbria, p. 267
- ^ Keynes, "Cnut's Earls", p. 58
- ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 23
- ^ Fletcher, Bloodfeud, pp. 121, 131
- ^ Bolton, Empire of Cnut, pp. 119–22
- ^ Bolton, Empire of Cnut, pp. 122–25
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 48; see Idem pp. 28–53 for more general picture
- ^ a b Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 53
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 57
- ^ Sawyer 995, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXIX (1 of 1)
- ^ Sawyer 982, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXIX (1 of 1)
- ^ Sawyer 993, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Sawyer 994, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXIX (1 of 1)
- ^ a b Aird, "Siward"
- ^ ASC MSs C, D, s.a. 1041
- ^ Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio, pp. 170–71
- ^ Morris, Marriage and Murder, p. 14
- ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 24
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 53
- ^ Aird, "Siward"; Whitelock (ed.), English Historical Documents, p. 318
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, pp. 48–49
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 61
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, pp. 76–77
- ^ ASC MS D, s.a. 1043; Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 76; Baxter, Earls of Mercia, p. 39
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, pp. 76–77, & n. 1 on p. 1, for the quote from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, MS C
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 107, n. 1. The passage is quote in Ibid, p. 222
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 78
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 107
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 107; Mason, House of Godwine, p. 63
- ^ ASC MS D, s.a. 1051; Barlow, Edward the Confessor, pp. 107–14
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 119
- ^ Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 119; William, "Godwine"
- ^ Anderson, Early Sources, p. 595 (n. 1 from p. 594); Cain, "Introduction", p. 31; Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 29
- ^ Anderson, Early Sources, p. 595
- ^ Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 595–96; Barlow, Edward the Confessor, p. 89, n. 5; Williams, "'Cockles amongst the Wheat'", pp. 11, 20 n. 61
- ^ Anderson, Early Sources, pp. 596–97
- ^ Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians, pp. 109, 148
- ^ Florence Harmer (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Writs, no. 121, pp. 419–23; Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 42–43; Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians, pp. 109, 148
- ^ Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians, p. 181
- ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 43
- ^ Harmer (ed.), Anglo-Saxon Writs, pp. 423–4
- ^ Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians, pp. 131–52, 174–81
- ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 43–44; Phythian-Adams, Land of the Cumbrians, pp. 131–52, 174–81
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 53; Morris, Marriage and Murder, pp. 4–5
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, pp. 53–54; Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio, p. 171
- ^ Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio, p. 171
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 54
- ^ For a survey, see Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXXIV (1 of 1)
- ^ Sawyer 1001; Sawyer 1006; Sawyer 1005; Sawyer 1004; Sawyer 1003; Sawyer 1002; Sawyer 1044; Sawyer 1391; Sawyer 1011; Sawyer 1010; Sawyer 1012; Sawyer 1007; Sawyer 1008; Sawyer 1009; Sawyer 1014; Sawyer 1015; Sawyer 1055; Sawyer 1017; Sawyer 1019, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXXIV (1 of 1)
- ^ Sawyer 1022; Sawyer 1020, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXXIV (1 of 1)
- ^ Sawyer 1021; Sawyer 1023, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXXIV (1 of 1)
- ^ Sawyer 1478, Anglo-Saxons.net, retrieved 13 March 2009; Keynes, Atlas of Attestations, Table LXXIV (1 of 1)
- ^ Greenway, Henry of Huntingdon, p. 21
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 53; Rollason (ed.), Libellus de Exordio, p. 169; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 254–55
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 53; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 255
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 53; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 254–55
- ^ Anderson, Scottish Annals, p. 84
- ^ Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 46
- ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 259
- ^ Aitchison, Macbeth, p. 90
- ^ Aitchison, Macbeth, p. 90; Duncan, Kingship, pp. 35–36; see Aitchison, Macbeth, pp. 172–73, for a discussion of the possibility that Dunsinane was the location
- ^ ASC MS D, s.a. 1054; translation based on Anderson, Scottish Annals, pp. 86–87
- ^ Darlington, McGurk and Bray (eds.), Chronicle of John of Worcester, vol. ii, pp. 572 n. 2, 573, 574 n. 12, 575
- ^ Annals of Ulster, s. a. 1054; translation based on Anderson, Early Sources, vol. i, p. 593
- ^ Aitchison, Macbeth, p. 89; the relationship is dependent on the Crínán, grandfather of Gospatric, Earl of Northumbria being the same as Crínán of Dunkeld, something which is now in doubt; see Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 249–52 and n. 39
- ^ Darlington et al., Chronicle, vol. ii, pp. 574–75; see also Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 261, n. 59
- ^ See, for instance, Ritchie, Normans, p. 5, or Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 570
- ^ Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", pp. 133–34; Duncan, Kingship, p. 40
- ^ Oram, David I, p. 29
- ^ Duncan, Kingship, pp. 37–41
- ^ Broun, "Identity of the Kingdom", p. 134; Oram, David I, pp. 18–20; Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 262
- ^ Duncan, Kingship of the Scots, p. 41
- ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 262
- ^ Duncan, Kingship, p. 40
- ^ Woolf, Pictland to Alba, pp. 262–63
- ^ See Woolf, Pictland to Alba, p. 263; Johnson et al., Hugh the Chanter, pp. 52, 53
- ^ a b Greenway, Henry of Huntingdon, p. 22
- ^ Mason, House of Godwine, pp. 88–89
- ^ a b Barlow (ed.), Life of King Edward, p. 49 (= Vita Ædwardi, i. 5), & note Ibid, p. 48, n. 114; Darlington, McGurk and Bray (eds.), Chronicle of John of Worcester, vol. ii, pp. 576, & n. 5; Stevenson, Simeon of Durham, p. 124
- ^ Wright, Cultivation of Saga, pp. 75–76, 127–33, 136
- ^ Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, p. 417
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 54, and notes 163–63
- ^ See Williams & Martin (eds.), Domesday Book, pp. 744, 802–03; Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 28, 220
- ^ Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 221–24
- ^ Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 206–20
- ^ Clarke, English Nobility, pp. 191–94, 205, 215–17, 220
- ^ Green, Aristocracy, pp. 100–10; Kapelle, Norman Conquest, pp. 158–90
- ^ Daniell, Death and Burial in Medieval England, p. 186
- ^ Baxter, Earls of Mercia, p. 103
- ^ a b Lewis, "Waltheof"
- ^ Lewis, "Waltheof"; Scott, "Earl Waltheof", pp. 206–07; Watkins, "Cult of Earl Waltheof", pp. 95–101
- ^ Aird, St Cuthbert, p. 53, n. 160; Kapelle, Norman Conquest, p. 31
References
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External links
- "Siward (d.1055)". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Siward". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Siweard 11 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England