County Durham
County Durham
Durham | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 54°40′N 1°50′W / 54.667°N 1.833°W | |
Stockton-on-Tees Borough | |
Districts | |
Districts of County Durham Unitary | |
Districts |
County Durham, officially simply Durham (/ˈdʌrəm/),[note 1] is a ceremonial county in North East England.[2] The county borders Northumberland and Tyne and Wear to the north, the North Sea to the east, North Yorkshire to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The largest settlement is Darlington.
The county has an area of 2,721 km2 (1,051 sq mi) and a population of 866,846. The latter is concentrated in the east; the south-east is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into North Yorkshire. After Darlington (92,363), the largest settlements are Hartlepool (88,855), Stockton-on-Tees (82,729), and Durham (48,069). For local government purposes the county comprises three unitary authority areas—County Durham, Darlington, and Hartlepool—and part of a fourth, Stockton-on-Tees. The county historically included the part of Tyne and Wear south of the River Tyne, and excluded the part of County Durham south of the River Tees.
The west of the county contains part of the
What is now County Durham was on the border of
Toponymy
The ceremonial county is officially named Durham,[4] but the county has long been commonly known as County Durham and is the only English county name prefixed with "County" in common usage (a practice common in Ireland). Its unusual naming (for an English shire) is explained to some extent by the relationship with the Bishops of Durham, who for centuries governed Durham as a county palatine (the County Palatine of Durham) outside the usual structure of county administration in England.
The situation regarding the formal name in modern local government is less clear:
- The 2009 structural change legislation[5] created the present unitary council (that covers a large part – but not all – of the ceremonial county) refers to "the county of County Durham" and names the new unitary district "County Durham" too.
- A later amendment to that legislation[6] refers to the "county of Durham" and the amendment allows for the unitary council to name itself "The Durham Council".
- The council retains the name as Durham County Council. With either option, the name does not include County Durham.
- The former postal county was named "County Durham" to distinguish it from the post town of Durham.
History
Anglian Kingdom of Bernicia
Around AD 547, an Angle named Ida founded the kingdom of Bernicia after spotting the defensive potential of a large rock at Bamburgh, upon which many a fortification was thenceforth built.[7] Ida was able to forge, hold and consolidate the kingdom; although the native British tried to take back their land, the Angles triumphed and the kingdom endured.
Kingdom of Northumbria
In AD 604, Ida's grandson
Viking settlement petered out at the Tees and the lands north thereof lay outside of the Danelaw. The House of Bamburgh, successors of the Kings of Bernicia and Northumbria, retained control north of the Tyne; between the Tyne and the Tees emerged the Community of St. Cuthbert or Haliwerfolc, successors of the See of Lindisfarne. The House of Wessex absorbed the Kingdom of York into the unified English Kingdom in 954 and claimed overlordship over Northumbria. However, the lands north of the Tees remained outside the governmental frontiers of the English realm, thus Bamburgh and the Haliwerfolc went on to become contested buffer states between England and Scotland.[8][9]
City of Durham founded
In AD 995, St Cuthbert's community, who had been transporting Cuthbert's remains around, partly in an attempt to avoid them falling into the hands of Viking raiders, settled at Dunholm (Durham) on a site that was defensively favourable due to the horseshoe-like path of the River Wear.[10] St Cuthbert's remains were placed in a shrine in the White Church, which was originally a wooden structure but was eventually fortified into a stone building.
Once the City of Durham had been founded, the Bishops of Durham gradually acquired the lands that would become County Durham. Bishop Aldhun began this process by procuring land in the Tees and Wear valleys, including Norton, Stockton, Escomb and Aucklandshire in 1018. In 1031,
The bishops' special jurisdiction rested on claims that King
, before the community reached its final destination in 995, in Durham.Following the
County Palatine of Durham
Matters regarding the bishopric of Durham came to a head in 1293 when the bishop and his steward failed to attend proceedings of
The term palatinus is applied to the bishop in 1293, and from the 13th century onwards the bishops frequently claimed the same rights in their lands as the king enjoyed in his kingdom.
Early administration
Overview
The
Early English and Norman period
Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror appointed Copsig as Earl of Northumbria, thereby bringing what would become County Durham under Copsig's control. Copsig was, just a few weeks later, killed in Newburn.[20] Having already being previously offended by the appointment of a non-Northumbrian as Bishop of Durham in 1042, the people of the region became increasingly rebellious.[20] In response, in January 1069, William despatched a large Norman army, under the command of Robert de Comines, to Durham City. The army, believed to consist of 700 cavalry (about one-third of the number of Norman knights who had participated in the Battle of Hastings),[20] entered the city, whereupon they were attacked, and defeated, by a Northumbrian assault force. The Northumbrians wiped out the entire Norman army, including Comines,[20] all except for one survivor, who was allowed to take the news of this defeat back.
Following the Norman slaughter at the hands of the Northumbrians, resistance to Norman rule spread throughout Northern England, including a similar uprising in York.
Palatinate
Until the 15th century, the most important administrative officer in the
The prior of Durham ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. A UNESCO site describes the role of the bishops in Durham, the "buffer state between England and Scotland":[23]
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
A report states that the Bishops also had the authority to appoint judges and barons and to offer pardons.[24]
There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, most importantly the
Wars
During the 15th-century
Parliamentary representation and secular powers
In 1614, a
Geography
Urban
The historic county excludes the village of Startforth, the ceremonial county excludes the city of Sunderland and the non-metropolitan county excludes the town of Stockton-on-Tees. The ceremonial county includes the non-metropolitan county with the addition of the boroughs of Darlington, Hartlepool, and Stockton-on-Tees.[4] The historic county's boundaries stretched from the rivers Tyne to Tees and it is covered by the ceremonial county, the city of Sunderland, the boroughs of Gateshead and South Tyneside, while the non-metropolitan county includes part of Yorkshire.
County Durham contains a small area of the North East Green Belt in the county's north; surrounding the city of Durham, Chester-le-Street and other communities along the shared county border with Tyne and Wear, avoiding Wearside's spread west. A smaller green belt separates Urpeth, Ouston, Pelton, and Perkinsville from Birtley in Tyne and Wear. A further small segment by the coast separates Seaham from the Sunderland settlements of Beckwith Green and Ryhope. It was first drawn up in the 1990s.[28]
Geology
County Durham is underlain by
The county contains a sizeable area of the
The two main dales of County Durham (Teesdale and Weardale) and the surrounding fells, many of which exceed 2,000 feet (610 m) in height, are excellent
on the lower slopes descending to the east.Climate
County Durham | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The following climate figures were gathered at the Durham weather station between 1981 and 2010:
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.1 (75.4) |
27.8 (82.0) |
30.6 (87.1) |
36.9 (98.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
25.0 (77.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
36.9 (98.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −17.2 (1.0) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−18.3 (−0.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.8 (2.04) |
44.6 (1.76) |
41.1 (1.62) |
51.2 (2.02) |
44.4 (1.75) |
61.0 (2.40) |
60.9 (2.40) |
66.5 (2.62) |
56.9 (2.24) |
63.4 (2.50) |
73.0 (2.87) |
61.0 (2.40) |
675.7 (26.60) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.8 | 9.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 9.4 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 124.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.9 | 84.4 | 121.7 | 160.8 | 187.1 | 167.1 | 174.3 | 167.3 | 135.3 | 98.9 | 64.6 | 57.6 | 1,480 |
Source 1: Met Office[30][31][32] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Durham Weather UK[33] |
Governance
County Durham, as considered a county for lieutenancy purposes by the Lieutenancies Act 1997, is administered as a part of the constituent country of England in the United Kingdom.[34] The area is appointed a lord lieutenant and a high sheriff.
The ceremonial county is divided into four administrative counties (see table below), one of which - Stockon-on-Tees - also extends into North Yorkshire. Technically, for administrative purposes, the County of Durham only consists of the area governed by Durham County Council.[35] The three other areas are counties in their own right.[36][37]
Area name | Council | Council headquarters | Established |
---|---|---|---|
Durham | Durham County Council | County Hall, Durham | 1 April 2009[35] |
Borough of Darlington | Darlington Borough Council | c. 1995[36] | |
Stockton-on-Tees | Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council | c. 1995[37] | |
Hartlepool | Hartlepool Borough Council | c. 1995[37] |
The county is partially
1836 to 1974
The county was aligned to other historic counties of England from 1836 until 1889; multiple acts were passed removing exclaves, splitting the county from the bishopric and reforming its structure.
The ceremonial county and
The ceremonial county remained under the same borders as the historic county until 1968 when the County Borough of Teesside formed. Ceremonial duties of the borough (which were made up of areas from two counties) were in the North Riding of Yorkshire ceremonial county.[39]
1974 to present
From the 1974 until 1996, the ceremonial county was split into eight districts:[40][41]
- Chester-le-Street, including the Lumley, Pelton and Sacriston areas
- Derwentside, including Consett and Stanley
- City of Durham, including Durhamand the surrounding areas
- Easington, including Seaham and Peterlee
- Borough of Sedgefield, including Spennymoor, Sedgefield and Newton Aycliffe
- Teesdale, including Barnard Castle and the villages of Teesdale
- Wear Valley, including Bishop Auckland, Crook, Willington, Hunwick, and the villages along Weardale
- Borough of Darlington, Darlington along with nearby villages around the town.
A non-metropolitan county replaced the administrative county. The boundaries only deviated from the ceremonial boundaries after 1995 when the Darlington Borough became a unitary authority.[41]
On the 1 April 1996, the
The non-metropolitan county was reconstituted on 1 April 2009: the strategic services-providing Durham County Council was re-organised into a single district of the same name, merging with the seven local facility-providing districts in the non-metropolitan county and became structured as a unitary authority. It has 126 councillors.[43] The three pre-existing unitary authorities were unaffected.
Parliament
The county boundaries used for parliamentary constituencies are those used between 1974 and 1996, consisting of the County Durham district and the Darlington Borough. This area elects seven Members of Parliament. As of the 2019 General Election, four of these MPs are
2019 General Election Results in County Durham | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Votes | % | Change from 2017 | Seats | Change from 2017 | ||||
Conservative | 123,112 | 40.6% | 4 | 4 | |||||
Labour | 122,547 | 40.4% | 3 | 4 | |||||
Brexit
|
25,444 | 8.4% | new | 0 | 0 | ||||
Liberal Democrats | 21,356 | 7.0% | 0 | 0 | |||||
Greens | 5,985 | 2.0% | 0 | 0 | |||||
Others | 4,725 | 1.6% | 0 | 0 | |||||
Total | 303,260 | 100.0 | 7 |
Emergency services
The police and fire services operate according to the 1974-96 ceremonial county boundaries:
- Durham Constabulary,[44] Ron Hogg was first elected the Durham Police and Crime Commissioner for the force on 15 November 2012.
- Cleveland Police
- County Durham and Darlington Fire and Rescue Service, it is under supervision of a combined fire authority consisting of 25 local councillors: 21 from Durham County Council and 4 from Darlington Borough Council.[45]
- Cleveland Fire Brigade.
The North East Ambulance Service NHS Trust cover North East England and are responsible for providing ambulance services for the NHS. Northumbria Ambulance Service and County Durham Ambulance Service (following historic county borders) merged on 1 April 1999 to become the North East service.[46] In 2005 the area was adapted to the modern North East England regional extent.
Air ambulance services are provided by the Great North Air Ambulance. The charity operates three bases, including one in Eaglescliffe.
Teesdale and Weardale Search and Mountain Rescue Team, are based at Sniperly Farm in Durham City and respond to search and rescue incidents in the county.
Demography
Population
# | Local authority | 2011 census |
---|---|---|
– | Ceremonial county | 853,213 |
1 | District of County Durham | 513,242[47] |
2 | Borough of Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees) | 136,079[48] |
3 | Borough of Darlington | 105,564[49] |
4 | Borough of Hartlepool | 92,028[50] |
The Office for National Statistics estimated in 2016 that the Durham County Council area had a population of 522,100, the Borough of Darlington a population of 105,600, the Borough of Hartlepool a population of 92,800, and the part of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham (the other part being in North Yorkshire) a population of 137,300.[note 2] This gives the total estimated population of the ceremonial county at 857,800.[51][52]
Employment
The proportion of the population working in agriculture fell from around 6% in 1851 to 1% in 1951; currently less than 1% of the population work in agriculture.[19] There were 15,202 people employed in coal mining in 1841, rising to a peak of 157,837 in 1921.[19]
Settlements
County Durham has a mostly rural character, especially in the west. Small population centres scatter between Durham, Crook, Bishop Auckland, Shildon, Newton Aycliffe, Sedgefield and Peterlee. These places were populated by the draw of collieries during the Industrial Revolution. The south east side of the county Between Hartlepool and Darlington form part of Teesside with settlements on the south side of the river.[53][54] While the north east part of the county (on the border with Tyne and Wear) forms part of Tyneside and Wearside.[55]
Changes
Former non-metropolitan county
Year | Population | Year | Population | Year | Population | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1801 | 59,765
|
1871 | 273,671
|
1941 | 511,590
| ||
1811 | 64,781
|
1881
|
329,985
|
1951
|
504,943
| ||
1821 | 74,366
|
1891
|
360,028
|
1961
|
506,070
| ||
1831 | 86,267
|
1901
|
419,782
|
1971
|
509,307
| ||
1841 | 121,602
|
1911
|
492,503
|
1981
|
501,639
| ||
1851 | 161,035
|
1921
|
503,946
|
1991
|
505,625
| ||
1861 | 217,353
|
1931
|
518,581
|
2001
|
493,470
| ||
Source: A Vision of Britain through Time.[56] |
At the
96.6% of County Durham's residents are White British, with other white groups making up a further 1.6% of the population. Around 77% of the county's population are Christian whilst 22% have no religion, and around 1% come from other religious communities. These figures exclude around 6% of the population who did not wish to state their religion.
As at 2001, Chester-le-Street district has the lowest number of available jobs per working-age resident (0.38%).[59]
1900s
Since the Local Government Act 1972 historic county boundaries now lie within other administrative counties. These include:
Tyne and Wear | metropolitan borough of Gateshead
|
administratively removed in 1974 |
---|---|---|
North Riding of Yorkshire | Small number of settlements south of the Tees, such as Startforth, | administratively added to county control in 1974. |
Cleveland county | Hartlepool borough | administratively removed from historic county control in 1974, added to ceremonial county control in 1996. |
Cleveland county | Stockton-on-Tees (North Tees) borough | Two previous separate administrative partial removals from historic county control in 1968 and 1974, added to ceremonial county control in 1996. |
1800s
Throughout the 1800s exclaves, of the historic county, each were given back to surrounding shires and lands they were closer associated with:
East Riding of Yorkshire | Howdenshire |
---|---|
North Riding of Yorkshire (now North Yorkshire) | Allertonshire |
Northumberland | Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire (included Berwick-upon-Tweed )
|
Economy
Economic output
The chart and table summarise unadjusted
Gross Value Added (GVA) (£m) | |||
---|---|---|---|
1995 | 2000 | 2004 | |
Agriculture, hunting and forestry | 45 | 33 | 48 |
Industry, including energy and construction | 1,751 | 1,827 | 1,784 |
Service activities | 2,282 | 2,869 | 3,455 |
Total | 4,078 | 4,729 | 5,288 |
UK | 640,416 | 840,979 | 1,044,165 |
Businesses
Culture
Mining and heavy industry
A substantial number of colliery villages were built throughout the county in the nineteenth century to house the growing workforce, which included large numbers of migrant workers from the rest of the UK.[60] Sometimes the migrants were brought in to augment the local workforce but, in other cases, they were brought in as strike breakers, or "blacklegs". Tens of thousands of people migrated to County Durham from Cornwall (partly due to their previous experience of tin mining) between 1815 and the outbreak of the First World War, so much so that the miners' cottages in east Durham called "Greenhill" were also known locally as "Cornwall", and Easington Colliery still has a Cornish Street.[61] Other migrants included people from Northumberland, Cumberland, South Wales, Scotland and Ireland.[62][63] Coal mining had a profound effect on trade unionism, public health and housing, as well as creating a related culture, language, folklore and sense of identity that still survives today.[64]
The migrants also were employed in the railway, ship building, iron, steel and roadworking industries, and the pattern of migration continued, to a lesser extent, up until the 1950s and 1960s. Gateshead was once home to the fourth-largest Irish settlement in England,
The culture of coal mining found expression in the
Art
In 1930, the
Several Durham miners have been able to turn their former mining careers into careers in art. For example, Tom Lamb, as well as the aforementioned Tom McGuinness and Norman Cornish. Their artworks depict scenes of life underground, from the streets in which they lived and of the people they loved; through them, we can see, understand and experience the mining culture of County Durham.
In 2017, The Mining Art Gallery opened in Bishop Auckland in a building that was once a bank.[70] Part of the Auckland Project, the gallery includes the work of artists from within County Durham and beyond, including such other North-Eastern mining artists as Robert Olley, as well as contributions from outside the region. It features three permanent areas and a temporary exhibition area; the gallery's Gemini Collection includes 420 pieces of mining art. [71] Much of the artwork was donated, by Dr Robert McManners and Gillian Wales, for example.[72]
In 2019, 100 years after his birth, a permanent tribute to the work of the artist Norman Stansfield Cornish MBE was opened within the Town Hall, and a Cornish Trail around the town was established to include areas of the town depicted in Cornish's artwork.
Music
As with neighbouring Northumberland, County Durham has a rich heritage of Northumbrian music, dating back from the Northumbrian Golden Age of the 7th and 8th centuries. Bede made references to harp-playing, and abundant archeological evidence has been found of wooden flutes, bone flutes, panpipes, wooden drums and lyres (a six-string form of harp).[7] North-East England has a distinctive folk music style that has drawn from many other regions, including southern Scotland, Ireland and the rest of northern England, that has endured stably since the 18th century.[73] Instruments played include, in common with most folk music styles, stringed instruments such as the guitar and fiddle, but also the Northumbrian smallpipe, which is played and promoted by people including the Northumbrian Pipers' Society throughout the North East, including County Durham, with the society having an active group in Sedgefield.[74] Contemporary folk musicians include Jez Lowe and Ged Foley.
In 2018, The Arts Council funded the Stories of Sanctuary project in the city of Durham. The project aims to assist people living in the city to share their stories about seeking sanctuary in the North East through photography, stories, poetry and music. The art is based on a history of sanctuary in Durham, from St Cuthbert's exile, through to the miners' strike of 1984, and to refugees escaping civil war in the Middle East. The music produced as part of the project includes contributions from singer-songwriter Sam Slatcher and viola player Raghad Haddad from the National Syrian Orchestra.[75]
Other notable performers/songwriters who were born or raised in the county include Paddy McAloon, Eric Boswell, Jeremy Spencer, Alan Clark, Martin Brammer, Robert Blamire, Thomas Allen, Zoe Birkett, John O'Neill, Karen Harding and Courtney Hadwin.
Flag
County Durham has its own flag, registered with the Flag Institute on 21 November 2013.[76]
Katie, Holly and James Moffatt designed the flag and entered their design into a competition launched by campaigner Andy Strangeway, who spoke of the flag as "free, public symbol for all to use, especially on 20th March each year, which is not only County Durham Day but also St Cuthbert’s birthday.”[77] [sic - 20th March is actually the date of Cuthbert's death][78]
The flag consists of St Cuthbert's cross counterchanged with the county's blue and gold colours.
Education
University
Durham University is based in Durham city and is sometimes held to be the third oldest university in England.[79] Teesside University has a campus in Darlington.
Colleges
- Bede Sixth Form College, Billingham
- Bishop Auckland College
- Carmel College Sixth Form, Darlington
- Darlington College
- Derwentside College, Consett
- Durham Sixth Form Centre, Durham
- East Durham College, Durham and Peterlee
- Hartlepool College of Further Education
- Hartlepool Sixth Form College
- New College Durham, Durham
- Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College, Darlington
- Stockton Sixth Form College
- St Bede’s Catholic Academy and Sixth Form College Lanchester
Places of interest
Key | |
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral | |
Accessible open space | |
Amusement/Theme Park | |
Castle | |
Country Park | |
English Heritage | |
Forestry Commission | |
Heritage railway | |
Historic House
| |
Places of Worship | |
Museum (free/not free) | |
National Trust
| |
Theatre | |
Zoo |
|
|
Gallery
-
Butter Market, Barnard Castle
See also
- List of Lord Lieutenants of Durham
- List of Deputy Lieutenants of Durham
- Custos Rotulorum of Durham – Keepers of the Rolls
- List of High Sheriffs of Durham
- County Durham (UK Parliament constituency) – Historical list of MPs for County Durham constituency
Notes
- ^ /ˈdʌrəm/ ⓘ, locally /ˈdɜːrəm/ (ⓘ) places on the River Wear or /ˈdʊrəm/ in general northern England English including places on the River Tees
- electoral wardsof Ingleby Barwick East, Ingleby Barwick West, Mandale and Victoria, Stainsby Hill, Village, and Yarm.
References
Citations
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- ^ a b c Lieutenancies Act 1997 Archived 19 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ "The County Durham (Structural Change) Order 2008". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 23 April 2009.
- ^ "The Local Government (Structural Changes) (Miscellaneous Amendments and Other Provision) Order 2009". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 3 March 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7524-9089-2.
- ISBN 9780851156156. Retrieved 24 September 2023.
- ISBN 9781783277513. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
- ^ "Birth of Durham and Reign of Canute". englandsnortheast.co.uk.
- ^ JSTOR 561658.
- S2CID 162793914.
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- ^ "History of County Durham | Map and description for the county, A Vision of Britain through Time". Vision of Britain. University of Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
- ^ Vision of Britain – Islandshire Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (historic map[dead link]). Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Vision of Britain – Norhamshire Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine (historic map[dead link]). Retrieved 1 December 2007.
- ^ Vision of Britain – Durham (Ancient): area Archived 29 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 30 November 2007
- ^ a b c National Statistics – 200 years of the Census in... Durham Archived 3 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2 December 2007.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-11-702037-5.
- ^ "The Harrying of the North | History Today". Historytoday.com.
- ^ Douglas, D.C. William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England
- ^ "The Prince Bishops of Durham". Durham World Heritage Site. 11 July 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
- ISBN 978-1843833772.
- ^ The Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 (6 & 7 Will 4 c 19)
- ^ The Statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. His Majesty's Statute and Law Printers. 1836. p. 130.
bishop of durham temporal Powers by Palatine Act 1836.
- ^ "The Bishops of Durham". Dicese of Durham. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
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- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Durham (county)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 706–708. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Samuel Tymms (1837). "Durham". Northern Circuit. The Family Topographer: Being a Compendious Account of the ... Counties of England. Vol. 6. London: J.B. Nichols and Son. OCLC 2127940.
External links
- County Durham Lieutenancy
- Visit County Durham Archived 28 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Visit North East England
- County Durham at Curlie
- "Durham", Historical Directories of England & Wales, UK: University of Leicester
- Images of County Durham at the Historic England Archive