Northumberland

Coordinates: 55°10′N 2°00′W / 55.167°N 2.000°W / 55.167; -2.000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Northumbria. For other uses, see Northumberland (disambiguation).

Northumberland
Ceremonial county
Bamburgh Castle; Morpeth Clock Tower; and the lighthouse on East Pier, Blyth

Ceremonial Northumberland

Historic Northumberland
Coordinates: 55°10′N 2°00′W / 55.167°N 2.000°W / 55.167; -2.000
44th of 48
Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)
Ethnicity95.4% White British
Unitary authority
CouncilNorthumberland County Council (member of North of Tyne Combined Authority)
ExecutiveConservative (council NOC)
Admin HQMorpeth
Area5,020 km2 (1,940 sq mi)
 • Ranked2nd of 296
Population321,558
 • Ranked37th of 296
Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)
ISO 3166-2GB-NBL
ONS code00EM
GSS codeE06000057
ITLUKC21
Websitewww.northumberland.gov.uk

Northumberland (/nɔːrˈθʌmbərlənd/ nor-THUM-bər-lənd)[2] is a ceremonial county in North East England, bordering Scotland. It is bordered by the Scottish Borders to the north, the North Sea to the east, Tyne and Wear and County Durham to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The town of Blyth is the largest settlement while Alnwick is the historic county town.

The county has an area of 5,013 km2 (1,936 sq mi) and a population of 320,274, making it the least-densely populated county in England. The majority of the population lies in the south-east of the county, just outside the heavily built up Tyneside conurbation: Blyth (37,339), Cramlington (27,683), Ashington (27,670), and Morpeth (14,304), which is the administrative centre. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Berwick-upon-Tweed (12,043) in the far north and Hexham (13,097) in the west. For local government purposes the county is a unitary authority area. The county historically included the parts of Tyne and Wear north of the River Tyne.

The west of Northumberland contains part of the

national landscapes: the Northumberland Coast and part of the North Pennines
.

Much of the county's history has been defined by its position on a border. In the Roman era most of the county lay north of Hadrian's Wall, and the region was contested between England and Scotland into the Early Modern era, leading to the construction of many castles, peel towers and bastle houses, and the early modern fortifications at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Northumberland is also associated with Celtic Christianity, particularly the tidal island of Lindisfarne. During the Industrial Revolution the area had significant coal mining, shipbuilding, and armaments industries.

History

Main article: History of Northumberland

Name origin

An early mention of Northumberland as norð hẏmbra land "north of Humber land" in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

The name of Northumberland is recorded in the

Southumbria, south of the Humber Estuary
.

Before the county

Long Crag summit

The land has long been an English frontier zone, and it is now bordered to the north by Scotland. Northumberland has a rich prehistory with many instances of rock art, hillforts such as Yeavering Bell, and stone circles such as the Goatstones and Duddo Five Stones. Most of the area was occupied by the Brythonic-Celtic Votadini people, with another large tribe, the Brigantes, to the south.

During the Roman occupation of Britain most of the present county lay north of

Latin: Trimontium). As evidence of its border position through medieval times, Northumberland has more castles than any other county in England,[4] including those at Alnwick, Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh, Newcastle and Warkworth
.

Nearly 2000-year-old Roman boxing gloves were uncovered at Vindolanda in 2017 by the Vindolanda Trust experts, led by Andrew Birley. According to the Guardian, being similar in style and function to the full-hand modern boxing gloves, these two gloves found at Vindolanda look like leather bands dating back to 120 AD. It is suggested that, based on their difference from gladiator gloves, the gloves were not used in mortal combat, but rather in a sport for promoting fighting skills. The gloves are currently displayed at Vindolanda's museum.[5]

Present-day Northumberland formed the core of the

St Cuthbert (about 634–687, abbot from about 665), who is buried in Durham Cathedral
.

The Kingdom of Northumbria fragmented into a series of successor states following the Viking invasion. In the south, Viking settlers established the

Kingdom of York between the Humber and Tees. However, Viking influence petered out at the Tees, with the river serving as the northern boundary of the Danelaw. Between the Tyne and Tees rivers, the Community of St. Cuthbert or emerged as the successors to the Bishops of Lindisfarne; North of the Tyne, the Earls of Bamburgh, who traced their lineage back to the Kings of Northumbria, continued to exercise authority and governance over this northern expanse. York was eventually integrated as a shire into the unified Kingdom of England by the House of Wessex. However, the West Saxon governmental structures were not extended beyond Tees, leaving the Earldom of Bamburgh and the Community of St. Cuthbert as contested buffer states with the emerging Kingdom of Scotland.[6][7]
After the battle of
Nechtansmere, Northumbrian influence north of the Tweed began to decline as the Picts gradually reclaimed the land previously invaded by the Anglian kingdom. In 1018 its northern part, the region between the Tweed and the Forth (including Lothian, which includes present-day Edinburgh
), was ceded to the Kingdom of Scotland.

As a county

The

Marcher Lords
, they had the task of protecting England from Scottish retaliation for English invasions.

Northumberland has a history of revolt and rebellion against the government, as seen in the

Harry Hotspur (1364–1403), the hero of his Henry IV, Part 1. The Percys were often aided in conflict by other powerful Northern families, such as the Nevilles and the Patchetts. The latter were stripped of all power and titles by the victorious Parliamentarians after the English Civil War
of 1642–1651. After the
King James I and VI in 1603.[8]

Northumberland played a key role in the

armaments
manufacture were other important industries before the deindustrialisation of the 1980s.

Northumberland remains largely rural, and is the least densely populated county in England. In recent years the county has had considerable growth in tourism. Visitors are attracted both to its scenic beauty and to its historical sites.

Geography

Physical geography of Northumberland and surrounding areas

Northumberland has a diverse physical geography. It is low and flat near the North Sea coast and increasingly mountainous towards the northwest. Being in the far north of England, above 55° latitude, and having many areas of high land, Northumberland is one of the coldest areas of the country. But as the county lies on the east coast, it has relatively low rainfall, with the highest amounts falling on the high land in the west.[9]

About a quarter of the county forms the Northumberland National Park, an area of outstanding landscape that has largely been protected from development and agriculture. The park stretches south from the Scottish border and includes Hadrian's Wall. Most of the park is over 240 metres (790 feet) above sea level. The Northumberland Coast is also a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). A small part of the North Pennines AONB is also in the county.

There is a variety of nature reserves in Northumberland including Holy Island National Nature Reserve and Farne Islands National Nature Reserve. Moreover, 50% of England's red squirrel population lives in the Kielder Water and Forest Park.

national character areas, that lie wholly or partially within Northumberland:[10]

Geology

Main article: Geology of Northumberland
River Coquet

The

karst landscape.[11] Lying off the coast of Northumberland are the Farne Islands
, another dolerite outcrop, famous for their bird life.

The Northumberland Coalfield extends across the southeast corner of the county, from the River Tyne as far north as Shilbottle. There were smaller-scale workings for coal within the Tyne Limestone Formation as far north as Scremerston.[12][13][14] The term 'sea coal' likely originated from chunks of coal, found washed up on beaches, that wave action had broken from coastal outcroppings.

Green belt

Further information: North East Green Belt
Hadrian's Wall

Northumberland's green belt is in the south of the county, surrounding Cramlington and other communities along the county border, to afford a protection from the Tyneside conurbation. The belt continues west along the border, past Darras Hall, and on to Hexham, stopping before Haydon Bridge. Its border there is shared with the North Pennines AONB. There are also some separated belt areas, for example to the east of Morpeth. The green belt was first drawn up in the 1950s.

Politics

County town

The historic

county gaol in Morpeth.[15] Newcastle became a city in 1400, with county corporate
status, with both areas having joint assizes.

From the county council's formation in 1889 until 1981 Newcastle was the county town, being the temporary county town of two counties when the city became a part of the Tyne and Wear metropolitan county in 1974.[16] The county council has been governed from Morpeth since 1981. In 2009 the administration restructured into a unitary authority still called Northumberland County Council. Since 2019, North of Tyne Combined Authority and its elected mayor recreated Newcastle's overall governance of the historic county area; North Tyneside, Newcastle and the Northumberland district.

Council

Main article:
Northumberland Council
The county hall

The

Berwick-upon-Tweed
.

Elections for the unitary authority council first took place on 1 May 2008. The most recent elections, in 2021, had the following results:

County Council Election 2021: Northumberland
Conservatives Labour Liberal Democrats Independents UKIP Green Turnout
47,645 31,038 8,549 9,063 N/A 5,285 104,188
Overall Council seats as of 2021
Conservative Labour Independents LibDem UKIP Green Total
34 (Increase1) 21 (Decrease3) 7 (Increase0) 3 (Decrease0) 0 (Steady) 2 (Steady) 47

Constituencies

See also:
List of Parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland

Northumberland is divided into four parliamentary constituencies: Berwick-upon-Tweed, Blyth Valley, Wansbeck and Hexham. The 2019 general election produced the following total votes, with changes since previous election:

General Election 2019 : Northumberland
Liberal Democrats Labour Conservative Christian Peoples Alliance Green Brexit Turnout
17,018
+855 		57,567
−16,665 		83,663
+6,764 		178
Did not stand in 2017 election 		3,673
−3,167 		6535
New party 		103,677
Overall numbers of seats as of 2019
Labour Conservative
1
Ian Lavery 		3
Ian Levy

2016 European Union Referendum

2016 results of the European Union referendum in North East England

On 23 June 2016 Northumberland took part in the UK-wide referendum on the UK's membership of the EU. In Northumberland a majority voted to leave the European Union. The only one of the four parliamentary constituencies in Northumberland to vote Remain was Hexham.

EU Referendum 2016 : Northumberland
Leave Remain Majority Turnout
96,699
54.11% 		82,022
45.89% 		14,677
8.22% 		178,721

Demography

At the

2001 UK Census Northumberland registered a population of 307,190,[17] estimated to be 309,237 in 2003,[18] The 2011 UK Census gave a population of 316,028.[19]

In 2001 there were 130,780 households, 10% of the population were retired, and one-third rented their homes. Northumberland has an ethnic minority population at 0.985% of the population, far lower compared to the average of 9.1% for England as a whole. In the

2001 UK Census, 81% of the population reported their religion as Christianity, 0.8% as "other religion", and 12% as having no religion.[20]

Being primarily rural with significant areas of upland, the population density of Northumberland is only 62 persons per square kilometre, giving it the lowest population density in England.

Economy

Housedon Hill

Northumberland's industry is dominated by some multinational corporations:

Drager all have significant facilities in the region.[21]

Tourism is a major source of employment and income in Northumberland. In the early 2000s the county annually received 1.1 million British visitors and 50,000 foreign tourists, who spent a total of £162 million.

Coal mining in the county goes back to Tudor times. Coal mines continue to operate today; many of them are open-cast mines. Planning approval was given in January 2014 for an open-cast mine at Halton Lea Gate near Lambley.[22]

A major employer in Northumberland is Hexham-based Egger (UK) Limited.[23][24]

Pharmaceuticals, health care and biotechnology

Piramal Healthcare, Procter & Gamble, Shire Plc (formerly SCM Pharma),[28] Shasun Pharma Solutions,[29] Specials Laboratory,[30] and Thermo Fisher Scientific. The cluster also includes Cambridge Bioresearch, GlaxoSmithKline, Fujifilm Diosynth Biotech, Leica Bio, Data Trial, High Force Research, Non-Linear Dynamics, and Immuno Diagnostic Systems (IDS). The towns of Alnwick, Cramlington, Morpeth, Prudhoe all have significant pharmaceutical factories and laboratories.[31]

Newcastle University and Northumbria University are the leading academic institutions nearby. The local industry includes commercial or academic activity in pre-clinical research and development, clinical research and development, pilot-scale manufacturing, full-scale active pharmaceutical ingredient/intermediate manufacturing, formulation, packaging, and distribution.[32]

Media

Having no large population centres, the county's mainstream media outlets are served from nearby

Metro Radio), along with the majority of daily newspapers covering the area (The Journal, Evening Chronicle). It is worth remembering however that although Northumberland, like many administrative areas in England, has been shorn of its geographical regional centre, that centre—Newcastle upon Tyne—remains an essential element within the entity we know as Northumberland. Newcastle's newspapers are as widely read in its Northumbrian hinterland as any of those of the wider county: the Northumberland Gazette, Morpeth Herald, Berwick Advertiser, Hexham Courant and the News Post Leader
.

Lionheart Radio, a community radio station based in Alnwick, has recently[when?] been awarded a five-year community broadcasting licence by Ofcom.

Businesses

Ashington has the former

National Renewable Energy Centre
(Narec) is at Blyth.

Settlements

See also: List of places in Northumberland and List of settlements in Northumberland by population

Parishes

NOTE: New parishes have been added since 2001. These are missing from the list, see List of civil parishes in Northumberland.

Parishes of Northumberland[33]
Name Population (2001) Former district/borough
Acklington 467
Alnwick
Acomb 1,184 Tynedale
Adderstone with Lucker 195
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Akeld 82
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Allendale 2,120 Tynedale
Alnham 99
Alnwick
Alnmouth 562
Alnwick
Alnwick 7,767
Alnwick
Alwinton 71
Alnwick
Amble 6,044
Alnwick
Ancroft 885
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Bamburgh 454
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Bardon Mill 364 Tynedale
Bavington 99 Tynedale
Beadnell 528
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Belford 1,055
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Belsay 436 Castle Morpeth
Bewick 69
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Biddlestone 88
Alnwick
Bowsden 157
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Branxton 121
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Brinkburn 200
Alnwick
Callaly 150
Alnwick
Capheaton 160 Castle Morpeth
Carham 347
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Cartington 97
Alnwick
Chatton 438
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Choppington ?
Castle Morpeth
Cornhill-on-Tweed 318
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Craster 342
Alnwick
Cresswell 237 Castle Morpeth
Denwick 266
Alnwick
Doddington 146
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Earle 89
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Easington 139
Berwick-upon-Tweed
East Chevington 3,192 Castle Morpeth
Edlingham 196
Alnwick
Eglingham 357
Alnwick
Ellingham 282
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Ellington and Linton 2,678 Castle Morpeth
Elsdon 205
Alnwick
Embleton 699
Alnwick
Ewart 72
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Felton 958
Alnwick
Ford 487
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Glanton 222
Alnwick
Harbottle 235
Alnwick
Hartburn 198 Castle Morpeth
Hauxley 220
Alnwick
Haydon 2,184 Tynedale
Hebron 679 Castle Morpeth
Heddon-on-the-Wall 1,518 Castle Morpeth
Hedgeley 322
Alnwick
Hepple 139
Alnwick
Hepscott 898 Castle Morpeth
Hesleyhurst 30
Alnwick
Hexham 11,829 Tynedale
Hollinghill 90
Alnwick
Holy Island
 162
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Horncliffe 374
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Ilderton 94
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Ingram 148
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Kilham 131
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Kirknewton 108
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Kyloe 323
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Lesbury 871
Alnwick
Lilburn 106
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Longframlington 979
Alnwick
Longhirst 446 Castle Morpeth
Longhorsley 798 Castle Morpeth
Longhoughton
 1,442
Alnwick
Lowick 559
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Lynemouth 1,832 Castle Morpeth
Matfen 495 Castle Morpeth
Meldon 162 Castle Morpeth
Middleton 136
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Milfield 243
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Mitford 431 Castle Morpeth
Morpeth 13,833 Castle Morpeth
Netherton 194
Alnwick
Netherwitton 272 Castle Morpeth
Newton-by-the-Sea 242
Alnwick
Newton on the Moor and Swarland 822
Alnwick
Norham 536
Berwick-upon-Tweed
North Sunderland 1,803
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Nunnykirk 138
Alnwick
Ord, Northumberland 1,365
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Pegswood 3,174 Castle Morpeth
Ponteland 10,871 Castle Morpeth
Prudhoe 11,500 Tynedale
Rennington 305
Alnwick
Roddam 77
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Rothbury 1,740
Alnwick
Rothley 136
Alnwick
Shilbottle 1,349
Alnwick
Shoreswood 163
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Snitter 114
Alnwick
Stamfordham
 1,047 Castle Morpeth
Stannington 1,219 Castle Morpeth
Thirston 510 Castle Morpeth
Thropton 409
Alnwick
Togston 340
Alnwick
Tritlington and West Chevington 218 Castle Morpeth
Ulgham 365 Castle Morpeth
Wallington Demesne 361 Castle Morpeth
Warkworth 1,493
Alnwick
Whalton 427 Castle Morpeth
Whittingham 406
Alnwick
Whitton and Tosson 223
Alnwick
Widdrington
 158 Castle Morpeth
Widdrington Station and Stobswood 2,386 Castle Morpeth
Wooler 1,857
Berwick-upon-Tweed

Although not on this list, the population of Cramlington is estimated at 39,000.

Historic areas

Some settlements that are part historic county of Northumberland now fall under the county of Tyne and Wear:

Sport

A cricket ground in Bamburgh

Football

A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual

Newcastle United Football Club was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.[37]

Newcastle United were first division champions three times in the early 20th century, reaching the FA Cup Final three times before winning it at the fourth attempt in 1910.[38] Today top quality professional football remains in Northumberland. Since the 2017 – 18 season, Newcastle United is a Premier League team. St James' Park in Newcastle is a first class football venue, often used for international games at all levels. Blyth Spartans A.F.C. have had success and public attention through Football Association Cup runs.

Notable associated footballers

There are many notable footballers from the county, pre Second World War and immediate post war greats were George Camsell and Hughie Gallacher, these were described in the "Clown Prince of Football" by Len Shackleton. The author played for Newcastle United and Northumberland County Cricket Club. Shackleton's book was controversial when it was first published because chapter 9, named "The Average Director's Knowledge of Football", was produced as a blank page.[39] Notable players after the Second World War included Joe Harvey, Jackie Milburn,[40] Brian Clough[41] and Newcastle's Bobby Moncur who led his team to win the Inter City Fairs Cup in 1969.[42]

Two of Jackie Milburn's nephews from

Leeds United both contributing much to the success and history of their respective clubs. They both became permanent fixtures in Alf Ramsey's 1966 England World Cup winning team.[45] Malcolm Macdonald was a successful Newcastle player of the 1970s. Great national players who played at Northumberland clubs in the 1980s and 1990s include Peter Beardsley, Paul Gascoigne, Chris Waddle and Alan Shearer. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances.[46]

Horseracing

Early races were held at Newcastle's Killingworth Moor from 1632 before moving to the Town Moor. The 'Pitmen's Derby' or Northumberland Plate was held from 1833 and moved to Gosforth in 1882.[47] Modern day horse racing still takes place at Newcastle Racecourse.[48]

Golf

Golf is a Scottish import to many countries, but it is said to have been played in this region by

St Cuthbert on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northumberland was at Alnmouth, founded in 1869, it is the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club; it is a 9 hole links course.[49]

There is one old

Open Championship
for five years from 2008.

During the

King Charles played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields suburb of Pandon during his imprisonment in the town.[51]

Today inland golf courses are abundant in the county,[52]

The county has a professional golfer who has played in many professional golf tour events:

European Tour
.

Other

The annual Great North Run, one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. In 2013 the 33rd Great North Run had 56,000 participants most of whom were raising money for charity.

Places of interest

Key
Abbey/Priory/Cathedral
Accessible open space Accessible open space
Amusement/Theme Park
Castle
Country Park Country Park
English Heritage
Forestry Commission
Heritage railway Heritage railway
Historic house
Historic House
Places of Worship Places of Worship
Museum (free)
Museum		 Museum (free/not free)
National Trust
National Trust
Theatre
Zoo
Fortifications
Halls, museums and natural landmarks

Gallery

Education

Main article: List of schools in Northumberland

Northumberland has a completely

Bede Academy and in Ashington at Hirst. One response to these changes has been the decision of Ponteland High School
to apply for Trust status.

Cramlington Learning Village has almost 400 pupils in each school year, making it one of the largest schools in England. The Blyth Academy in southeast Northumberland can hold 1,500 students throughout the building. Astley Community High School in Seaton Delaval, which accepts students from Seaton Delaval, Seaton Sluice and Blyth, has been the subject of controversial remarks from politicians claiming it would no longer be viable once Bede Academy opened in Blyth, a claim strongly disputed by the headteacher. Haydon Bridge High School, in rural Northumberland, is claimed to have the largest catchment area of any school in England, reputedly covering an area larger than that encompassed by the M25 motorway around London.

The county of Northumberland is served by one Catholic high school, St Benet Biscop Catholic Academy in Bedlington, which is attended by students from all over the area. Students from Northumberland also attend independent schools such as the Royal Grammar School in Newcastle.

Media

Television

The county is covered by

Newcastle. Television signals are received from either the Pontop Pike[53] or Chatton TV transmitters.[54]

Radio

Metro Radio, Greatest Hits Radio North East and Lionheart Radio. Community based stations such as Koast Radio (covering South East Northumberland) [55] and Radio Borders (serving Berwick-upon-Tweed
).

Newspapers

The county is served by these local newspapers:

Culture

Northumberland has traditions not found elsewhere in England. These include the

tartan or check, sometimes referred to in Scotland as the Shepherd's Tartan. Traditional Northumbrian music has more similarity to Lowland Scottish and Irish music than it does to that of other parts of England, reflecting the strong historical links between Northumbria and the Lowlands of Scotland
, and the large Irish population on Tyneside.

The

Sir Walter Scott and others in the 19th century gave the ballads an even wider popularity. William Morris considered them to be the greatest poems in the language, while Algernon Charles Swinburne
knew virtually all of them by heart.

One of the best-known is the stirring

Sir Philip Sidney famously said, "I never heard the old song of Percy and Douglas that I found not my heart moved more than with a trumpet". Ben Jonson
said that he would give all his works to have written "Chevy Chase".

Overall the culture of Northumberland, as with the

Old English words not found in other forms of Modern English, such as bairn for child (see Scots language and Northumbrian dialect).[56][57]

The lands just north or south of the border have long shared certain aspects of history and heritage; it is thus thought by some that the Anglo-Scottish border is largely political rather than cultural.[57][58]

Attempts to raise the level of awareness of Northumberland culture have also started, with the formation of a Northumbrian Language Society to preserve the unique dialects (

Northumbrian dialects) of this region, as well as to promote home-grown talent.[56][57]

Northumberland's

county flower is the bloody cranesbill (Geranium sanguineum) and its affiliated Royal Navy ship is its namesake, HMS Northumberland
.

Flag

The flag of the historic county of Northumberland

The historic county of Northumberland has its own flag, which is a banner of the arms of Northumberland County Council. The shield of arms is in turn based on the arms medieval heralds had attributed to the Kingdom of Bernicia (which the first County Council used until it was granted its own arms). The Bernician arms were fictional but inspired by Bede's brief description of a flag used on the tomb of St Oswald in the 7th century.[59]

The current arms were granted to the county council in 1951, and adopted as the flag of Northumberland in 1995.[60]

Notable people

Railway engineer George Stephenson was born in Northumberland in 1781.

Born in Northumberland

Ashington was the birthplace of three famous footballers: Bobby and Jack Charlton, born in 1937 and 1935 respectively, and Jackie Milburn, born in 1924. In 1978 the international cricketer Steve Harmison was born in the same town.

Mickley was the birthplace of Thomas Bewick, an artist, wood engraver and naturalist born in 1753, and Bob Stokoe, a footballer and F.A. Cup-winning manager (with Sunderland in 1973) born in 1930.

Other notable births include:

Linked with Northumberland

Algernon Charles Swinburne, the poet, was raised in Northumberland

See also

References

  1. ^ "No. 62943". The London Gazette. 13 March 2020. p. 5161.
  2. ^ "Northumberland definition and meaning – Collins English Dictionary". Collinsdictionary.com.
  3. ^ Bosworth, Joseph (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary: Based on the Manuscript Collections of the Late Joseph Bosworth. Clarendon Press. p. 725.
  4. ^ Long, B. (1967). Castles of Northumberland. Newcastle, UK: Harold Hill.
  5. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  6. ISBN 978-1-84383-341-3
    . Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  7. ISBN 9780851156156
    . Retrieved 24 September 2023.
  8. ISBN 9781843839392
    .
  9. ^ Met Office, 2000. "Annual average rainfall for the United Kingdom."
  10. ^ "National Character Area profiles: data for local decision making". Gov.uk. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  11. ^ Northumberland National Park Authority, n.d. "The topology and climate of Northumberland National Park".
  12. ^ "Northumberland nIV.NW (includes: Ancroft; Ord; Tweedmouth.)". National Library of Scotland. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  13. ^ "Tyne Limestone Formation". BGS Lexicon of Named Rock Units. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  14. ^ "Geoindex Onshore". British Geological Survey. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
  15. ^ "Alnwick". Northumberland County Council. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
    "Morpeth (St. Mary), A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848), pp. 345–350". British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
    "Northiam – Nortoft, A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848), pp. 433–439". British-history.ac.uk. 22 June 2003. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  16. ^ "History of Newcastle upon Tyne" (PDF). Local Studies Factsheet No. 6. Newcastle City Council. 2009. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  17. ^ Office for National Statistics, 2003. "Update on 2001 Census figures Archived 13 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine."
  18. Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, 2003. "Local Government Finance Settlement 2005/06
    ". (PDF)
  19. ^ "Local Authority population 2011". Archived from the original on 8 July 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  20. ^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. "KS07 Religion: Census 2001, Key Statistics for local Authorities Archived 21 December 2003 at the Wayback Machine."
  21. ^ "The leading companies shaping Northumberland's business landscape". Arch. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  22. ^ Hexham Courant 10 January 2014 'Villagers admit defeat after 15 years battling opencast'
  23. ^ "Major Hexham employer Egger UK". Chroniclelive.co.uk. 4 February 2018.
  24. ^ "Hexham employer Egger UK posts rise". Chroniclelive.co.uk. 27 January 2017.
  25. ^ "Invest in Northumberland: Key sectors". ARCH. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  26. ^ NEPIC Directory 2013 Pharmaceuticals: Manufacturing Creates Value. Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster. May 2013. p. 33.
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Bibliography

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Northumberland.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northumberland.
Look up northumberland in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northumberland&oldid=1219929553"