Skipper (butterfly)

Skipper
Ochlodes sylvanus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Papilionoidea
Family:	Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809
Type species
Hesperia comma Linnaeus, 1758
Diversity
12 subfamilies, about 550 genera

Skippers are a group of butterflies placed in the

Collectively, these three groups of butterflies share many characteristics, especially in the

The wings are usually well-rounded with more or less sharply tipped forewings. Some have prominent hindwing tails, and others have more angled wings; the skippers' basic wing shapes vary not much by comparison to the Papilionoidea, though. Most have a fairly drab coloration of browns and greys; some are more boldly black-and-white. Yellow, red, and blue hues are less often found, but some largely brown species are quite richly colored, too. Green colors and metallic

Subfamilies

The roughly 3500 species of skippers are now classified in these subfamilies:[5]

• Katreinae^[6]
• Coeliadinae – awls, awlets, and policemen (about 75 species)
• monotypic
  )
• Eudaminae – dicot skippers
• Chamundinae^[6]
• Pyrginae
  – spread-winged skippers and firetips (including Pyrrhopyginae)
• Tagiadinae^[7]
• Heteropterinae
  – skipperlings (about 150 species)
• Hesperiinae
  – grass skippers (over 2000 species)
• Megathyminae
  – giant skippers (about 18 species; doubtfully distinct from Hesperiinae)
• Barcinae^[6]
• Trapezitinae – Australian skippers (about 60 species)

References

1. ^ "Skipper | lepidopteran family". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ackery et al. (1999)
3. ^ Heikkilä et al. (2012)
4. ^ Kawahara & Breinholt (2014)
5. ^ Brower & Warren (2008)
6. ^
   PMID 31333327
   .
7. PMID 30877254
   . SI Appendix

• Ackery, P. R.; de Jong, R. & Vane-Wright, R. I. (1999). "The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae". In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.): Handbook of Zoology: A Natural History of the Phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35: Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Vol.1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography: 263–300. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
• Brower, Andrew V. Z. & Warren, Andrew (April 7, 2008). "Hesperiidae". Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
• Brower, Andrew V. Z. & Warren, Andrew (2006). "The higher classification of the Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea)". Retrieved October 26, 2012.
• Evans, W. H. (1951). "A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae indicating the classification and nomenclature adopted in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I. Pyrrhophyginae". London, British Museum. 92 pp. + p15. 1–9.
• Evans, W. H. (1952). "A Catalogue of the
  Pyrginae
  . Section I". London, British Museum. 178 pp. + pls. 10–25.
• Evans, W. H. (1953). "A Catalogue of the
  Pyrginae
  . Section II". London, British Museum. 246 pp. + pls. 26–53.
• Evans, W. H. (1955). "A Catalogue of the
  Megathyminae
  ". London, British Museum. 499 pp. + pls. 54–88.
• Heikkilä, M.; Kaila, L.; Mutanen, M.; Peña, C. & Wahlberg, N. (2012). "Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279(1731), 1093–1099.
• Kawahara, A. Y., & Breinholt, J. W. (2014). "Phylogenomics provides strong evidence for relationships of butterflies and moths". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1788), 20140970.
  doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0970
• Korolev, Vladimir A. (2014). "Catalogus on the collection of Lepidoptera. Part I. Hesperiidae". Moscow, 310 p.
  ISBN 978-5-00077-066-5

Further reading

• Glassberg, Jeffrey Butterflies through Binoculars, The West (2001)
• Guppy, Crispin S. and Shepard, Jon H. Butterflies of British Columbia (2001)
• James, David G. and Nunnallee, David Life Histories of Cascadia Butterflies (2011)
• Pelham, Jonathan Catalogue of the Butterflies of the United States and Canada (2008)
• Pyle, Robert Michael The Butterflies of Cascadia (2002)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hesperiidae.

Wikispecies has information related to Hesperiidae.

• "Family Hesperiidae". Insecta.pro. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
• Nearctica North America (Index page)
• Skippers of North America: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
• Internet Archive Free download of Watson, E.Y. 1891 Hesperiidae Indicae: Being a reprint of descriptions of the Hesperiidae of India, Burma, and Ceylon