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The females lack the bright coloration of the males. Their upper surfaces are generally a rusty brown. They also possess broad oblique bands on their forewings, but these are white. The tips of the forewings are hooked.<ref name="horsfield2">{{cite book|author=Thomas Horsfield & Frederic Moore|title =A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company, Volume I|year =1857|page=208|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eI9IAAAAYAAJ&dq=Paphia%20paralekta&pg=PA208}}</ref><ref name="moore"/>
The females lack the bright coloration of the males. Their upper surfaces are generally a rusty brown. They also possess broad oblique bands on their forewings, but these are white. The tips of the forewings are hooked.<ref name="horsfield2">{{cite book|author=Thomas Horsfield & Frederic Moore|title =A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company, Volume I|year =1857|page=208|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eI9IAAAAYAAJ&dq=Paphia%20paralekta&pg=PA208}}</ref><ref name="moore"/>


The undersides of the wings of both sexes are highly variable and no two specimens are exactly alike. However, the colors are always those of dead leaves like gray, brown, red, olive green, or pale yellow.<ref name="darwinism"/><ref name="curran">{{cite book|author=Grace Wickham Curran|editor =William Kerr Higley|title =Birds and Nature. Volume XII |chapter =The Leaf Butterfly (''Kallima paralekta'')|publisher =A.W. Mumford|year =1902|pages=131–132|url =https://archive.org/details/birdsnature121902chic}}</ref> They exhibit extraordinary representations of the various features found in decaying leaves. Patterns like blotches, dark spots, and powdery dots resembling [[mildew]] and other [[fungi|fungal]] growth are so realistic that observers may be tricked into thinking that the butterfly itself is being attacked by actual fungi.<ref name="wallace">{{cite book|author=Alfred Russel Wallace|editor =Alfred Russel Wallace|title =Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays|chapter =Mimicry, and Other Protective Resemblances Among Animals|isbn=9780511693106 |year =1870|pages=45–129|url =http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/wallace/alfred_russel/mimicry/}}</ref> Also on the wings are small and oval scaleless areas ([[hyaline]] [[Eyespot (mimicry)|spots]]) that look like transparent "windows" and mimic holes left by [[insect]] [[larva]]e on leaves.<ref name="moore"/><ref name="smart">{{cite book|author=Paul Smart |title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World|publisher =Salamander Books Ltd|isbn=0861011015|year =1975|pages=59, 61–63}}</ref>
The undersides of the wings of both sexes are highly variable and no two specimens are exactly alike. However, the colors are always those of dead leaves like gray, brown, red, olive green, or pale yellow.<ref name="darwinism"/><ref name="curran">{{cite book|author=Grace Wickham Curran|editor =William Kerr Higley|title =Birds and Nature. Volume XII |chapter =The Leaf Butterfly (''Kallima paralekta'')|publisher =A.W. Mumford|year =1902|pages=131–132|url =https://archive.org/details/birdsnature121902chic}}</ref> They exhibit extraordinary representations of the various features found in decaying leaves. Patterns like blotches, dark spots, and powdery dots resembling [[mildew]] and other [[fungi|fungal]] growth are so realistic that observers may be tricked into thinking that the butterfly itself is being attacked by actual fungi.<ref name="wallace">{{cite book|author=Alfred Russel Wallace|editor =Alfred Russel Wallace|title =Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection. A Series of Essays|chapter =Mimicry, and Other Protective Resemblances Among Animals|isbn=9780511693106 |year =1870|pages=45–129|url =https://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/wallace/alfred_russel/mimicry/complete.html|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20101123050749/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/w/wallace/alfred_russel/mimicry/complete.html|url-status =dead|archive-date =November 23, 2010}}</ref> Also on the wings are small and oval scaleless areas ([[hyaline]] [[Eyespot (mimicry)|spots]]) that look like transparent "windows" and mimic holes left by [[insect]] [[larva]]e on leaves.<ref name="moore"/><ref name="smart">{{cite book|author=Paul Smart |title =The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World|publisher =Salamander Books Ltd|isbn=0861011015|year =1975|pages=59, 61–63}}</ref>
[[File:Kallima paralekta (Higley, 1902; Birds and Nature, Vol. 13).jpg|thumb|A 1902 illustration of two specimens of ''Kallima paralekta'' shows one with wings folded and almost indistinguishable from the dead leaves, and one with wings outstretched showing brilliant colors.]]
[[File:Kallima paralekta (Higley, 1902; Birds and Nature, Vol. 13).jpg|thumb|A 1902 illustration of two specimens of ''Kallima paralekta'' shows one with wings folded and almost indistinguishable from the dead leaves, and one with wings outstretched showing brilliant colors.]]
The tips of the forewings are pointed, while the tips of the hindwings extend into a short narrow tail, resembling leaf [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s. Running through the middle of both forewings and hindwings is a line, dark on one side and light on the other, representing the shaded and illuminated sides of a leaf [[midrib]].<ref name="folsom">{{cite book|author=Justus Watson Folsom|title =Entomology, with Special Reference to its Ecological Aspects|publisher =P. Blakiston's Son & Co|year =1922|pages=194|url =https://archive.org/details/entomologyspecial00folsrich}}</ref> From this line are fainter lines radiating forwards and resembling the secondary venation of leaves.<ref name="wallace"/> Part of it is achieved through markings, and part through the incorporation of the actual venation of the wing. The head and the [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] fit exactly into the curve of the closed upper wings so as not to interfere with the outline. The resulting minor irregularities themselves resemble the wrinkled edges of withered leaves.<ref name="darwinism">{{cite book|author=Alfred Russel Wallace|title =Darwinism, an Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of its Applications|publisher =Macmillan and Co|year =1889|pages=207–208|url =https://archive.org/details/darwinismexposit00walluoft}}</ref><ref name="dungan">{{cite journal|author=Martin Dungan|editor=J.E. Harting|year=1883|title=Notices of New Books|journal=The Zoologist|volume=7|series=Third Series|pages=134–144|url=https://archive.org/details/zoologist83lond}}</ref>
The tips of the forewings are pointed, while the tips of the hindwings extend into a short narrow tail, resembling leaf [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]s. Running through the middle of both forewings and hindwings is a line, dark on one side and light on the other, representing the shaded and illuminated sides of a leaf [[midrib]].<ref name="folsom">{{cite book|author=Justus Watson Folsom|title =Entomology, with Special Reference to its Ecological Aspects|publisher =P. Blakiston's Son & Co|year =1922|pages=194|url =https://archive.org/details/entomologyspecial00folsrich}}</ref> From this line are fainter lines radiating forwards and resembling the secondary venation of leaves.<ref name="wallace"/> Part of it is achieved through markings, and part through the incorporation of the actual venation of the wing. The head and the [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]] fit exactly into the curve of the closed upper wings so as not to interfere with the outline. The resulting minor irregularities themselves resemble the wrinkled edges of withered leaves.<ref name="darwinism">{{cite book|author=Alfred Russel Wallace|title =Darwinism, an Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of its Applications|publisher =Macmillan and Co|year =1889|pages=207–208|url =https://archive.org/details/darwinismexposit00walluoft}}</ref><ref name="dungan">{{cite journal|author=Martin Dungan|editor=J.E. Harting|year=1883|title=Notices of New Books|journal=The Zoologist|volume=7|series=Third Series|pages=134–144|url=https://archive.org/details/zoologist83lond}}</ref>

Revision as of 16:55, 13 January 2024

Kallima paralekta
Male, upperside
Female, upperside
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Nymphalidae
Genus: Kallima
Species:
K. paralekta
Binomial name
Kallima paralekta
(Horsfield, [1829])
Subspecies
  • Kallima paralekta paralekta (Horsfield, [1829])
  • Kallima paralekta tribonia Fruhstorfer, 1910
Synonyms[1]
  • Paphia paralekta Horsfield, [1829]

Kallima paralekta, the Indian leafwing or Malayan leafwing, is a

naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace in his travels in maritime Southeast Asia. It is mentioned in his famous 19th-century work The Malay Archipelago as one of the best examples of protective camouflage achieved through natural selection
.

Taxonomy

Kallima paralekta is classified under the genus Kallima (oakleafs) of the tribe Kallimini, subfamily Nymphalinae in the brush-footed butterfly family Nymphalidae. It is the type species of the genus Kallima.[2] The species contains two

type specimens of both were recovered from Java, Indonesia.[5][6]

The species is commonly known as the "Indian leafwing", though it is not found in India. It may be because its native range was once known as the East Indies;[7][8] or it might be because the similarly colored and closely related orange oakleaf (Kallima inachus) found in India and throughout tropical eastern Asia was at times confused and previously considered a subspecies of Kallima paralekta.[1][9] It is also sometimes known as the "Malaysian dead leaf" or "Malayan leafwing", which is also misleading since it is not found in Malaysia.[3][10] However a subspecies of Kallima limborgii found in the northwest of Peninsular Malaysia, Kallima limborgii amplirufa, was once included within Kallima paralekta as Kallima paralekta amplirufa.[1][11]

Description

Individual with wings folded, showing its remarkable resemblance to a leaf.

The upper surfaces of the wings of the male Kallima paralekta have been described as extremely beautiful.[6] They possess oblique bright orange bands (fascia) on the upper surfaces of their forewings, the inner borders of which terminate at the lower corner of the forewings. The areas below the orange bands and the entire upper surface of the hindwings are a brilliant deep blue to purple.[7][12]

The females lack the bright coloration of the males. Their upper surfaces are generally a rusty brown. They also possess broad oblique bands on their forewings, but these are white. The tips of the forewings are hooked.[5][12]

The undersides of the wings of both sexes are highly variable and no two specimens are exactly alike. However, the colors are always those of dead leaves like gray, brown, red, olive green, or pale yellow.

fungal growth are so realistic that observers may be tricked into thinking that the butterfly itself is being attacked by actual fungi.[15] Also on the wings are small and oval scaleless areas (hyaline spots) that look like transparent "windows" and mimic holes left by insect larvae on leaves.[12][16]

A 1902 illustration of two specimens of Kallima paralekta shows one with wings folded and almost indistinguishable from the dead leaves, and one with wings outstretched showing brilliant colors.

The tips of the forewings are pointed, while the tips of the hindwings extend into a short narrow tail, resembling leaf

midrib.[17] From this line are fainter lines radiating forwards and resembling the secondary venation of leaves.[15] Part of it is achieved through markings, and part through the incorporation of the actual venation of the wing. The head and the antennae fit exactly into the curve of the closed upper wings so as not to interfere with the outline. The resulting minor irregularities themselves resemble the wrinkled edges of withered leaves.[13][18]

Distribution

Kallima paralekta is

endemic to Indonesia. The subspecies Kallima paralekta paralekta is only found in Java, Indonesia; while the subspecies Kallima paralekta tribonia is found in Sumatra, Indonesia.[1]

Ecology

The larvae feed on Strobilanthes and Pseuderanthemum species.[1] Adult Kallima paralekta rarely feed on flower nectar. They are more commonly seen feeding on rotten fruit.[10] The adults usually use the same perch while waiting for potential mates, flying off briefly and returning to the same spot.[10]

Kallima paralekta was made famous in the 19th century by the British

naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace. In his influential book The Malay Archipelago, Wallace describes it as "the most wonderful and undoubted case of protective resemblance in a butterfly". He vividly describes his experiences trying to catch specimens of Kallima paralekta in Sumatra:[19]

The upper surfaces of its large wings are quite vivid and striking, and they are very easily spotted when in flight. However, as soon as the butterfly alights, almost always among dead leaves, it becomes virtually invisible due to its remarkable camouflage. Even when staring right at the spot where it seemed to disappear, one generally was unable to see it until it began flying again a few moments later.[15][20]

Wallace used the butterfly as an example of natural selection in support of Wallace and Darwin's theory of evolution.[15][21]

Gallery

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kallima paralekta.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Markku Savela. "Kallima Doubleday, 1849". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  2. ^ Takashi Shirôzu & Akinori Nakanishi (1984). "A revision of the genus Kallima Doubleday (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)". Tyô to Ga. 34 (3): 97–110.
  3. ^ a b Dieter E. Zimmer. "Butterflies and Moths in Nabokov's Published Writings. Alphabetical Order: F-K". A Guide to Nabokov's Butterflies and Moths. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  4. ^ Thomas Horsfield (1829). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects Contained in the Museum of East India Co.
  5. ^ a b Thomas Horsfield & Frederic Moore (1857). A Catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company, Volume I. p. 208.
  6. ^ a b Edward Doubleday & John O. Westwood (1846–1850). The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their habitats and transformations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated with 86 plates by W. C. Hewitson. Volume I: Containing the Families Papilionidæ, Pieridæ, Ageronidæ, Danaidæ, Heliconidæ, Acræidæ, and part of the Nymphalidæ. Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans. p. 208.
  7. ^ a b Charles Frederick Holder & Joseph Bassett Holder (1886). Elements of Zoölogy. D. Appleton & Company. pp. 135–136.
  8. ^ Thomas Belt (1874). Ernest Rhys (ed.). The Naturalist in Nicaragua with an Introduction by Anthony Belt. Everyman's Library. J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. pp. xvii.
  9. ^ Lionel de Nicéville (1886). The Butterflies of India, Burmah and Ceylon. Volume II. The Calcutta Central Press, Co. p. 259.
  10. ^ a b c "Kallima paralekta". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  11. ^ L.C. Goh. "Kallima limborgii amplirufa (The Leaf Butterfly)". Butterflies of Malaysia, PBase. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
  12. ^
    doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1879.tb01976.x
    .
  13. ^ a b Alfred Russel Wallace (1889). Darwinism, an Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of its Applications. Macmillan and Co. pp. 207–208.
  14. ^ Grace Wickham Curran (1902). "The Leaf Butterfly (Kallima paralekta)". In William Kerr Higley (ed.). Birds and Nature. Volume XII. A.W. Mumford. pp. 131–132.
  15. ^
    ISBN 9780511693106. Archived from the original
    on November 23, 2010.
  16. ISBN 0861011015
    .
  17. ^ Justus Watson Folsom (1922). Entomology, with Special Reference to its Ecological Aspects. P. Blakiston's Son & Co. p. 194.
  18. ^ Martin Dungan (1883). J.E. Harting (ed.). "Notices of New Books". The Zoologist. Third Series. 7: 134–144.
  19. ISBN 9781859846520
    .
  20. ISBN 9789839681055
    .
  21. ^ H.B. Shinn (1914). "The Insect Tribe". Nature Neighbors. Volume V – Animals (PDF). American Audubon Association. p. 53–54.
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