Stalinist repressions in Mongolia

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Great Repression
Их Хэлмэгдүүлэлт
Part of
political dissidents, and ethnic Buryats and Kazakhs
Attack type
Deaths20,000–35,000
Perpetrators
Minister of Justice
Tserendorj, Internal Affairs Committee head D. Namsrai, deputy minister of internal affairs Nasantogtoh, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg and others
MotiveElimination of political opponents, consolidation of power
History of Mongolia
Prehistoric period
Afanasievo culture 3300–2500 BC
Chemurchek culture 2750–1900 BC
Munkhkhairkhan culture 1800–1600 BC
Sagsai culture 1500–1000 BC
Ulaanzuukh culture 1450–1150 BC
Deer stones culture 1400–700 BC
Slab-grave culture 1100–300 BC
Chandman culture 700–300 BC
Pazyryk culture 600–300 BC
Ancient period
Xiongnu 209 BC–93 AD
Xianbei state 93–234
Rouran Khaganate 330–555
Göktürks (First, Eastern, and Second Turkic Khaganates) 555–630
682–744
Xueyantuo 628–646
Tang protectorate 647–682
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Liao dynasty 907–1125
Medieval period
Mongol khanates 9th–12th century
Khamag Mongol 1130–1206
Mongol Empire 1206–1368
Yuan dynasty 1271–1368
Northern Yuan 1368–1635
Oirat Confederation 1399–1634
Dzungar Khanate 1634–1757
Qing dynasty 1691–1911
Modern period
National Revolution 1911
Bogd Khaganate 1911–1919
Chinese occupation 1919–1921
People's Revolution (Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate) 1921
1921–1924
People's Republic 1924–1992
Democratic Revolution 1990
Modern Mongolia 1990–present

The Stalinist repressions in Mongolia (

political dissidents, and ethnic Buryats and Kazakhs suffered the greatest losses.[citation needed
]

Background

Prelude: 1921–1934

Following the

Ölziin Badrakh, and Prime Minister Tsengeltiin Jigjidjav were blamed, officially expelled from the party,[5]
and later executed during the Great Repression.

Khorloogiin Choibalsan in 1930s

In 1933–34, in what is viewed as a dress rehearsal for the repressions of 1937–1939, MPRP General Secretary

Lkhümbe Affair was spurred in part by Japan's invasion of neighboring Manchuria in 1931. To defend against possible Japanese military expansion into the Soviet Far East, Stalin sought to stabilize Mongolia politically by eliminating opposition to the Soviet-backed government and securing an agreement to permit the stationing of Red Army
troops in the country.

The Great Repression

Over the next three years, Soviet mentors in the Ministry of Internal Affairs guided Choibalsan in planning and carrying out the impending purges. Under the direction of his Soviet handler Matvey Petrovich Chopyak,[6] Choibalsan had Internal Affairs Committee rules amended in May 1936 to facilitate the detention of high ranking politicians without first consulting political superiors. Soon thereafter, 23 high ranking lamas were arrested for participating in a "counter revolutionary center." Following a yearlong trial they were publicly executed in early October 1937. When Mongolia's procurator general protested the lamas' prosecution, he too was arrested and then shot.[7]

Deputy NKVD Chief MP Frinovsky

In August 1937, the 36-year-old Marshal Gelegdorjiin Demid, whose popularity Choibalsan had always resented,[7] died under suspicious circumstances resulting in Choibalsan's promotion to the dual role of sole commander-in-chief of the Mongolian military and minister of defense. The following day Choibalsan, as interior minister, issued Order 366 which declared that many in Mongolia "had fallen under the influence of Japanese spies and provocateurs." Alarmed by Japanese military movements in Manchuria[8] Stalin ordered that month the stationing of 30,000 Red Army troops in Mongolia and had dispatched a large Soviet delegation to Ulaanbaatar under Soviet Deputy NKVD Commissar Mikhail Frinovsky. Charged with starting the violent purges that he had so effectively carried out in the Soviet Union under NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov, Frinovsky delivered a list of 115 counterrevolutionaries and Japanese collaborators to Choibalsan, recommending they be purged.[9] Working through Soviet advisers already embedded within the Ministry of Interior and with a compliant Choibalsan providing symbolic cover, Frinovsky built the purge framework from behind the scenes. He produced arrest lists and assembled an Extraordinary Purge Commission, an NKVD-style troika (headed by Choibalsan, with Minister of Justice Tserendorj and former MPRP Secretary Dorjjavyn Luvsansharav). They presided over arrest cases, investigations and show trials involving “lamas, espionage and counterrevolution.” The arrest of 65 high-ranking government officials and intelligentsia on the night of Sept 10, 1937, signaled the launch of the purges in earnest. All were accused of spying for Japan as part of a Genden-Demid plot and most confessed under intense torture.[10] The first show trial was staged at Ulaanbaatar's Central Theater from 18 to 20 October 1937. Of the 14 persons accused, 13, including former prime minister (1921) and chief abbot of the Manzushir Monastery Sambadondogiin Tserendorj, were sentenced to death.[11]

Luvsansharav, member of the Extraordinary Purge Commission

What followed was a spasm of violence that lasted nearly 18 months. Choibalsan's troika approved and carried out the execution of more than 18,000 counter-revolutionary lamas. Monks that were not executed were conscripted into the Mongolian armed forces or otherwise forcibly laicized[12] while 746 of the country's monasteries were liquidated. Thousands more dissident intellectuals, political and government officials labeled "enemies of the revolution," as well as ethnic Buryats and Kazakhs were also rounded up and killed. Some 25 persons from top positions in the party and government were executed, 187 from the military leadership, 36 of the 51 members of the Central Committee.[13] Following the Russian model, Choibalsan opened gulags in the countryside to imprison dissidents, while others were transported to gulags in the USSR.[14] As the NKVD effectively managed the purge by staging show trials and carrying out executions,[15] a frequently intoxicated[16] Choibalsan was sometimes present during torture[16] and interrogations of suspected counterrevolutionaries, including old friends and comrades. Choibalsan rubber-stamped NKVD execution orders and at times personally directed executions.[13] He also added names of political enemies to NKVD arrest lists simply to settle old scores.[15][16] Nevertheless, even when he attempted to spare victims by recommending leniency in certain cases, NKVD officers often overrode his decision.[17]

End of the Great Repression

Genden
Genden
Amar
Amar
Dogsom
Dogsom
Losol
Losol
Notable victims of Choibalsan's purges include (from left); prime ministers P. Genden and A. Amar, and two of the founding members of the MPRP D. Dogsom and D. Losol

Racked with stress, Choibalsan spent six months (August 1938 – January 1939) recuperating and consulting with Kliment Voroshilov, Nikolai Yezhov, and Stalin in Moscow and Sochi[18] while NKVD agents and Interior Ministry officials carried on purge operations from Ulaanbaatar. When he returned to Mongolia, Choibalsan followed Soviet directives and had the highly popular Prime Minister Amar purged. Choibalsan claimed he "had helped anti-government plotters, opposed their arrest, and neglected the defense of the borders. He betrayed his own country and was a traitor to the revolution."[19] After a coordinated propaganda campaign, Amar was arrested on 7 March 1939 and sent to the USSR, where he was later tried by a Soviet Troika and executed.

With Amar's removal, Choibalsan became Mongolia's uncontested leader, simultaneously holding the office of prime minister, minister for internal affairs, minister of war, and commander-in-chief of the Mongolian armed forces. Secured in his position, Choibalsan brought the terror to an end in April 1939 by declaring that the excesses of the purges had been conducted by overzealous party officials while he was away in the USSR, but that he had overseen the arrests of the real criminals. Official blame for the purges fell on Nasantogtoh, the deputy minister of internal affairs, and his former Soviet handler Kichikov. Later, other henchmen of the purge were arrested and executed, including Luvsansharav, Bayasgalan, Dashtseveg, and Luvsandorj. Dansranbilegiin Dogsom and Darizavyn Losol, the last two living members (besides Choibalsan himself) of the original seven founding members of the MPRP, were also arrested.[20] Dogsom was executed in 1941. Losol died in a Soviet prison before his case came to trial.

Legacy

Choibalsan's statue stands in front of the National University in Ulaanbaatar

By the time the purges ended in early 1939, an entire stratum of Mongolian society[21] had effectively been exterminated while much of Mongolia's cultural heritage lay in ruins.[22] Approximately 18,000 lamas were condemned to death while thousands more were forcibly laicized and conscripted into the Mongolian army. More than 700 Buddhist monasteries were destroyed. The old guard revolutionary class, viewed as heavily nationalist, was eliminated; twenty five persons from top positions in the party and government were executed (including former prime ministers Peljidiin Genden and Anandyn Amar), 187 from the military leadership, and 36 of the 51 members of the Central Committee. Choibalsan became Mongolia's unquestioned leader backed by Soviet advisors, a growing Red Army presence in the country, and by younger apparatchiks who were more closely aligned with the Soviet Union, such as future leader Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal.[23]

In the 50 years following the repressions, any public discourse on the matter was discouraged or condemned.[24] At the time of his death in 1952, Choibalsan was widely mourned as a hero, a patriot, and ultimately a martyr for the cause of Mongolian independence. Remnants of his strong personality cult, as well as successful efforts by his successor Tsendenbal to obstruct "de-Stalinization" efforts that could have shed light on the purges, helped solidify the positive regard many Mongolians held of their former leader. Some scholars have suggested the inclination of Mongolians to avoid blaming Choibalsan for the purges is in effect an attempt to exonerate themselves for what happened.[25] Public anger over the violence of the purges falls predominantly on the Soviet Union and the NKVD, with Choibalsan viewed sympathetically (if not pathetically) as a puppet with little choice but to follow Moscow's instructions or else meet the fate of his predecessors Genden and Amar.

With the

Mörön,[26] and in 2003 in Ulaanbaatar.[27] The corpses of hundreds of executed lamas and civilians were unearthed, all killed with a single shot to the base of the skull.[27]
At the same time, there have been concerted efforts by various groups to restore many of the temples and monasteries that were destroyed during the purges.

Notable victims

Buryats

A number of prominent Buryats connected to Mongolia were imprisoned and killed during the purges in the Soviet Union, among them:

See also

References

  1. ISSN 1464-8172
    .
  2. S2CID 154720143
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-8108-7452-7
    .
  4. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-7103-0800-9
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-874267-40-9
    .
  7. ^ a b Baabar 1999, p. 355
  8. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 359
  9. ISBN 978-0-924171-90-1
    .
  10. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 361: quoting N. Erdene-Ochir, "Extra-Special Commission", Ardyn Erh, No. 153, 1991
  11. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 361
  12. ISBN 978-0-571-23023-5
    .
  13. ^ a b Baabar 1999, p. 362
  14. ISBN 978-0-8133-3710-4
    .
  15. ^ a b Baabar 1999, p. 358
  16. ^ a b c Becker 1992, p. 95
  17. ^ BBC Films. "Secrets of the Steppe". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  18. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 365
  19. ISBN 978-0-8047-1835-6
    .
  20. ^ Baabar 1999, p. 370
  21. ISBN 9781135789688
    .
  22. ISBN 9780813337104
    .
  23. ISSN 1464-8172
    .
  24. ^ Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb, Robert B. Cribb 2002, pg 161
  25. ^ Kenneth Christie, Robert Cribb, Robert B. Cribb 2002, pg 162
  26. ^ Mass Buddhist Grave Reported in Mongolia The New York Times, October 1991
  27. ^ a b Mass grave uncovered in Mongolia RTÉ News, Thursday, 12 June 2003

External links

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