Strobilurus tenacellus

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Strobilurus tenacellus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Physalacriaceae
Genus: Strobilurus
Species:
S. tenacellus
Binomial name
Strobilurus tenacellus
Synonyms[6]

Strobilurus tenacellus, commonly known as the pinecone cap, is a species of

cystidia found on the stipe, gills, and cap. The mushrooms, sometimes described as edible, are too small to be of culinary interest. The fungus releases compounds called strobilurins that suppress the growth and development of other fungi. Derivatives of these compounds are used as an important class of agricultural fungicides
.

Taxonomy

The species was first

Christian Hendrik Persoon in his 1796 Observationes Mycologicae.[1] In its taxonomic history, it has been moved to the genera Collybia by Paul Kummer in 1803, Marasmius by Jules Favre in 1939, and Pseudohiatula by Georges Métrod in 1952. Rolf Singer transferred it to the newly circumscribed genus Strobilurus in 1962, giving it the name by which it is currently known.[7]

The specific epithet tenacellus is a diminutive form of the Latin word tenax, meaning "tough".[8] Its British Mycological Society-recommended common name is the "pinecone cap".[9] English botanist James Edward Smith called it the "dark fir-cone Agaric" in his 1836 work The English Flora.[10]

Description

The gills are notched and interspersed with several tiers of lamellulae.

The cap is initially convex before flattening out, sometimes retaining a small central papilla, and sometimes developing a central depression; the cap diameter reaches 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in). The smooth cap is hygrophanous (i.e., it changes colour as it loses or absorbs moisture), and has shallow radial grooves extending about halfway up the cap. Its colour is reddish to brownish, and is often paler in the center than the margin; when dry, the colour fades to greyish. The greyish-white gills have a free to deeply emarginate (notched) attachment to the cap. They are somewhat crowded together, numbering 20–25 gills with 1 to 7 tiers of interspersed lamellulae (short gills that do not extend fully from the cap margin to the stipe). The cylindrical stipe measures 4–7.5 cm (1.6–3.0 in) long by 0.5–2 mm thick, and has at its base a root-like pseudorrhiza that extends into the substrate. The upper stipe is yellowish brown, while lower it is dark orange-brown to reddish brown. The flesh has no odour and usually has a bitter taste.[11] While the fruit bodies are sometimes described as are edible,[12][13] they are too small to be of culinary interest.[14]

The

cap cuticle is made of a hymeniderm of club-shaped to somewhat spherical cells measuring 8–25 by 7–20 μm, mixed with flask-shaped pileocystidia (cystidia on the cap) that are 20–45 by 5–11 μm. Hyphae lack clamp connections.[11]

Similar species

Strobilurus esculentus and S. stephanocystis are similar in appearance to S. tenacellus. S. esculentus mushrooms have thin, sharp cap margins and only fruit on fallen spruce cones.[16] S. stephanocystis has a yellow-brown to reddish-yellow cap that is not hygrophanous.[11] Baeospora myosura is another small agaric that grows on pine and spruce cones, but it fruits in autumn.[15]

Habitat and distribution

Strobilurus tenacellus is a

mixed forests.[11] It is found in Europe[17] and Asia, where it has been recorded in Japan[17] and Jordan.[18] In Europe, the fungus usually fruits from March to June.[11] Its occurrence is occasional.[15]

Bioactive compounds

Azoxystrobin is a commercial fungicide developed from this mushroom

Two

tumor cells when grown in vitro.[19]

Using a

bc1 complex. This prevents the competing fungus from creating its own energy and inhibiting its growth at the earliest stages of the life cycle, the spore germination stage. The fungus is resistant to its own chemical because its ubihydroquinone has three amino acid residues that prevent the strobilurins from binding.[23] Because of their sensitivity to light, and high vapor pressures that causes them to rapidly disappear when applied to the surface of a leaf, chemically unmodified strobilurins are not generally useful as fungicides for agricultural use.[24] The strobilurin-derived compound azoxystrobin, first made commercially available in 1996, was designed to overcome these limitations. It is the world's biggest-selling fungicide.[25] Other commercial fungicides developed from the strobilurins include kresoxim-methyl, picoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, pyraclostrobin and trifloxystrobin.[26][27]

References

  1. ^ a b Persoon CH (1796). Observationes Mycologicae [Mycological Observations] (PDF) (in Latin). Vol. 1. Leipzig: Wolf. p. 50.
  2. ^ Kummer P. (1871). Der Führer in die Pilzkunde [Mushroom-hunter's Guide] (in German). Zerbst: C. Luppe. p. 114.
  3. ^ Karsten P. (1879). "Rysslands, Finlands och den Skandinaviska halföns Hattsvampar. Förra Delen: Skifsvampar" [Mushrooms of Russia, Finland and the Scandinavian peninsula. Final part: Agarics]. Bidrag till Kännedom av Finlands Natur och Folk (in Finnish). 32: 154.
  4. ^ Karsten PA (1889). "Kritisk öfversigt af Finlands Basidsvampar (Basidiomycetes; Gastero- & Hymenomycetes)" [Critical overview of Finland's Basidiomycetes]. Bidrag till Kännedom av Finlands Natur och Folk (in Swedish). 48: 103.
  5. ^ Métrod G. (1952). "Les Collybies" [The collybias]. Revue de Mycologie (in French). 17: 60–93.
  6. ^ "Strobilurus tenacellus (Pers.) Singer 1962". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-01-04.
  7. ^ Singer R. (1962). "New genera of fungi. VIII". Persoonia. 2 (3): 407–15.
  8. ^ Stevenson J. (1886). British Fungi (Hymenomycetes). Vol. 1. Agaricus–Bolbitius. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 110.
  9. ^ "List of recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  10. ^ Smith JE (1836). The English Flora. Vol. 5. II. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. 50.
  11. ^
    ISBN 978-90-5410-493-3
    .
  12. ISBN 978-1-60456-331-3
    .
  13. ISBN 978-3-54064-844-4
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4
    .
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-723224-6
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9
    .
  17. ^
    doi:10.1139/b80-009
    .
  18. ^ Natour RM (2006). Wild Mushrooms of Jordan. Amman: Higher Council of Science and Technology. p. 104.
  19. S2CID 205544805
    .
  20. S2CID 23654559
    .
  21. PMID 563391
    .
  22. PMID 12146165
    .
  23. ISBN 978-3-642-11457-1
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-8247-4770-1
    .
  25. S2CID 13212055
    .
  26. ^ "Pesticide Properties DataBase". University of Hertfordshire.
  27. doi:10.1017/S0953756201005081
    .

External links

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