Stropharia caerulea

This is a good article. Click here for more information.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Stropharia caerulea
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Strophariaceae
Genus: Stropharia
Species:
S. caerulea
Binomial name
Stropharia caerulea
Kreisel (1979)
Synonyms
  • Agaricus politus Bolton (1788)[1]
  • Stropharia cyanea sensu Tuom. (1953)
  • Psilocybe caerulea (Kreisel)
    Noordel.
    (1995)
Stropharia caerulea
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex or conical
Hymenium is adnate or sinuate
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is purple-brown
Edibility is unknown

Stropharia caerulea,

synonym
of S. caerulea.

The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of Stropharia caerulea feature a greenish-blue cap sparsely covered in white flecks of veil at the margin, and a sticky, glutinous surface texture. Gills on the cap underside have an adnate or sinuate attachment to the stipe. They are initially pale purplish-brown, becoming darker brown in age as the spores mature. The greenish stipe is covered in white scales up to a thin, transient ring. It is similar in appearance to a less common relative Stropharia aeruginosa, but that species has a more robust ring on its stipe, more scales on the cap, and darker gills with white edges.

Taxonomy

In 1953, the Finnish scientist Risto Tuomikoski observed that the well-known Stropharia aeruginosa had a lookalike species that was characterized by a brown spore print, an indistinct, temporary ring on the stipe, and chrysocystidia[nb 1] lining the gill edges. Tuomikoski called this lookalike Stropharia cyanea, a name he based on James Bolton's 1820 taxon Agaricus cyaneus. Later researchers confirmed the existence and widespread European distribution of this taxon. Tuomikoski's use of the name S. cyanea, however, was incorrect as Bolton's type refers to the purple-brown spored species S. aeruginosa.[3] Despite this, the misapplied name S. cyanea has persisted in some contemporary field guides.[4][nb 2]

Stropharia caerulea was first mentioned in the scientific literature by James Bolton in 1788, under the name Agaricus politus. This usage is not considered

psychoactive compounds psilocybin and psilocin.[9] Although psilocybin had once been reported from S. caerulea,[10] this was almost certainly an error as subsequent analyses have not revealed any traces of the substance in the fruit bodies.[11]

The specific epithet caerulea is Latin for "blue". The mushroom is commonly known as the blue roundhead.[12] French mycologist Régis Courtecuisse has called the mushroom "verdigris agaric",[13] but numerous other authors use this name to refer instead to Stropharia aeruginosa.[6][14][15][16]

Description

A prominent characteristic is the smooth and scaly surface upper and lower stipe texture, divided by a short-lived annular zone.

Fruitbodies have conical to flattened caps measuring 2–7.5 cm (0.8–3.0 in) in diameter. They usually have a low, broad

cuticle that may be readily peeled; dry caps are smooth and shiny. Gills are initially pale purplish-brown, becoming darker brown in age as the spores mature. They have an adnate or sinuate attachment to the stipe. The stipe has a short-lived annular (ring) zone; above this zone the stipe is smooth, while below it is fibrous and scaly. The flesh is colourless, although it may have tinges of blue in the cap and stipe, and lacks any distinctive odour or flavour.[4] Stropharia cyanea fruit bodies are of unknown edibility.[6]

The

Basidia (spore-bearing cells) are narrowly club-shaped, four-spored, and have dimensions of 24–40 by 7–12 μm. The cheilochrysocystidia (found on the gill edge) are club-shaped, measuring 30–55 by 4–40 μm, with a neck that is 2–5 μm wide. Pleurochrysocystidia (on the gill face) are 40–60 by 5–18 μm with a 2–4 μm-wide neck. Clamp connections are abundant in all tissues of S. caerulea.[4] The fungus produces acanthocytes, spiny cells produced on short branches on the mycelium.[17]

Similar species

The lookalike S. aeruginosa has white scales around its cap margin.

There are a few greenish Stropharia with which S. caerulea might be confused.

cheilocystidia on the gill edge.[18] This gives the gills of young, fresh fruit bodies a whitish edge, a feature that is absent from S. caerulea. Another lookalike, S. aeruginosa, is less common than S. caerulea. It is distinguished from the latter by the well-developed ring zone on its stipe, darker gills with white edges, and more numerous whitish scales around the cap margin.[18][19] Additionally, S. aeruginosa has more stable colours than S. caerulea, the colouration of which tends to quickly wash out. However, collections of Stropharia often show characteristics that are intermediate between two or more species, making them difficult to identify accurately.[20]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Stropharia caerulea is a

hedgerows, gardens, and woodchip mulch.[19] In Europe it is often found in beech woods in alkaline soil.[5] It is a common species found throughout Europe, where it fruits from July to November.[4] Although also found in North America, generally fruiting from August to October,[6] the full extent of its distribution there is unknown.[21]

Fruitbodies of Stropharia caerulea form

common nettle (Urtica dioica).[22] These mycelial systems' development and the species's interactions with other cord-forming wood decomposer basidiomycetes have been investigated. The mycelia of Stropharia caerulea form a fractal structure characterized by a dense, relatively slowly extending front, a formation associated with finding relatively homogeneously distributed nutrients–equivalent to short-range foraging. An increase in the supply of soil nitrogen or phosphorus increases the fractal branching of the mycelia, allowing increased uptake of nutrients.[23][24][25]

Notes

  1. inclusion that becomes more deeply yellow when exposed to ammonia or other alkaline compounds. They are characteristic of the genus Stropharia.[2]
  2. ^ Examples include Mushrooms by Thomas Laessoe (2002),[5] and Mushrooms and Other Fungi by Roger Phillips (2013).[6]
  3. ^ In his 1979 publication, Kreisel explicitly notes the lack of purple tones in the brown spore print colour, which he states is "a unique characteristic in the genus Stropharia".[3] However, this feature is de-emphasized by some later authors, who give the spore print colour as purple-brown.[4][5][13]

References

  1. ^ Bolton J. (1788). An History of Fungusses, Growing about Halifax. Vol. 1. Halifax/Huddersfield: Self-published. Plate 30.
  2. ISBN 978-0-89054-400-6
    .
  3. ^ a b c d Kreisel H. (1979). "Zur Taxonomie von Stropharia aeruginosa sensu lato" [On the taxonomy of Stropharia aeruginosa sensu lato]. Beihefte zur Sydowia (in German). 8: 228–232.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-90-6191-860-8
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4472-6402-6
    .
  7. ^ "Record Details: Agaricus politus Bolton". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-12-12.
  8. ^ Noordelooos ME (1995). "Notulae ad floram agaricinam neerlandicam – XXIII. Psilocybe and Pholiota". Persoonia. 16 (1): 127–130.
  9. JSTOR 27757073
    .
  10. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(81)80077-0
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-7234-1576-3
    .
  12. ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Retrieved 2015-12-11.
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0-00-220012-7
    .
  14. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-4729-2085-0
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-19-957112-3
    .
  17. ^ Farr DA (1980). "The acanthocyte, a unique cell type in Stropharia (Agaricales)". Mycotaxon. 11 (1): 241–249.
  18. ^
    doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60124-7
    .
  19. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2010.01.003
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5
    .
  21. ^ a b Kuo M. (November 2015). "Stropharia caerulea". Mushroom Expert. Retrieved 2015-12-10.
  22. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6941.1997.tb00402.x. Open access icon
  23. doi:10.1017/S0953756296003280
    .
  24. JSTOR 2588348. Open access icon
  25. PMID 33853253
    .

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stropharia_caerulea&oldid=1224586989"