Swivel gun
It has been suggested that Breech-loading swivel gun be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since September 2023. |
A swivel gun (or simply swivel)[1] is a small cannon mounted on a swiveling stand or fork which allows a very wide arc of movement. Another type of firearm referred to as a swivel gun was an early flintlock combination gun with two barrels that rotated along their axes to allow the shooter to switch between either the rifled or the smoothbore barrels.[2]
Swivel guns should not be confused with
An older term for the type is peterero (alternative spellings include "paterero" and "pederero"). The name was taken from the Spanish name for the gun, pedrero, a combination of the word piedra (stone) and the suffix -ero (-er), because stone was the first type of ammunition fired.
It had a high rate of fire, as several chambers could be prepared in advance and quickly fired in succession and was especially effective in
.History
Although
Swivel guns were developed and used from 1364 onward.[6]: 366 The guns were loaded with mug-shaped chambers, in which gunpowder and projectile had been filled in advance. The chamber was then put in place, blocked with a wedge, and then fired. As the loading was made in advance and separately, breech-loading swivel guns were quick-firing guns for their time.[16] An early description of a swivel gun puts the weight of the gun at 118 kilograms (260 lb), equipped with three chambers for rotations, each 18 kilograms (40 lb) in weight, and firing a 280 grams (9.9 oz) lead shot.[17] The guns had a disadvantage: they leaked and lost power around the chambers, but this was compensated by the high rate of fire as multiple chambers could be prepared in advance.[18] A swivel gun could fire either cannonballs against obstacles, or grapeshot against troops.[19]
During the Middle-Ages, breech-loading swivel guns were developed by the Europeans also partly as a cheaper alternative to the very expensive
Around 1500, Europeans learnt how to cast iron, and shifted their cannon productions to one-piece iron muzzle-loaders. China started to adopt European swivel guns from 1500 onward, limiting at the same time the production of their own muzzle-loaders, because of the high effectiveness of the swivel gun as an
Usage of breech-loading swivel guns continued in Europe however, with, as early as the 17th century, characteristics very similar to the modern
Use
Breech-loading swivel guns were used to advantage at the bow and stern on
Breech-loading guns were used by Burgundians as early as 1364. The Portuguese had versos (Berços) in ca. 1410, while England has a picture of port-pieces of 1417, although the picture itself was made ca. 1485.[6]: 366 The Ottomans used the prangi from the mid-15th century onwards in field battles, aboard their ships, and in their forts, where prangis often comprised the majority of the ordnance.[22]: 100 These weapons would spread eastward to Indian ocean, eventually reaching Southeast Asia in ca. 1460 AD.[23]: 95
In China and Japan, breech-loading swivel guns were brought after China defeated the Portuguese in the 16th century. At the
In Japan, Ōtomo Sōrin seems to have been the first recipient of the guns, possibly as early as 1551. In 1561 the Portuguese, allied with Otomo in the Siege of Moji, bombarded rival Japanese position, possibly with swivel guns.[3] In the Battle of Takajō in 1587, Ōtomo Sōrin used two swivel guns obtained from the Portuguese. The guns were nicknamed Kunikuzushi (国崩し, "Destroyer of Provinces").[17]
In the later portions of the Ming dynasty (mid 16th century onward) it appears that these type of guns were the most common and numerous type of artillery used by the Ming forces. a great deal of variation of such cannons were produced, and it appeared in pretty much all of the conflicts of this time, including the
Other countries also used swivel guns. In
Breech-loading swivel guns were also used extensively in
Steel
Configuration
Swivel guns are among the smallest types of cannon, typically measuring less than 1 m (3.3 ft) in length and with a bore diameter of up to 3.8 cm (1+1⁄2 in). They can fire a variety of ammunition but were generally used to fire
Most swivel guns were muzzleloaders, but there were some breech-loading swivel guns as early as the 1410, making them among the first such examples of this type of weapon (see berços).[34]: 366 Breech-loading swivel guns had a breech shaped like a beer mug, which the gunner would take by the handle and insert into the body of the swivel gun with the breech's opening facing forwards. The gunpowder and projectiles were loaded into the breech before it was inserted into the gun. If a number of breeches were prepared beforehand, the gunner could maintain a high rate of fire for a brief period simply by swapping out the used breech and replacing it with a freshly loaded one.[35]
Applications
Swivel guns were used principally aboard sailing ships, serving as short-range anti-personnel ordnance. They were not ship-sinking weapons, due to their small caliber and short range, but could do considerable damage to anyone caught in their line of fire. They were especially useful against deck-to-deck boarders, against approaching longboats bearing boarding parties, and against deck gun crews when ships were hull-to-hull.
Due to their relatively small size, swivel guns were highly portable and could be moved around the deck of a ship quite easily (and certainly much more easily than other types of cannon). They could be mounted on vertical timbers (pillars) which were either part of the ship's structure or were firmly bolted to that structure along either side, which provided the gunner with a reasonably steady platform from which to fire. Their portability enabled them to be installed wherever they were most needed; whereas larger cannon were useless if they were on the wrong side of the ship, swivel guns could be carried across the deck to face the enemy.
The small size of swivel guns enabled them to be used by a wide variety of vessels, including those too small to accommodate larger cannons, and also permitted their use on land; they were commonly issued to forts in
Swivel guns were extensively used by the kingdoms and empires of Asia, particularly
The Chinese knew breech-loading swivel guns since at least 1507, when it was brought to Fujian by a man named Wei Sheng and used in quelling a pirate incident in 1507.[10]: 348 Needham noted that breech-loading guns were already familiar in Southern China in 1510, as a rebellion in Huang Kuan was destroyed by more than 100 folangji.[34]: 372 Korea followed suit by the 1560s. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), Korean naval forces used swivel guns and larger cannon to great effect in interdicting the invading Japanese forces.[38]
See also
References
- ^ Keppel, Sir Henry (1847). The Expedition to Borneo of H.M.S. Dido for the Suppression of Piracy: With Extracts from the Journal of James Brooke, Esq. of Sarawak. Chapman and Hall. pp. 36, 47, 226, 265.
- ISBN 9781473383746.
- ^ a b Turnbull, p. 105
- ^ Samurai - The World of the Warrior Stephen Turnbull p. 105
- ISBN 978-0-9544029-2-1.
- ^ a b c d Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Grose, Francis (1801). Military antiquities respecting a history of the English army, from the conquest to the present time. London: T. Egerton Whitehall & G. Kearsley. p. 402-403.
- ^ Spanish Galleon 1530-1690 by Angus Konstam p.15 [1]
- ^ ISBN 9780521822749.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7.
- ^ ISBN 9789047406921.
- ^ ko:불랑기포
- ^ Samurai - The World of the Warrior Stephen Turnbull p. 106
- ^ a b c Musée de l'Armée, Paris.
- S2CID 191565174.
- ^ a b Perrin, p. 29
- ^ a b c Turnbull p. 106
- ^ Turnbull p. 105-106
- ^ a b c Firearms: a global history to 1700 by Kenneth Warren Chase p.143
- ^ Tudor Warships (1): Henry VIII's Navy Angus Konstam p.34
- ^ HISTORY AND DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE OF THE U.S. NAVY YARD, WASHINGTON COMPILED BY F. E. Farnham and J. Mundell. WASHINGTON, D.C.: GIBSON BROS, PRINTERS AND BOOKBINDERS. 1894 p.19 [2]
- ^ a b Agoston, Gabor (2019). Firangi, Zarbzan, and Rum Dasturi: The Ottomans and the Diffusion of Firearms in Asia. In Pál Fodor, Nándor E. Kovács and Benedek Péri eds., Şerefe. Studies in Honour of Prof. Géza Dávid on His Seventieth Birthday, Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Budapest: Research Center for the Humanities, 89–104.
- ^ Averoes, Muhammad (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit. Jurnal Sejarah, 3(2), 89 - 100.
- ISBN 978-0-7566-4219-8.
- ^ Di Cosmo, Nicola. “Did Guns Matter? Firearms and the Qing Formation.” In Lynn Struve, ed., The Qing Formation in World- Historical Time. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, 2004, 121–66.
- ^ de Abreu, António Graça (1991). "The Chinese, Gunpowder and the Portuguese". Review of Culture. 2: 32–40.
- – via JSTOR.
- ISBN 9781576077702.
- ISBN 978-988-8028-49-8.
- ^ Dyer, A. J. (1930). Unarmed Combat: An Australian Missionary Adventure. Edgar Bragg & Sons Pty. Ltd., printers 4-6 Baker Street Sydney.
- Musée de l'Arméeexhibit
- ^ McLaughlin 2014, p. 280
- ^ "Swivel Howitzer". 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2023-03-28 – via USS Constitution Museum.
While [swivel] howitzers could fire grenades, this practice was extremely dangerous as the gun could easily explode. Howitzers of this size were more often used like a big shotgun, firing canister or grape shot.
- ^ a b Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 0-521-82274-2
- ISBN 1-56037-238-9
- ^ Averoes, M. (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit. Jurnal Sejarah, 3(2), 89 - 100.
- ISBN 0-521-82274-2
Bibliography
- McLaughlin, Ian (2014). The Sloop of War 1650-1763. Seaforth. ISBN 9781848321878.
- Perrin, Noel 1979 Giving up the Gun, Japan's reversion to the Sword, 1543-1879 David R. Godine, Boston ISBN 0-87923-773-2