This article is within the scope of WikiProject Music theory, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of music theory, theory terminology, music theorists, and musical analysis on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.Music theoryWikipedia:WikiProject Music theoryTemplate:WikiProject Music theoryMusic theory articles
I have had to assess this as C only. Aside from the overabundance of musical examples, there is also a great deal of irrelevent material (or material that appears to be, at least):
...in [...] the Sinfonia no.9 there is an extreme density of imitation (very often at the interval of a fourth)... - I'm not convinced that imitation at the fourth counts as "quartal harmony" per se and if it does why the merely parenthetical "very often" and the unexplained example?
The subject of the fugue of the third movement of Beethoven's Piano sonata op. 110 opens with three ascending fourths (A♭ -> D♭ - B♭ -> E♭ - C -> F)... - That usage is melodic not harmonic: the harmony is clearly tertian.
...a connection between Richard Wagner's so-called Liebestod-Melody (Love-Death) from the second act of the opera Tristan und Isolde and Webern's work. Both works set in the leap of a fourth (E♭ - A♭) two semitones downwards (A♭ - G - G♭). - Again the Wagner usage is melodic, though, as I recall, the Tristan chord is quartal to a degree and is not actually mentioned!
All these sections (and others) are actually very well expressed and could be used in an article on "Quartal Melody" (if that is a real term!). Or the context needs to be better explained: "While composers avoided 4th chords in the Baroque, Classical and Early Romantic periods, they did use 4ths melodically and this usage often infomed the underlying harmonies." Or some such.
Hm, I just re-read the lead: ...quartal harmony is the building of chordal and melodic structures with a distinct preference for intervals of fourths. - Harmony is based on the simultaneous sounding of notes in different parts, ie chords. Melody is a different concept based on the temporal relationship of the notes within one particular part. This statement in the lead is obviously the genesis of all the melodic discussion (!) found later. If the term really does include melody, then this needs to be clearly explained and sourced. However, the "Introduction" states: Harmony is that part of music theory concerned with the properties of simultaneously sounding tones. This contradicts the lead. There really is a lot of work to be done here... --
Further thoughts (From thoughs I sent to another user's talk page) - The article appears to have multiple issues which go way beyond the overabundance of musical examples. While the quality of writing, of itself, is excellent, the actual content appears to be full of inconsistencies and irrelevancies. As I understand it, Quartal Harmony relates to harmony that is based on fourths; the article discusses melody and uses Beethoven's 0p.110, Bach's Inventions and other music written in "
<copied over from Contemporary Music project talk page>The Perotin example needs to go. The harmonic intervals of the time are measured against the tenor (the drone). Perotin and esp. the substitute discant clausulae of the time could be used as examples of quartal harmony at times (as could the earliest parallel organum), but this example is totally wrong. -- Myke Cuthbert(talk) 10:09, 22 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
That's just as I thought: the Notre Dame School did use a sort of proto-quartal technique at times, but the given example does not actually appear to show this. How about the purely melodic examples from Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner etc? And is all the discussion of Bach's "thick contrapuntal writing" using imitation at the fourth and fifth relevent? --
I think calling it proto-quartal is over stating it. The earliest organum seems to have been in parallel fourths with parallel fifths less common. Fifths quickly became the dominant intervallic force in the last century of the first millennium. By c. 1300 (maybe a bit before; we often put the date too late) the fifths began more and more commonly to be filled by thirds, though true tertial harmony (the idea that stacked thirds are both stable and better than 6-3 sonorities) will have to wait until the second half of the 15th century; and one could say that the seventh creates the first real tertial harmony as opposed to just the triad, so that's what, 1620? (A baroque specialist will know for sure). So to call Perotin proto-quartal is like calling a fish a proto-dolphin -- there's a lot of unrelated intermediate steps along the way.
Btw -- I disagree with the assessment at "C" though: despite some errors, there is a strong argument throughout and not just a bunch of facts. It covers a large swath of history, including non-classical repertories. I think unlike most Wikipedia theory entries which have too few, there are the right number of musical examples (maybe not formatted as well as they could be); compare with other music encyclopedias. The quotes from Hindemith are very important and relevant. Even though to get to GA or FA the article might have to be rewritten from scratch, as it is, it seems better than many if not most classical music "B" articles.
One note: in my reading, Quintal harmony is not considered indistinct from quartal harmony because it is the inversion of the fourth; rather it has seldom been used by composers, perhaps because both the interval is too wide and it has too many tonal implications; for instance, a quintal "triad" is likely to be heard as a ninth-chord with missing 3rd. But Schoenberg's Op. 19 no. 6 is a good example of true quintal harmony). Thanks for all the work, Jubilee, Rainwarrior, and our German colleagues! -- Myke Cuthbert(talk) 01:04, 23 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]
"...like calling a fish a proto-dolphin..." - I like it! Actually, you are right that Perotin is not really even proto-quartal: that's my point. Why is he there at all? Why is Beethoven there? Or Wagner? These examples do not relate to "Harmony" in the accepted sense. Perotin's fourths are more often a filling out of the melody, just as an orchestrator might use oboes in parallel thirds. The Beethoven has nothing at all to do with harmony. Worst of all, the Wagner example - ironically - discusses the melody of the Liebestod and fails to examine the all-important
I think I'll have to be bold soon and delete all the material that has nothing to do with harmony, including most of the middle section of the article (Perotin, Renaisance, Baroque, Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner), and add things that I think have been missed out (eg the Tristan chord). I'll wait another week or so though (but draft things in my sandboxes). --
This is going to be a nightmare... A lot of the statements need to be verified but none of the the translated material has been sourced from English texts. Worse the vast majority of the book list is in German, which most of us do not read! Even worse, the books are not cited in the text, but simply plonked at the bottom as further reading. For example: "Quartal chord sounds have a somewhat "erratic" function, in that they have a tendency to forget which key they are in." Do they? Who pointed this out? Does anyone disagree with this? Etc... I feel I might simply have to purge unverified statements like that when the time comes to purge the stuff I highlighted above (ie the non-harmonic stuff), unless anyone can help source it. We'll see.
Moreover, the translation, has produced some odd phrasing which I have had to clarify. There is also a huge section at the top explaining guitar chords and other tertian usage, but I can't yet see any point to these being there. Maybe I'll move them to the relevent articles. In fact, I might just do that with all the purged material: some of it is insightful and therefore useful to someone, but it is not helpful here. Eek... quite a challenge! --
You should use the "music" template for accidentals so that the sharps and flats render on all browsers. ♯ ({{music|sharp}}) and ♭ ({{music|flat}}) instead of ♯ and ♭.DavidRF (talk) 04:52, 3 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Y Done all sharps and flats; and added the natural to avoid ambiguity in certain places (possibly more to find). --
Thanks guys! Those are critical - and often subtly hidden - sylistic and technical aspects that certainly need cleanup! (BTW, there is also ♮ {{music|natural}}, which needs to be used, too. instead of ♮ - I wondered why some people used those...) I'll sort all those points out and resubmit. Any more? Also, is my text closer to the actual subject, having been purged of the melodic uses - or should that stuff be put back in? Does "quartal harmony" really cover melody, in other words? What about all that stuff about "a Procrustean bed" and so on? Is that not a bit
4 days and no further comments, so it is time to be bold. I will try to explain the basic rationale in the edit summary. I will also add inline wiki-comments to highlight remaining deficiences in the text. OK, here goes.... --
All done. I'll go through and add the tags later, but I've added a couple of general ones ("more footnotes" and "original research") already. I've also decided to remove all the stuff about chord symbols (they are not used enough for the massive blurb and the main article on
The interval concept refers to the pitch-distance between two successively or simultaneously sounding tones. Under inversion one finds those intervals which together make up an octave; a third inverts to a sixth. The term descending fourth (or descending fifth, third, etc.) is used for intervals displaced into the octave below. A rising fifth C - G, for example, inverts to the descending fourth G - C.
In this article,
Dominant seventh
chord.
The addition maj7 (an abbreviation of major seventh) extends the triad with an additional Major seventh. Both seventh chords can be even further extended with a major Ninth, written as C9 or Cmaj9, respectively. The abbreviation sus4 (suspended fourth, a Suspended chord) indicates that the expected third in a stable major or minor triad is replaced by a fourth instead. In modern music this chord is often used in a distinct way so it can also stand for itself and not function as an altered triad.
As the text appeared after my edit (removed after I dumped the text):
When "inverting" intervals, one finds those intervals which together make up an octave: for example, a major third inverts to a minor sixth because the two combine to make an octave (Conversely, the minor third inverts to a major sixth: see the article on musical inversion for a detailed explanation.) Note that in effect, the second note of the rising perfect fifth C-G, can be put into the lower octave to describe a descending perfect fourth; because the note G is not exactly at the center of the octave C-C, the distance from the lower C to the G is not the same distance as that going from the higher C to the same G. The thirds and sixths invert this way too, as do the seconds and sevenths. This is another way of looking at inversion and explains the usage of the word (upward inverts to downward).
In this article, where tertian harmony is discussed, chord symbols utilise a simple capital letter for the root of a major triad, which has a major third and perfect fifth above the root. The addition of m to the capital letter stands for minor, which has a minor third and perfect fifth above the root. Also, the addition of numbers (with or without maj, add or sus) indicates extra notes at specified distances from the root. A particular case in point is the abbreviation sus4 (suspended fourth, a Suspended chord) which indicates that the expected third in a stable major or minor triad is replaced by a fourth. In modern music, however, this chord is often used in a distinct way, standing for itself and not functioning as an "altered" triad.
Note and tone
It should be mentioned that the words "note" and "tone" are used in different countries to refer to the same concept: a unique and identified pitch. However, because the word "tone" also means "two semitones", the word "note" is preferred in this article for the specific meaning defined in the previous sentence. Hence the expression "five-note chord" is used rather than the more ambiguous "five-tone chord". The word "tone" is always used in the other sense; hence we have "wholetone scale", "tritone" and "meantone temperament"
Not sure how to deal with these next few
This has no real relevence as it stands
For instance, in this Alleluia (Listen) by Pérotin, the fourth is favoured. This example from the score shows that the interval of a fourth constitutes over fifteen percent of the interval relationships.
Use of fourths in Pérotin's Alleluia
I agree. To look at lines in this style, which is not really harmonic music, for this context is a reach and kind of muddies the waters. J Civil 04:27, 2 February 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jan civil (talk • contribs)
) or the two-part Domine, dominus noster it [ie the harmony] still feels sparse. Ascending and descending lines in the individual parts of the following example outline a fourth interval with their range.
Benedictus
from Missa Pange Lingua by Josquin Des Prez
This one is too general to include anywhere and would probably be unwelcome at "JS Bach" (also, the translation of the quote is wrong: spiel means play not mirror)
This older style of counterpoint was often overlaid with a fully formed tonality in the works of the High Baroque. In the
Sinfonia no.9 (Listen) there is an extreme density of imitation (very often at the interval of a fourth) with such great care taken to maintain coherent harmony that Paul Hindemith
would refer to Bach's counterpoint as a "harmony preserving carnival-mirror" („wahres harmonische Vexierspiel“) in his teachings.
BWV
795
This one is actually wrong (the chords are simple octaves with a fourth added not "quartal triads")
In the fourth piece from the first book of Debussy's
Préludes, Les sons et les parfums tournent dans l'air du soir (Fr: Sounds and Perfumes Stir in the Evening Air), triadic fourth chords in the right hand over "normal" four-note chords in the left hand (Listen
).
Measures 28 und 29 from Claude Debussy's Préludes Book 1, No. 4, Les sons et les parfums tournent dans l`air du soir
(UTC)
Melody again
The Freiburg musicologist Christian Berger pointed out in his writing Atonality and Tradition - Webern's Four Pieces for Violin and Piano op. 7 („Atonalität und Tradition – Anton Weberns Vier Stücke für Geige und Klavier op. 7“) a connection between Wagner's so-called Liebestod-Melody (Love-Death) from the second act of the operaTristan und Isolde and Webern's work. Both works set in the leap of a fourth (E♭ - A♭) two semitones downwards (A♭ - G - G♭). The target of this descending line becomes a starting point for the next upward fourth (G♭ - C♭), and this procedure is repeated many times. In Webern's use of this device, Berger found eight consecutive fourths set in this way.
Excerpt from the 2nd Act of Richard Wagner's Opera Tristan und Isolde
These have been added to their respective articles (except the strikethrough)
Whole tone scales to outline fourths. Arch shaped lines emphasizing fourths in the first Violin (C - F - C) and the Violoncello (G - C - C' - G') are combined with lines emphasizing fifths in the second Violin and Viola. Over the barline between the second and third measures of the example a fourth-suspension can be seen in the second violin's tied C. In another of his String quartets
, KV 464, such fourth-suspensions are also very prominent.
Measures 11 to 17 from the first movement of Mozart's String Quartet KV 465
To begin the second movement of his String Quartet in A Minor op. 132 (Listen) Beethoven exposes the fourth in a three note gesture (G♯ - A - C♯) four times, with all instruments playing in unison. In measure 5 this motive is combined with an inverted variation (outlining a descending fifth) in mixed rhythm.
Opening of the second movement of Beethoven's String Quartet in A-Minor op. 132
The use of perfect fourths and fifths to sound in parallel with and to "thicken" the melodic line was prevalent in music prior to the European
minor second—were used freely to add an extra "part" to the texture which was often placed over a droning "tenor" part. This style of writing slowly developed into the triadic polyphony found in the Renaissance. At this stage, the "bare" third (ie no only those two notes are sounding) was felt to be more "pleasing" to the ear than bare seconds, fourths and fifths and the thirds were often use at points of repose; the perfect fourth was used at points of tension and went from being heard as a consonance to being heard as a dissonance. (Seconds have generally always been heard as dissonances because they are so small and occur high up on the harmonic series
having complex ratios; the perfect fifth is generally always heard as a consonance because it occurs low down the harmonic series, having a simple ratio of 3-2.) At the beginning of the 20th century, fourths played a strong role in contemporary music-styles, but in quite a different way: "Quartal harmony", the harmonic layering of fourths, imbued modern music with structural commonalities, creating parts more widely separated in space and/or time (because the fourth is a wider interval than the third), and allowing for a very different sound. In a sense, these composers were re-evaluating the fourth as a consonance once again.
The ancient Greeks defined the group of "symphonia", the beautiful intervals, naming the fourth "syllabe" (Greek: fastened together) and later Diatessaron (Greek: by four, from four). This interval became the framework upon which the tetrachords of Greek music theory were built.
In the Middle Ages the fourth was considered to be a consonance, as were the unison, octave, fifth, and later the third. After the 12th century, music theorists sometimes classified the fourth as a dissonance requiring resolution.
In the 13th century, the fourth and fifth together were the concordantiae mediae (middle consonances) after the unison and octave, and before the thirds and sixths. In the 15th century the fourth was considered dissonant, and removed from the group of concords.
Modern acoustic theory supports the medieval interpretation insofar as the intervals of unison, octave, fifth and fourth have particularly simple frequency ratios. The octave has the ratio of 2:1, for example the interval between A' at A440 and A'' at 880 Hz, giving the ratio 880:440, or 2:1. The fifth has a ratio of 3:2, and its complement has the ratio of 3:4. Ancient and medieval music theorists appear to be familiar with these ratios, see for example their experiments on the Monochord.
(Listen) with perfect (a), augmented (b) and diminished (c) fourths
In early western polyphony, these simpler intervals (unison, octave, fifth and fourth) were generally preferred. However, in its development between the 12th and 16th centuries:
In the earliest stages, these simple intervals occur so frequently that they appear to be the favourite sound of composers.
Later, the more "complex" intervals (thirds, sixths, and tritones) move gradually from the margins to the centre of musical interest.
By the end of the Middle Ages, new rules for voice leading had been laid, re-evaluating the importance of unison, octave, fifth and fourth and handling them in a more restricted fashion (for instance, the later forbidding of parallel octaves and fifths).
The music of the 20th century for the most part discards the rules of "classical" western tonality. For instance, composers such as Erik Satie borrowed stylistic elements from the Middle Ages, but some composers found more innovative uses for these intervals. It became very common in the 20th century for the fourth to be used as a structural element.
[Definition left in]
Middle Ages
In
Notre Dame school
may be considered the apex of a coherent harmony in this style.
Fourths in Guillaume Du Fay's Antiphon Ave Maris Stella
For instance, in one Alleluia (
improvisatory) in which the two lower voices proceed parallel to the upper voice at a fourth and sixth below. Fauxbourdon, while making extensive use of fourths, is also an important step towards the later triadic harmony of tonality, as it may be seen as a first inversion
(or 6/3) triad.
This parallel 6/3 triad was incorporated into the contrapuntal style at the time, in which parallel fourths were sometimes considered problematic, and written around with ornaments or other modifications to the Fauxbourdon style. An example of this is the start of the Marian-
Guillaume Dufay
, a master of Fauxbourdon.
In medieval thought, contemplation of the musical intervals was frequently expressed from theological perspectives. Pope
in 1324 forbidding most contrapuntal practice, but permitting on solemn occasions an enrichment of the plainchant by the concord of the octave which he described as a symbol for the perfect beauty and holiness of God, sounding out over earthly imperfection and infertility, along with the fifth and fourth which have a similar purity.
Renaissance and Baroque
The development of tonality continued through the Renaissance until it was fully realized at last by composers of the Baroque era.
Conventional closing cadences
As time progressed through the late Renaissance and early Baroque, the fourth became more understood as an interval that needed resolution. Increasingly the harmonies of fifths and fourths yielded to uses of thirds and sixths. In the example, cadence forms from works by
Orlando di Lasso and Palestrina show the fourth being resolved as a suspension. (Listen
)
In the early Baroque music of
church modes
.
In the first third of the 18th century, ground-laying theoretical treatises on composition and
Gradus ad Parnassum (Latin: The Steps to Parnassus
). He outlined various types of counterpoint (e.g. Note against note), and suggested a careful application of the fourth so as to avoid dissonance.
Classical and Romantic
The blossoming of tonality and the establishment of
I support what you've done! The page was an idiotic embarrassment before... but it really does need to be cut down much further...! I salute you for doing the work you've done... My own shy suggestion would be to use a proper ('New Grove'?) entry as a model, and just junk the irrelevant and wrong blathercap that makes this page so pitiful... Pfistermeister (talk) 13:02, 7 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
I don't think there is anything shy about calling the efforts of other editors, without whom you would have nothing to criticize, idiotic and embarrassing. Feel free to attempt to make it your ideal, but keep in mind that later other may come along and call your efforts embarrassing and idiotic. Hyacinth (talk) 09:14, 10 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks! You are right: we need English works to cite from and we need to cut out far more. Actually, much of the "history" stuff would sit better in the article
Other problems: there are still lots of places where the fourths in question are melodic rather than harmonic; the 'Tristan chord' discussion is extremely silly, not least since even an ordinary dominant seventh can be laid out as F - B, D - G; a very good example that's not mentioned is the very opening of 'Daphnis and Chloe', which generates a pile of fifths and then adds a pair of fourth chords above it; and Mahler's Seventh Symphony ought to be shown in an example... Pfistermeister (talk) 22:49, 7 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
I've moved all the history pre-C20th over to the relevent article... (see above). I suspect there may still be a few non-relevent things that need tidying up (and there's still that awful POV thing). The Tristan chord has been changed to a "precursor", if that helps? Scriabin is also a precursor along side the other "Slavs" (as they are called in the article) and the Scandinavians.
I've added a smattering of cite, OR, POV and weasel tags to help tidy this up. The shear number makes me realise how far from the ideal this article still is, even after the week or so of work I have ploughed into it... I think I'm going to have to leave it to the rest of the world to tidy up further and cite. Until I get my books from my mother's home that is (no space here). --
I appreciate the effort made to clean up the article. Sorry I didn't respond earlier; I haven't been very active on Wikipedia the last few years. The large amount of content I added to this page in 2006 was the result of a translation of the German version of this page. For the most part I wasn't trying to filter or edit that version; I was just trying to transfer the information to this English article that was very small at the time. I'm glad that you and others have continued to improve this article, and please continue! - Rainwarrior (talk) 08:02, 30 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]
Jeeezus wept! 60% of this page is still fantasy bullshit! If someone else doesn't whittle down this pile of crap, *I will*.
Seriously: what kind of idiot thinks the 'Tristan chord' has something -- anything -- to do with quartal harmony? This page is everything that's wrong with wikipedia: clueless, semi-literate, amateur twaddlings presented as scholarship. Shocking! Pfistermeister (talk) 00:11, 8 January 2011 (UTC)[reply]
Rock Music
Should this section be anything more than a quick note about power chords? Rock music isn't constructed from quartal or quintal haromy; power chords, being strongly tonal but modally ambiguous chords that avoid the harshness you get from 3rds in a distorted timbre, are more a matter of convenience than harmonic intention.
BrutishBloodGod (talk) 00:40, 27 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
You are correct, and in fact all of the sections on popular music are misleading as they stand. Much more work is needed to sort this behemoth out... --
Very right, the articles about jazz and music theory (chords, scales et cetera) also need many corrections. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.181.222.215 (talk) 00:48, 30 March 2011
It is a moot point, since the Eric Tamm book has now been removed from the list of references, but a "reprint" edition by definition has the same page numbers as the original. It is for this reason that a reprint is not regarded as a separate edition, so that the original should be cited in its stead.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 17:45, 7 January 2013 (UTC)[reply]
Thanks for informing me of this defining property of a reprint. My page references come from the MicroSoft Word document at the Tamm's site, and I cannot guarantee that they are identical with reprint edition, which I have never held---for either his Eno or Fripp books. Kiefer.Wolfowitz 21:15, 7 January 2013 (UTC)[reply]
BrutishBloodG*d,
Please review the brief discussion (in this article) of Robert Fripp's new standard tuning, which mentions ideas similar to yours. Please help with additional reliable sources, when you have time. Kiefer.Wolfowitz 21:19, 7 January 2013 (UTC)[reply]
Sheet music
Is there a way to make the the sheet music in the Modernism and Postmodernism subsection look better on the page? I tried but couldn't fix it. Right now it is crowding the sides of the articles (esp. [File:Hindemith, Flute Sonata, II quartal harmony.png]), making it hard to read. Plus, some of the music does not line up with text that is talking about it. Squandermania (talk) 00:22, 7 September 2010 (UTC)[reply]
Factual inaccuracy
This preference for fourths in rock stems directly from the chosen "high instrument of rock music", the guitar, on which they are very simple to play because the strings are mainly tuned a fourth apart.[citation needed]
I think the author of this section confuses a few things here. Although it's correct that apart from the B string all strings are tuned a fourth apart, playing two notes together which are a fourth apart does not mean that these notes are examples for the use of quartal harmony. In fact these notes are called
Why and where does this article need additional citations for verification? What references does it need and how should they be added? Hyacinth (talk) 04:33, 11 November 2011 (UTC)[reply]
."<!--- (''„Dabei wurde übersehen, dass erstens Akkorde aus reinen Quarten (wie zum Beispiel in Arnold Schönbergs hierfür mit Recht vielzitierter Kammersinfonie) nicht ohne weiteres mit Mischungen aus übermäßigen, verminderten und reinen Quarten gleichzusetzen ist und zweitens, dass Skrjabin selbst seinen sogenannten ''mystischen Akkord'' keineswegs als Quartenakkord sondern vielmehr als eine Wiederspiegelung der Obertöne ansah.“'')--->{{Cite quote|edition? page? date?|date=December 2009}}
The above was removed as incompletely cited. Hyacinth (talk) 01:04, 2 May 2012 (UTC)[reply]
This needs to be rephrased: The style of jazz, having an eclectic harmonic orbit, etc.
This is the offending sentence: "The style of jazz, having an eclectic harmonic orbit, was in its early days overtaken (until perhaps the Swing of the 1930s) by the vocabulary of 19th century European music." Neither my friend nor I can tell what is meant by 'eclectic harmonic orbit', or 'overtaken'. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.106.220.86 (talk) 00:04, 20 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]
Well, as Louis Armstrong once famously said, "Man, if you've gotta ask, then you'll never know!" I guess I'll never know, either, because, in spite of a PhD in music theory and years of musical research, this sentence makes even less sense to me than it does to you. For a start, I don't understand how jazz can be a "style", unless whoever wrote this sentence meant to refer to one particular type of jazz. Frankly, this sounds like the kind of pre-emptive obfuscation you hear all too often from jazzers who do not in fact know what they are talking about, but are not shy at all about talking anyway. I have flagged this sentence for clarification, and hope someone will come along soon to cast some light into this dark place.—Jerome Kohl (talk) 00:34, 20 January 2015 (UTC)[reply]
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Quartal and quintal harmony. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
The title of this page is Quartal and Quintal Harmony but there are no examples of quintal harmonies listed. I would start the list with Bela Bartok's Piano Concerto No. 2, 2nd movement. DrMusicArt (talk) 03:35, 18 November 2016 (UTC)Dr. Stephen Jablonsky[reply]
Could this be because quintal and quartal are the same thing, as explained in the lead of the article?—Jerome Kohl (talk) 07:15, 18 November 2016 (UTC)[reply]
Done and removed excess. Dabbed "sixth" with clipman 00:27, 4 December 2009 (UTC)]
Listen) by Pérotin, the fourth is favoured. This example from the score shows that the interval of a fourth constitutes over fifteen percent of the interval relationships.
An editor has determined that the edit contains an error somewhere. Please follow the instructions below and mark the