Talk:Substance dependence

Addiction and dependence glossary^[1]^[2]^[3]
Addiction and dependence glossary
	biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences; addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems; dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake); drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose; drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use; physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens); psychological dependence – dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome); reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them; rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach; sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it; substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress; tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose;
	v; t; e;

Addiction and dependence glossary^[1]^[2]^[3]
Addiction and dependence glossary
	biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences; addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems; dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake); drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose; drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use; physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens); psychological dependence – dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome); reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them; rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach; sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it; substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress; tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose;
In case you care to read the refs
	References ISBN 9780071481274. ; PMID 24459410. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.41. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict. ; PMID 26816013. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.; Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder. ; ^ ISBN 9780071481274. The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...; Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ... ; Dependence is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during withdrawal, which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotional–motivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).; ; The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ;
Addiction and dependence glossary
	biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences; addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain reward systems; dependence – an adaptive state associated with a withdrawal syndrome upon cessation of repeated exposure to a stimulus (e.g., drug intake); drug sensitization or reverse tolerance – the escalating effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose; drug withdrawal – symptoms that occur upon cessation of repeated drug use; physical dependence – dependence that involves persistent physical–somatic withdrawal symptoms (e.g., fatigue and delirium tremens); psychological dependence – dependence socially seen as being extremely mild compared to physical dependence (e.g., with enough willpower it could be overcome); reinforcing stimuli – stimuli that increase the probability of repeating behaviors paired with them; rewarding stimuli – stimuli that the brain interprets as intrinsically positive and desirable or as something to approach; sensitization – an amplified response to a stimulus resulting from repeated exposure to it; substance use disorder – a condition in which the use of substances leads to clinically and functionally significant impairment or distress; tolerance – the diminishing effect of a drug resulting from repeated administration at a given dose;
	v; t; e;

This is the talk page for discussing improvements to the Substance dependence article.
This is not a forum for general discussion of the article's subject.

Put new text under old text. Click here to start a new topic.
New to Wikipedia? Welcome! Learn to edit; get help.

Article policies

Find medical sources: Source guidelines · PubMed · Cochrane · DOAJ · Gale · OpenMD · ScienceDirect · Springer · Trip · Wiley · TWL

Medicine High‑importance

	Medicine portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Medicine, which recommends that medicine-related articles follow the Manual of Style for medicine-related articles and that biomedical information in any article use high-quality medical sources. Please visit the project page for details or ask questions at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Medicine.MedicineWikipedia:WikiProject MedicineTemplate:WikiProject Medicinemedicine articles
High	This article has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale.

Pharmacology High‑importance

	This article is within the scope of WikiProject Pharmacology, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Pharmacology on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.PharmacologyWikipedia:WikiProject PharmacologyTemplate:WikiProject Pharmacologypharmacology articles
High	This article has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale.

Neuroscience Mid‑importance

	This article is within the scope of WikiProject Neuroscience, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Neuroscience on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.NeuroscienceWikipedia:WikiProject NeuroscienceTemplate:WikiProject Neuroscienceneuroscience articles
Mid	This article has been rated as Mid-importance on the project's importance scale.

Addictions and recovery High‑importance

	This article is within the scope of WikiProject Addictions and recovery, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of addiction on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.Addictions and recoveryWikipedia:WikiProject Addictions and recoveryTemplate:WikiProject Addictions and recoveryaddiction and recovery articles
High	This article has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale.

defunct

.Psychoactive and Recreational DrugsWikipedia:WikiProject Psychoactive and Recreational DrugsTemplate:WikiProject Psychoactive and Recreational DrugsPsychoactive and Recreational Drugs articles

inactive

.Drug PolicyWikipedia:WikiProject Drug PolicyTemplate:WikiProject Drug PolicyDrug Policy articles

Sociology High‑importance

	Society portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Sociology, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of sociology on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.SociologyWikipedia:WikiProject SociologyTemplate:WikiProject Sociologysociology articles
High	This article has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale.

Psychology High‑importance

	Psychology portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject Psychology, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of Psychology on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks.PsychologyWikipedia:WikiProject PsychologyTemplate:WikiProject Psychologypsychology articles
High	This article has been rated as High-importance on the project's importance scale.

Ideal sources for Wikipedia's health content are defined in the guideline Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine) and are typically review articles. Here are links to possibly useful sources of information about Substance dependence.

PubMed provides review articles from the past five years (limit to free review articles)
The TRIP database provides clinical publications about evidence-based medicine.
Other potential sources include: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and CDC

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 September 2018 and 14 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Shirderp, Victoriayi, Bcpham549, Noragwam. Peer reviewers: AilinKim, AnnChen17.

Above undated message substituted from

talk) 10:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)[reply

]

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2021 and 18 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jasm!ne100.

Above undated message substituted from

talk) 10:22, 17 January 2022 (UTC)[reply

]

Add to Page

Substance dependence and Substance are a clearly defined in the DSM IV however, addiction is not a term commonly used within the framework of diagnoising an individual nor in measuring the severity of an individuals condition. Addiction could be charactorized by either of these sub catergories. Substance dependence or Substance abuse. While there is disagreement on which of these catorgoies is addiction, it is widely excepted in the recovery community that either may describe an "ADDICT" Habit, dependence, and addiction, are three very real things, that can occur simultaneously, but indeed they are different. Lumping them together merely muddies the perception of each of the conditions. The World Health Organization started this foolish endeavor, to make the term 'addiction' meet what the layman's term meant. The short story, we lost real medical definition, so we could have talk shows about people being 'addicted' to anything they wished to produce. There is *dire* need for the distinction between them. And, the public needs made aware of this.

75.33.52.79 (talk)

"Addict" is more of a term for those whom are addicted, or those who crave a drug, and will seek drugs, (drug seeking behavior), when they do not have any more to take, the same as any other addictive disease, and they could be said to have an addictive personality. However, some whom are on medications to stop long term chronic pain, etc, do not crave the drug, even while having withdrawal symptoms if the drug is stopped, and only take the drug to feel normal, and live without constant pain. There should always be a difference shown, even though there are still some hard-line physicians whom say everyone are addicts, when that is not so, as pain specialists/rehab physicians say differently. In other words, one can be substance dependent, (including the long term use of steroids), and not be an addict, but still need to be weaned off a medication if it is no longer needed. Ref: American Pain Foundation, American Chronic Pain Association, and The National Pain Foundation.Craxd (talk) 20:25, 28 January 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Citations

Several theories of drug addiction exist, some of the main ones are genetic predisposition, the self medication theory, and factors involved with social/economic development.

Epidemiological studies estimate that genetic factors account for 40-60% of the risk factors for alcoholism. Similar rates of heritability for other types of drug addiction have been indicated by other studies (Kendler, 1994). Knestler hypothesized in 1964 that a gene or group of genes might contribute to predisposition to addiction in several ways. For example, altered levels of a normal protein due to environmental factors could then change the structure or functioning of specific brain circuits during development. These altered brain circuits could change the susceptibility of an individual to an initial drug use experience. In support of this hypothesis, animal studies have shown that environmental factors such as stress can affect an animal's genotype (Knestler, 1996). The self-medication hypotheses espoused by both psychoanalysts and biological researchers, predicts that certain individuals abuse drugs in an attempt to self-medicate their unique and seemingly intolerable states of mind (Khantzian, 1985). The self medication theory has a long history. Freud in 1884, first raised this concept in noting the anti-depressing properties of cocaine. Stress has long been recognized as a major contributor for drug cravings and relapse and is therefore supportive of the self-medication theory. In line with this theory, a person's use of a particular drug of choice is not an accident, but rather it is chosen for its pharmacological affect in relieving stressful symptoms or unwanted feelings. Research has shown that people who survive disasters are prone to stress related disorders such as Post Trauma Stress Disorder (PTSD) and depression. People who experience major trauma in their life experiences may self-medicate with drugs or alcohol to relieve the symptoms of PTSD and depression (Vlahov, 2002).jnewguy

Kendler, K.S., et al., (1994). A twin family study of alcoholism in women. In: Am J. Psychiatry 151, (pp707-715).

Khantzian, E.J. (1985). The Self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: Focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. In: Am. L. Psychiatry 142: (pp. 1259-1264).

Knestler, E.J., Berhow, M.T. & Brodkin, E.S. (1996). Molecular mechanisms of drug addiction: adaptations in signal transduction pathways. In: Mol. Psychiatry 1, (pp. 190-199).

Vlahov, D., et al. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan,

New York, residents after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of

Epidemiology 155(11): 988-996, (2002).

Is the editor posting these citations suggesting we add them? the text was copypasted so would have to be rewritten to avoid copyright violation, i believe.66.80.6.163 (talk) 16:46, 16 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Remove Nils Bejerot/Public Health

There is no reason to have such a long discussion of the theories of Nils Bejerot (he was influential in his time within Sweden, but not much elsewhere, and his theories are not well-regarded today). All this information is already on the Nils Bejerot page, and Bejerot is already mentioned earlier on the Substance dependence page. As the entire "Public Health" section is currently entirely about Bejerot, I propose to remove the entire Public Health section. Likiva (talk) 09:10, 29 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Bejerots have been portrayed as a propagandist giving the Swedish police munition in its lobbying campaigns for harsher drug policies (see "Zero Tolerance Wins the Argument?" by Lenke and Olsson in "European drug policies and enforcement" for an example) and it is a shame that he is quoted as an authority on wikipedia. I concur with the previous speaker. Remove the section. Steinberger (talk) 19:33, 29 April 2010 (UTC)[reply]

I brought the issue up in August last year. I think those opposed to removal have had ample opportunity to come up with a reason. Deleted. --GSchjetne (talk) 01:46, 12 July 2010 (UTC)[reply]

"List of countries by drugs consumption"

Should be created a list of countries by drugs consumption.--Nekrox (talk) 09:23, 11 January 2011 (UTC)[reply]

what's this rubbish!!!!!!!!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.176.151.253 (talk) 08:14, 21 January 2011 (UTC)[reply]

References

what is with the long chinese character Digital object identifier? does that need to be visible?(mercurywoodrose)66.80.6.163 (talk) 16:49, 16 February 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Substance addictiveness chart

I believe that this chart is highly suspect. For Tobacco, it has 2.3, 2.6, and 3.0 as pleasure, psychological addictiveness, and physiological addictiveness respectively, but then the mean for those three is listed as 2.23! I went and looked at the source, and found that the physiological addictiveness for tobacco is cited as a mere 1.8! This seems to imply that people smoke for the pleasure, not because it's a habit they can't kick, which has been my impression from personal experience. I just wanted to point this out, as it seems to throw the validity of the whole study under question(Other studies I've seen rank nicotine as being almost as physiologically addictive(or more) as heroin). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.212.245.182 (talk) 16:26, 5 June 2011 (UTC)[reply]

I agree. It is also strange that they say Cannabis and LSD are physically addictive. They ascribe low numbers, suggesting that they cause minimal physiological dependence, but I have never heard of one person who is physically addicted to LSD or cannabis. I doubt it is even possible. What does it mean to say that LSD is a .3 on the scale if it doesnt happen at all. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.204.24.212 (talk) 15:59, 14 June 2012 (UTC)[reply]

It is incorrect to say that LSD and cannabis and not associated with physiological dependence. Physiological dependence is defined by the presence of tolerance and/or withdrawal. Both tolerance and withdrawal have been documented with cannabis dependent individuals. Tolerance also rapidly develops with LSD; however, there is not a withdrawal syndrome for LSD. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Kelseybananas (talk • contribs) 16:16, 19 July 2013 (UTC)[reply]

A common class of drugs that has been left out of this list is the steroids group. Corticosteroids like prednisolone, (Prednisone), taken for a week can cause withdrawal symptoms if stopped abruptly. There are several groups of steroids, and about all can cause severe reactions if suddenly stopped after they have been administered for a while, thus the patient must be weaned from the drug. There is no difference from these withdrawal symptoms than there are with narcotics, except that the symptoms may differ.Craxd (talk) 20:51, 28 January 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Came here for this. Ecstasy 1.5 pleasure and both tobacco and alcohol 2.3? Makes absolutely no sense.

‘Substance’ use

The article’s use of ‘substance’ strikes me as bizarre
Does it represent denial that ethanol and nicotine are drugs?
Or generally muddled thinking about drugs by supposed authorities?
Or am I substance dependent, within the meaning intended by the article, because air and water are substances?
Laurel Bush (talk) 15:31, 16 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]

drug use make people think indepentenly and makes them what you say ' clam '.

'Substance' is the medical term. Paint thinner is a substance, but one would hardly consider it a drug. -Highspam (talk) 19:09, 8 February 2012 (UTC)[reply]

What evidence is there, that medical professionals use terms like substance abuse or substance dependence instead of drug abuse and drug addiction? If that is really how the speak and write, we should include some information about word usage. If not, we should move the article (back?) to

Drug addiction. --Uncle Ed (talk) 15:23, 2 April 2013 (UTC)[reply

]

Lead

I just added the "lead" clean-up template. Seems to me that the lead needs to be rewritten in the "Substance dependence is" format rather than just diving in to the DSMMD's non-use of the term "addiction". Unfortunately, I am a complete layman in this area, so cannot do it myself. – ukexpat (talk) 15:13, 17 August 2011 (UTC)[reply]

WP:NOADS

Add Recovery Sources for Treatment Seekers

24 Hour Addiction Helplines By State:

Alabama (256) 399-0220

Arkansas (501) 205-1895

Connecticut (860) 812-4305

Florida (321) 369-9956

Idaho (208) 473-2918

Iowa (712) 266-3564

Louisiana (318) 935-6161

Massachusetts (413) 306-3232

Mississippi (417) 429-4943

Nebraska (402) 296-8256

New Jersey (856) 282-1120

North Carolina (252) 364-3119

Oklahoma (580) 352-3547

Rhode Island (401) 288-3581

Tennessee (615) 224-8063

Vermont (802) 428-4698

West Virginia (304) 945-0238

Alaska (800) 315-2391

California (619) 569-1716

Delaware (302) 294-0986

Georgia (678) 712-1869

Illinois (708) 248-8393

Kansas (785) 380-0230

Maine (207) 272-2285

Michigan (989) 607-5595

Missouri (816) 396-8714

Nevada (775) 473-9878

New Mexico (575) 541-3487

North Dakota (701) 484-0368

Oregon (541) 378-6675

South Carolina (803) 675-5067

Texas (956) 205-0280

Virginia (757) 337-2939

Wisconsin (920) 482-2915

Arizona (520) 979-3403

Colorado (970) 315-0226

District of Columbia (202) 509-9590

Hawaii (800) 315-2391

Indiana (812) 558-0063

Kentucky (502) 385-0557

Maryland (443) 219-0612

Minnesota (952) 223-1135

Montana (406) 545-2133

New Hampshire (603) 821-4064

New York (845) 247-5704

Ohio (740) 251-9016

Pennsylvania (267) 415-1524

South Dakota (605) 385-0105

Utah (801) 438-4160

Washington (425) 242-5130

Wyoming (307) 222-0334 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.121.88.78 (talk) 19:14, 24 October 2011 (UTC)[reply]

Esctacy/MDMA as sever addiction potential>

It seems there is some bias in the addictive potential section, with the opening paragraph stating that MDMA has can result in severe addiction but it the table below, it is claimed to be less addictive than the famously non-addictive cannabis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.12.237.254 (talk) 19:48, 11 May 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Work of Carl Hart

I smell the work of carl hart has been greatly under emphasized when it comes to the evidence for chemical dependency. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Xyn1 (talk • contribs) 23:18, 7 November 2013 (UTC)[reply]

If you link the relevant research reviews that include the research you're talking about, those reviews satisfy

WP:FRINGE, then it will probably be added. If it fails one or more of those policies, it may only be added to a limited extent, or not at all. Seppi333 (talk) 23:30, 7 November 2013 (UTC)[reply

]

I've removed this along with a lot of other non-medical sources. Seppi333 (Insert 2¢) 13:09, 9 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]

"Defining terms" section

I came here via this

talk) 06:00, 11 January 2014 (UTC)[reply

]

I agree that it'd be useful to have a definition section; most of the content in that section was on past definitions, which would be more suitable for a history section. That's really the only reason I cut a lot of it out. Seppi333 (Insert 2¢) 06:25, 11 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Edit: There was 1 paragraph stating a definition given by a single researcher that needed to come out though. Seppi333 (Insert 2¢) 06:28, 11 January 2014 (UTC)[reply]

There appear to be a bunch of circular references of terms that do no not have the same meaning. Tolerance, dependance and addiction are not the same thing. Tolerance is strictly pharmacological. Dependance can be both pharmacological and psychological. Addiction is behavior. Cancer patients on fentanyl patches will become opioid tolerant. They may experience anxiety and withdrawal if not medicated correctly ibluding the treatment of both chronic and breakthrough pain. They are not, however, "addicted." Addiction is continuing an often uncontrollable destructive behavior despite adverse affects. Lumping addiction in with dependance is medically inaccurate. It's important for people seeking to understand palliative care to know the difference. --DHeyward (talk) 13:01, 4 February 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Article size

This article is way too large (82k). Let's break it up into separate articles or in a different way, reduce the size. --WikiTryHardDieHard (talk) 15:59, 8 May 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Agree, it could use some paring down. Also it touches on 12 step programs but not some of the new non 12 step recommendations that have a higher success rate. That seems to be very conspicuously lacking on wikipedia as a whole-- References to that type treatment and commentary about it and given the prevalence of it, it would seem to be something we should be doing, or am I just missing it in the mix? Ladymacbeth9 (talk) 20:45, 1 June 2014 (UTC)[reply]

FOSB etc.

While the FOSB stuff looks plausible, I think it's radically oversimplifying things to state that it is the mechanism of addiction, as if the matter was settled beyond doubt, and these massive text dumps go way beyond what's needed. At the moment, I think it can best be regarded as a hypothesis.

The current text dump and huge transcluded table, is way too large for the context, discounts all the other theories, and, I believe, doesn't meet the requitements of the

WP:NPOV policy to balance and attribute statements. It's also been inserted into at least two other articles: sexual addiction and addiction

.

What would make more sense, and would meet the

WP:NPOV requirement, would be a statement on the lines of "Several researchers, most notably Dr. X and Professor Y, have put forward the hypothesis that ...", to then describe the theory briefly, and then point the reader at the FOSB article for more detail. -- The Anome (talk) 23:45, 9 September 2014 (UTC)[reply

]

@The Anome: I didn't notice this earlier. I've corrected the poor summary in the lead you pointed out. If you know of any competing theories in molecular biology, I'd be okay with with making the changes you're proposing. Seppi333 (Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 03:26, 10 September 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Nevermind - I'm assuming we've resolved this. Seppi333 (Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 07:25, 2 November 2014 (UTC)[reply]

Article split into
Drug addiction

[Addiction_glossary-1] ISBN 9780071481274
.

[Cellular_basis-2] PMID 24459410
. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

[Brain_disease-3] PMID 26816013
. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

[NHM_terms-DSM_flaw-4] 
ISBN 9780071481274. The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ...
Addictive drugs are both rewarding and reinforcing. ... Familiar pharmacologic terms such as tolerance, dependence, and sensitization are useful in describing some of the time-dependent processes that underlie addiction. ...
Dependence is defined as an adaptive state that develops in response to repeated drug administration, and is unmasked during withdrawal, which occurs when drug taking stops. Dependence from long-term drug use may have both a somatic component, manifested by physical symptoms, and an emotional–motivation component, manifested by dysphoria. While physical dependence and withdrawal occur with some drugs of abuse (opiates, ethanol), these phenomena are not useful in the diagnosis of addiction because they do not occur with other drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamine) and can occur with many drugs that are not abused (propranolol, clonidine).

The official diagnosis of drug addiction by the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders (2000), which makes distinctions between drug use, abuse, and substance dependence, is flawed. First, diagnosis of drug use versus abuse can be arbitrary and reflect cultural norms, not medical phenomena. Second, the term substance dependence implies that dependence is the primary pharmacologic phenomenon underlying addiction, which is likely not true, as tolerance, sensitization, and learning and memory also play central roles. It is ironic and unfortunate that the Manual avoids use of the term addiction, which provides the best description of the clinical syndrome.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
)

[Addiction_glossary-5] ISBN 9780071481274
.

[Cellular_basis-6] PMID 24459410
. Despite the importance of numerous psychosocial factors, at its core, drug addiction involves a biological process: the ability of repeated exposure to a drug of abuse to induce changes in a vulnerable brain that drive the compulsive seeking and taking of drugs, and loss of control over drug use, that define a state of addiction. ... A large body of literature has demonstrated that such ΔFosB induction in D1-type [nucleus accumbens] neurons increases an animal's sensitivity to drug as well as natural rewards and promotes drug self-administration, presumably through a process of positive reinforcement ... Another ΔFosB target is cFos: as ΔFosB accumulates with repeated drug exposure it represses c-Fos and contributes to the molecular switch whereby ΔFosB is selectively induced in the chronic drug-treated state.⁴¹. ... Moreover, there is increasing evidence that, despite a range of genetic risks for addiction across the population, exposure to sufficiently high doses of a drug for long periods of time can transform someone who has relatively lower genetic loading into an addict.

[Brain_disease-7] PMID 26816013
. Substance-use disorder: A diagnostic term in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) referring to recurrent use of alcohol or other drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. Depending on the level of severity, this disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe.
Addiction: A term used to indicate the most severe, chronic stage of substance-use disorder, in which there is a substantial loss of self-control, as indicated by compulsive drug taking despite the desire to stop taking the drug. In the DSM-5, the term addiction is synonymous with the classification of severe substance-use disorder.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

Talk:Substance dependence

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

Add to Page

Citations

Remove Nils Bejerot/Public Health

"List of countries by drugs consumption"

References

Substance addictiveness chart

‘Substance’ use

Lead

WP:NOADS

Esctacy/MDMA as sever addiction potential>

Work of Carl Hart

"Defining terms" section

Article size

FOSB etc.

Article split into
Drug addiction

Restructuring plan

Merge discussion

difference or merged

Merger proposal

Requested move 21 June 2015

Risk Factors charts

Plans to add to page

Preliminary Edits to Treatment and issues

Preliminary Edits to Legislation Section

Edits Made under Society and Culture

Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view? If not, specify…

Is there any evidence of plagiarism or copyright violation?

Peer Review: Validity of sources

Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia’s manual of style?

Final edits [Health Policy]

"
Drug seeking" listed at Redirects for discussion

"Dependence liability" listed at Redirects for discussion

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

Add to Page

Citations

Remove Nils Bejerot/Public Health

"List of countries by drugs consumption"

References

Substance addictiveness chart

‘Substance’ use

Lead

WP:NOADS

Esctacy/MDMA as sever addiction potential>

Work of Carl Hart

"Defining terms" section

Article size

FOSB etc.

Article split into Drug addiction

Restructuring plan

Merge discussion

difference or merged

Merger proposal

Requested move 21 June 2015

Risk Factors charts

Plans to add to page

Preliminary Edits to Treatment and issues

Preliminary Edits to Legislation Section

Edits Made under Society and Culture

Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view? If not, specify…

Is there any evidence of plagiarism or copyright violation?

Peer Review: Validity of sources

Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia’s manual of style?

Final edits [Health Policy]

"Drug seeking" listed at Redirects for discussion

"Dependence liability" listed at Redirects for discussion

Article split into
Drug addiction

"
Drug seeking" listed at Redirects for discussion