Temür Khan

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Yuan emperor. For the khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, see Öljei Temür Khan.
Emperor Chengzong of Yuan
元成宗
Öljeyitü Khan
完澤篤汗
ᠥᠯᠵᠡᠶᠢᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
  • Emperor of the Yuan dynasty)
Portrait of Temür Khan. Original size is 47 cm wide and 59.4 cm high. Paint and ink on silk. Now located in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan.
Emperor of the Yuan dynasty
Reign10 May 1294 – 10 February 1307
Coronation10 May 1294
PredecessorKublai Khan
SuccessorKülüg Khan
Born(1265-10-15)15 October 1265
Died10 February 1307(1307-02-10) (aged 41)
Khanbaliq, Yuan China
Empress
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1285; died 1305)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1295)​
IssueDeshou (died 1306)
Names
Mongolian:ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ
Chinese: 鐵穆耳
Temür
Full name
Era dates
  • Yuanzhen (元貞) 1295–1297
  • Dade (大德) 1297–1307
Regnal name
Öljeyitü Khan (ᠥᠯᠵᠡᠶᠢᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; 完澤篤汗)
Posthumous name
Emperor Qinming Guangxiao (欽明廣孝皇帝)
Temple name
Chengzong (成宗)
HouseBorjigin
DynastyYuan
FatherZhenjin
MotherKökejin (Bairam egchi)

Öljeyitü Khan (Mongolian: Өлзийт; Mongolian script: ᠥᠯᠵᠡᠶᠢᠲᠦ Öljeyitü; Chinese: 完澤篤汗), born Temür (Mongolian: Төмөр ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ; Chinese: 鐵穆耳; October 15, 1265 – February 10, 1307), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Chengzong of Yuan (Chinese: 元成宗; pinyin: Yuán Chéngzōng; Wade–Giles: Yüan2 Ch'eng2-tsung1), was the second emperor of the Yuan dynasty of China, ruling from May 10, 1294 to February 10, 1307. Apart from Emperor of China, he is considered as the sixth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, although it was only nominal due to the division of the empire. He was an able ruler of the Yuan dynasty, and his reign established the patterns of power for the next few decades.[1]

Temür was the third son of the

Crown Prince Zhenjin and a grandson of the Yuan Dynasty founder Kublai Khan. During his rule, he achieved the nominal suzerainty of all Mongol states of the time. He showed respect for Confucianism, and called off invasions of Burma, Đại Việt and Japan
. However, his reign was beset by corruption and administrative inefficiencies.

Early life

Named Öljeyitü Khan ("Blessed Khan") in the Mongolian language, Temür ("iron") was born the third son of

Kublai's first son Dorji died early, his second son and Temür's father, Zhenjin, became the crown prince. However, he died in 1286 when Temür was 21 years old. Kublai remained close to Zhenjin's widow Kökejin, who was high in his favor. Like his grandfather Kublai, Temür was a follower of Tibetan Buddhism
.

Temür followed his grandfather Kublai to suppress the rebellion of

Liaodong in the east from Nayan's ally, Qadaan, and defeated him. Kublai appointed Temür the princely overseer of Karakorum and surrounding areas in July 1293.[2] Three Chagatai princes submitted to him while he was defending Mongolia (they fled to Chagatai Khanate
soon and returned to Yuan dynasty again during the reign of Temür).

After Kublai Khan died in 1294, Kublai's old officials urged the court to summon a kurultai in Shangdu. Because Zhenjin's second son Darmabala had already died in 1292, only his two sons, Gammala and Temür, were left to succeed. It was proposed that they hold a competition over who had better knowledge of Genghis Khan's sayings. Temür won and was declared the emperor.[3]

Reign

Following in the policies of his grandfather Kublai, Temür was finally able to achieve nominal suzerainty of the entire Mongol realm. However, he failed to improve the corruption and administrative inefficiencies that was endemic during his rule of the empire.[4]

Jinan Great Southern Mosque was completed during the reign of Temür.

Ideologically, Temür's administration showed respect for

Saiyid Ajall Shams al-Din, who was in charge of the Ministry of Finance. Under Mongol administrators Oljei and Harghasun, the Yuan court adopted policies that were designed to ensure political and social stability. Orders were given that portraits be painted of the khagans and khatuns during the reign of Temür.[7]

The number of the

Taoist Zhang Liusun co-chair of the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. In 1304, Temür appointed the Celestial master of Dragon and Tiger Mountain as head of the Orthodox Unity School. He banned sales and distillation of alcohol in Mongolia in 1297, and the French historian René Grousset applauded his activity in the book, The Empire of the Steppes
.

Temür was opposed to imposing any additional fiscal burden on the people. Exemptions from levies and taxes were granted several times for part or all of the Yuan. After his enthronement, Temür exempted

paper currency
system. Corruption among officials of the Yuan became a problem.

During the last years of Temür, a peace among the Yuan dynasty and the western Mongol khanates (Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate) was achieved around 1304 after the Kaidu–Kublai war that had lasted for more than 30 years and caused the permanent division of the Mongol Empire. Temür Khan was recognized as their nominal suzerain. While the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed, this established the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the western khanates that lasted for a few decades.

Foreign Policy: Southeast Asia

'Phags-pa script
).

Soon after his enthronement in 1294, Temür called off all preparations for further expansions to

Tran
court began to send tributary missions. But Temür's government had to quell rebellions in the southwestern mountainous area, led by tribal chieftains like Song Longji and female leader Shejie in 1296. It took long months for the generals Liu Shen and Liu Guojie to suppress these rebellions.

By the request of the

Chiangmai) in 1301–1303. Although those campaigns were fruitless, Athinkaya and the Shan lords offered their submission.[11] The costly expedition spurred rebellions of a Yunnan official, Song Longji, and the Gold-Tooths (ancestors of the Dai people) in 1301–03. The revolts were eventually suppressed. After Temür Khan ordered to withdraw his army from Burma, Central and southern Burma soon came under the Thai
rulers who paid nominal tribute to the Yuan dynasty.

Death

Because his only son Deshou died a year earlier (January 1306), Temür died without a male heir, in the capital Khanbaliq on February 10, 1307.

Khayishan, a son of his deceased elder brother Darmabala, who ruled as Külüg Khan and Emperor Tongtian Jisheng Qinwen Yingwu Dazhang Xiao (統天繼聖欽文英武大章孝皇帝) with later temple name Emperor Wuzong of Yuan and who made a pact before his coronation for his younger brother Ayurbarwada to be crown prince before any progeny of Khayishan, and then for their descendants to alternate rule; though this pact was broken and Khayishan's descendants persecuted by Ayurbarwada's mother after Ayurbarwada succeeded as Buyantu Khan with later temple name Emperor Renzong of Yuan. A bit downstream, the Khan and Emperor title would pass out of both Temür and Darmabala's descendants to one from their brother Gammala who had been older than Temür but lost out as successor in the competition devised to choose between them.[13][14]

Family

Ancestry

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ René Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes, p. 320.
  2. ^ Yuan shi, t8, p. 381.
  3. ^ John Man, Kublai Khan p. 407.
  4. ISBN 978-0-312-16334-1
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5
    .
  6. ^ Jack Weatherford Genghis Khan and the making of the modern world
  7. ISBN 9780804742627
  8. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5
    .
  9. ^ Marvin C Whiting Imperial Chinese Military History, p. 408.
  10. ^ René Grousset The Empire of the Steppes, p. 291.
  11. ^ Praphatsō̜n Sēwikun, Sirindhorn, Thanākhān Kasikō̜n Thai From the Yellow River to the Chao Phraya River, p. 273.
  12. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5
    .
  13. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5
    .
  14. ^ Hui, Ming Tak Ted. "Writing Empire: Culture, Politics, and the Representation of Cultural Others in the Mongol- Yuan Dynasty" (PDF). DASH (Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard). Harvard University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 15 November 2022.
  15. ^ Thackston 1999: 422, 463, making him the son of Bulugan.
  16. ^ Vohidov 2006: 73.
  17. ^ Vohidov 2006: 73.
  18. ^ Vohidov 2006: 73.
  19. ^ Vohidov 2006: 73.
  20. ^ Thackston 1999: 422, 463, making him the son of Bulugan.
  21. ^ Vohidov 2006: 73.

Sources

Temür Khan
Born: 1265 Died: 1307
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
(Nominal due to the empire's division
)
1294–1307 		Succeeded by
Emperor of the Yuan dynasty
1294–1307
Emperor of China
1294–1307
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