Twelfth Night
Twelfth Night, or What You Will is a romantic comedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written around 1601–1602 as a Twelfth Night entertainment for the close of the Christmas season. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated in a shipwreck. Viola (who is disguised as Cesario) falls in love with the Duke Orsino, who in turn is in love with Countess Olivia. Upon meeting Viola, Countess Olivia falls in love with her thinking she is a man.
The play expanded on the musical interludes and riotous disorder expected of the occasion,[1] with plot elements drawn from the short story "Of Apollonius and Silla" by Barnabe Rich, based on a story by Matteo Bandello. The first documented public performance was on 2 February 1602, at Candlemas, the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar. The play was not published until its inclusion in the 1623 First Folio.
Characters
- Viola – a shipwrecked young woman who disguises herself as a page named Cesario
- Sebastian – Viola's twin brother
- Duke Orsino – Duke of Illyria
- Olivia – a wealthy countess
- Malvolio – steward in Olivia's household
- Maria – Olivia's gentlewoman
- Sir Toby Belch – Olivia's uncle
- Sir Andrew Aguecheek– a friend of Sir Toby
- Feste – Olivia's servant, a jester
- Fabian – a servant in Olivia's household
- Antonio – a sea captain and friend to Sebastian
- Valentine and Curio – gentlemen attending on the Duke
- A Sea Captain – a friend to Viola
Synopsis
Viola is shipwrecked on the coast of Illyria and she comes ashore with the help of a captain. She has lost contact with her twin brother, Sebastian, whom she believes to be drowned, and with the aid of the Captain, she disguises herself as a young man under the name Cesario and enters the service of Duke Orsino. Duke Orsino has convinced himself he is in love with Olivia, who is mourning the recent death of her brother. Olivia refuses to see entertainments, be in the company of men, or accept love or marriage proposals from anyone, the Duke included, until seven years have passed. Duke Orsino then uses 'Cesario' as an intermediary to profess his passionate love towards Olivia. Olivia, however, falls in love with 'Cesario', setting Olivia at odds with her professed duty. In the meantime, Viola has fallen in love with Duke Orsino, creating a love triangle: Viola loves Duke Orsino, Duke Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Viola disguised as Cesario.
In the comic subplot, several characters conspire to make Olivia's pompous steward, Malvolio, believe that Olivia has fallen for him. This involves Olivia's riotous uncle, Sir Toby Belch; another would-be suitor, a silly squire named Sir Andrew Aguecheek; Olivia's servants Maria and Fabian; and Olivia's witty fool, Feste. Sir Toby and Sir Andrew engage themselves in drinking and revelry, thus disrupting the peace of Olivia's household until late into the night, prompting Malvolio to chastise them. Sir Toby famously retorts,
- "Dost thou think, because thou art virtuous, there shall be no more cakes and ale?" (Act II, Scene III).
Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, and Maria plan revenge on Malvolio. They convince Malvolio that Olivia is secretly in love with him by planting a love letter, written by Maria in Olivia's handwriting. It asks Malvolio to wear yellow stockings cross-gartered—a colour and fashion that Olivia hates, to be rude to the rest of the servants, and to smile constantly in the presence of Olivia. Malvolio finds the letter and reacts in surprised delight. He starts acting out the contents of the letter to show Olivia his positive response. Olivia is shocked by the changes in Malvolio and, agreeing that Malvolio seems mad, leaves him to be cared for by his tormentors. Pretending that Malvolio is insane, the tormentors lock Malvolio up in a dark chamber. Feste visits Malvolio to mock Malvolio's professed insanity, both as himself and disguised as a priest.
Meanwhile, Viola's twin, Sebastian, has been rescued by Antonio, a sea captain who previously fought against Orsino, yet who accompanies Sebastian to Illyria, despite the danger, because of Antonio's admiration for Sebastian. Sebastian's appearance adds the confusion of mistaken identities to the comedy. Taking Sebastian for 'Cesario', Olivia asks Sebastian to marry her, and they are secretly married in a church. Finally, when 'Cesario' and Sebastian appear in the presence of both Olivia and Orsino, there is more wonder and confusion at their physical similarity. At this point, Viola reveals her identity and is reunited with her twin brother.
The play ends in a declaration of marriage between Duke Orsino and Viola, and it is learned that Sir Toby has married Maria. Malvolio swears revenge on his tormentors and stalks off, but Orsino sends Fabian to placate him.
Setting
Illyria, the exotic setting of Twelfth Night, is important to the play's romantic atmosphere.
Illyria was an ancient region of the Western Balkans whose coast (the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea which is the only part of ancient Illyria which is relevant to the play) covered (from north to south) the coasts of modern-day Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Albania. It included the city-state of the Republic of Ragusa which has been proposed as the setting, and which is today known as Dubrovnik, Croatia.[2]
Illyria may have been suggested by the Roman comedy Menaechmi, the plot of which also involves twins who are mistaken for each other. Illyria is also referred to as a site of pirates in Shakespeare's earlier play, Henry VI, Part 2. The names of most of the characters are Italian but some of the comic characters have English names. Oddly, the "Illyrian" lady Olivia has an English uncle, Sir Toby Belch.
It has been noted that the play's setting also has other English allusions such as Viola's use of "Westward ho!", a typical cry of 16th-century London boatmen, and also Antonio's recommendation to Sebastian of "The Elephant" as where it is best to lodge in Illyria (The Elephant was a pub not far from the Globe Theatre).[3]
Sources
The play is believed to have drawn extensively on the Italian production
Another source story, "Of Apollonius and Silla", appeared in
"Twelfth Night" is a reference to the twelfth night after
The actual Elizabethan
Date and text
The full title of the play is Twelfth Night, or What You Will. Subtitles for plays were fashionable in the Elizabethan era, and though some editors place The Merchant of Venice's alternative title, The Jew of Venice, as a subtitle, this is the only Shakespeare play to bear one when first published.[10]
The play was probably finished between 1600 and 1601, a period suggested by the play's referencing of events that happened during that time. A law student, John Manningham, who was studying in the Middle Temple in London, described the performance on 2 February 1602 (Candlemas) which took place in the hall of the Middle Temple at the formal end of Christmastide in the year's calendar, and to which students were invited.[11] This was the first recorded public performance of the play. The play was not published until its inclusion in the First Folio in 1623.
Themes
Sex
Viola is not alone among Shakespeare's cross-dressing heroines; in Shakespeare's theatre, convention dictated that adolescent boys play the roles of female characters, creating humour in the multiplicity of disguise found in a female character who for a while pretended at masculinity.
As the very nature of Twelfth Night explores gender identity and sexual attraction, having a male actor play Viola enhanced the impression of androgyny and sexual ambiguity.[13] Some modern scholars believe that Twelfth Night, with the added confusion of male actors and Viola's deception, addresses gender issues "with particular immediacy".[14] They also accept that the depiction of gender in Twelfth Night stems from the era's prevalent scientific theory that females are simply imperfect males.[13] This belief explains the almost indistinguishable differences between the sexes reflected in the casting and characters of Twelfth Night.
Metatheatre
At Olivia's first meeting with "Cesario" (Viola) in Act I, Scene v she asks her "Are you a comedian?" (an Elizabethan term for "actor").[15] Viola's reply, "I am not that I play", epitomising her adoption of the role of "Cesario" (Viola), is regarded as one of several references to theatricality and "playing" within the play.[16] The plot against Malvolio revolves around these ideas, and Fabian remarks in Act III, Scene iv: "If this were play'd upon a stage now, I could condemn it as an improbable fiction".[17] In Act IV, Scene ii, Feste (The Fool) plays both parts in the "play" for Malvolio's benefit, alternating between adopting the voice of the local curate, Sir Topas, and his own voice. He finishes by likening himself to "the old Vice" of English Morality plays.[18] Other influences of the English folk tradition can be seen in Feste's songs and dialogue, such as his final song in Act V.[19] The last line of this song, "And we'll strive to please you every day", is a direct echo of similar lines from several English folk plays.[20]
Performance history
During and just after Shakespeare's lifetime
Twelfth Night, or What You Will (to give the play its full title) was probably commissioned for performance as part of the Twelfth Night celebrations held by
The earliest public performance took place at
At our feast we had a play called "Twelve Night, or What You Will", much like "
Inganni". A good practice in it to make the steward believe his lady-widow was in love with him, by counterfeiting a letter as from his lady, in general terms telling him what she liked best in him and prescribing his gesture in smiling, his apparel, etc. and then, when he came to practice, making him believe they took him for mad.[22]
Clearly, Manningham enjoyed the Malvolio story most of all, and noted the play's similarity with Shakespeare's earlier play, as well as its relationship with one of its sources, the Inganni plays.
Restoration to 20th century
The play was also one of the earliest Shakespearean works acted at the start of the
After holding the stage only in the adaptations in the late 17th century and early 18th century, the original Shakespearean text of Twelfth Night was revived in 1741, in a production at
20th and 21st century
Influential productions were staged in 1912, by
A memorable production directed by Liviu Ciulei at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis, October–November 1984, was set in the context of an archetypal circus world, emphasising the play's convivial, carnivalesque tone.[24]
When the play was first performed, all female parts were played by men or boys, but it has been the practice for some centuries now to cast women or girls in the female parts in all plays. The company of
Interpretations of the role of Viola have been given by many well-renowned actresses in the latter half of the 20th century, and have been interpreted in the light of how far they allow the audience to experience the transgressions of stereotypical gender roles.[26](p 15) This has sometimes correlated with how far productions of the play go towards reaffirming a sense of unification, for example a 1947 production concentrated on showing a post-World War II community reuniting at the end of the play, led by a robust hero / heroine in Viola, played by Beatrix Lehmann, then 44 years old.[26](pp 18–20) The 1966 Royal Shakespeare Company production played on gender transgressions more obviously, with Diana Rigg as Viola showing much more physical attraction towards the duke than previously seen, and the court in general being a more physically demonstrative place, particularly between males.[26](p 30) John Barton's 1969 production starred Donald Sinden as Malvolio and Judi Dench as Viola; their performances were highly acclaimed and the production as a whole was commented on as showing a dying society crumbling into decay.[26](p 34)
Malvolio is a popular character choice among stage actors; others who have taken the part include Ian Holm many times, Simon Russell Beale (Donmar Warehouse, 2002), Richard Cordery (2005), Patrick Stewart, (Chichester, 2007), Derek Jacobi (Donmar Warehouse, 2009), Richard Wilson (2009),[27] and Stephen Fry (The Globe, 2012).[25]
In March 2017, the Royal National Theatre's production of Twelfth Night[28] changed some of the roles from male to female, including Feste, Fabian (which became Fabia), and most notably, Malvolio – which became Malvolia – played by Tamsin Greig to largely positive reviews.[29][30][31][32] As a result, the production played with sexuality as well as gender.
In 2017–2018, the Royal Shakespeare Company staged Twelfth Night, which was directed by Christopher Luscombe; Adrian Edmondson played Malvolio, Kara Tointon played Olivia, and Dinita Gohil played Viola.[33]
In 2022, Old Fruit Jar Productions staged a 1980s inspired twist on the Shakespeare classic at Liverpool's Royal Court Theatre, swapping Lords and Ladies of stately homes for rowdy Benidorm bars and booze-fuelled escapades, serving as an introduction to Shakespeare for new audiences unfamiliar with his work.
Adaptations
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Stage
Musicals
Due to its themes such as young women seeking independence in a "man's world", "gender bending" and "same sex attraction",
Plays
Theatre Grottesco, a Lecocq-inspired company based out of Santa Fe, New Mexico, created a modern version of the play from the point of view of the servants working for Duke Orsino and Lady Olivia, entitled Grottesco's 12th Night (2008).[38][39] The adaptation takes a much deeper look at the issues of classism, and society without leadership. In New York City, Turn to Flesh Productions, a theatre company that specializes in creating "new Shakespeare shows", developed two plays focused on Malvolio: A Comedy of Heirors, or The Imposters by verse playwright, Emily C. A. Snyder, which imagined a disgraced Malvolio chasing down two pairs of female twins in Syracuse and Ephesus, and Malvolio's Revenge by verse playwright, Duncan Pflaster, a queer sequel to Twelfth Night.[40][41][42][43] Both plays were originally written for submission to the American Shakespeare Center's call for plays in conversation with the Bard through the Shakespeare's New Contemporaries program.
Film
- 1910: Vitagraph Studios released the silent, short adaptation Twelfth Night starring actors Florence Turner, Julia Swayne Gordon, and Marin Sais.
- 1985: Just One of the Guys, directed by Lisa Gottlieb titled, is a loose update of the story set in a modern high school.
- 1986: 1986 Australian film, an Australian production.
- 1996: Twelfth Night, Or What You Will, adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and set in the 19th century, stars Imogen Stubbs as Viola, Helena Bonham Carter as Olivia, and Toby Stephens as Duke Orsino. The film also features Mel Smith as Sir Toby, Richard E. Grant as Sir Andrew, Ben Kingsley as Feste, Imelda Staunton as Maria, and Nigel Hawthorne as Malvolio. Much of the comic material was downplayed into straightforward drama, and the film received some criticism for this.[44]
- 1998: Shakespeare in Love contains several references to Twelfth Night. "Viola" (Gwyneth Paltrow) is the daughter of a wealthy merchant who disguises herself as a boy to become an actor. Near the end of the movie, Elizabeth I (Judi Dench) asks Shakespeare (Joseph Fiennes) to write a comedy for the Twelfth Night holiday. Viola is presented in the final scene of the film as Shakespeare's inspiration for the heroine of Twelfth Night. In a nod to the shipwrecked opening of the play, the movie includes a scene where the character Viola, separated from her love by an arranged marriage and bound for the American colonies, survives a shipwreck and comes ashore to Virginia.
- 2001: Disney Channel Original Movie Motocrossedsets the story in the world of motocross racing.
- 2004: Wicker Park has Rose Byrne's character Alex plays Viola in an amateur production of Twelfth Night.
- 2006: Malvolio. Sebastian's ex-girlfriend Monique was given the surname Valentine, the meddling Malcolm was given the surname Festes, and Viola's friend and hair stylist Paul was given the surname Antonio.
- 2018: Adam Smethurst adapted and directed this version set in the 21st century. The film stars Sheila Atim as Viola and Sebastian, Dominic Coleman as Sir Andrew Aguecheek, Zackary Momoh as Antonio, and Simon Nagra as Sir Toby Belch.
Television
On 14 May 1937, the
The entire play was produced for television in 1939, directed by Michel Saint-Denis and starring another future Oscar-winner, Peggy Ashcroft. The part of Sir Toby Belch was taken by a young George Devine.
In 1957, another adaptation of the play was presented by
In 1964, there was a Canadian TV version directed by
Yet another TV adaptation followed in 1980. This version was part of the BBC Television Shakespeare series and featured Felicity Kendal in the role of Viola, Sinéad Cusack as Olivia, Alec McCowen as Malvolio, and Robert Hardy as Sir Toby Belch.
In 1988,
In 1998 the
A 2003 tele-movie adapted and directed by
An episode of the British series
Radio
An adaptation of Twelfth Night by Cathleen Nesbitt for the BBC was the first complete Shakespeare play ever broadcast on British radio. This occurred on 28 May 1923, with Nesbitt as both Viola and Sebastian, and Gerald Lawrence as Orsino.[46]
In 1937 an adaptation was performed on the CBS Radio Playhouse starring Orson Welles as Orsino and Tallulah Bankhead as Viola. A year later, Welles played Malvolio in a production with his Mercury Theater Company.
There have been several full adaptations on BBC Radio. A 1982 BBC Radio 4 broadcast featured Alec McCowen as Orsino, Wendy Murray as Viola, Norman Rodway as Sir Toby Belch, Andrew Sachs as Sir Andrew Aguecheek, and Bernard Hepton as Malvolio; in 1993, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a version of the play (set on a Caribbean Island), with Michael Maloney as Orsino, Eve Matheson as Viola, Iain Cuthbertson as Malvolio, and Joss Ackland as Sir Toby Belch; this adaptation was broadcast again on 6 January 2011 by BBC Radio 7 (now Radio 4 Extra). 1998 saw another Radio 3 adaptation, with Michael Maloney, again as Orsino, Josette Simon as Olivia and Nicky Henson as Feste. In April 2012, BBC Radio 3 broadcast a version directed by Sally Avens, with Paul Ready as Orsino, Naomi Frederick as Viola, David Tennant as Malvolio, and Ron Cook as Sir Toby Belch.
Music
Operas based on Twelfth Night include Bedřich Smetana's unfinished Viola (1874, 1883–1884), Karel Weis's Blíženci (1892, 2nd version 1917), Ivan Jirko's Večer tříkrálový (1964) and Jan Klusák's Dvanáctá noc (1989).
A stage music based on Twelfth Night was composed in 1907 by Engelbert Humperdinck,[47] famous for his fairy-tale opera "Hänsel und Gretel".
Overtures based on Twelfth Night have been composed by
"O Mistress Mine" (Act II, Scene 3) has been set to music as a solo song by many composers,
"Come Away, Come Away, Death" (Act II, Scene 4) has been set to music by composers Gerald Finzi (1942), Erich Korngold (1943), Roger Quilter, and Jean Sibelius (in a Swedish translation Kom nu hit in 1957).
In 1943, Erich Korngold also set the songs "Adieu, Good Man Devil" (Act IV, Scene 2), "Hey, Robin" (Act IV, Scene 2), and "For the Rain, It Raineth Every Day" (Act V, Scene 1) as a song cycle entitled Narrenlieder, Op. 29.
Influence
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2024) |
The play consistently ranks among the greatest plays ever written
Agatha Christie's 1940 mystery novel Sad Cypress draws its title from a song in Act II, Scene IV of Twelfth Night.
The protagonists of Vita Sackville-West's 1930 novel The Edwardians are named Sebastian and Viola, and are brother and sister. Victoria Glendinning comments, in her introduction to the novel: "Sebastian is the boy-heir that Vita would like to have been... Viola is very like the girl that Vita actually was."[59]
American playwright Ken Ludwig wrote a play inspired by the details of Twelfth Night, called Leading Ladies.
British
Two of the dogs in the film Hotel for Dogs are twins called Sebastian and Viola.
Clive Barker's short story "Sex, Death and Starshine" revolves around a doomed production of Twelfth Night.
The Baker Street Irregulars believe Sherlock Holmes's birthday to be 6 January due to the fact that Holmes quotes twice from Twelfth Night whereas he quotes only once from other Shakespeare plays.
The Kiddy Grade characters Viola and Cesario are named for Viola and her alter ego Cesario.
Elizabeth Hand's novella Illyria features a high school production of Twelfth Night, containing many references to the play, especially Feste's song.
The 2006 romantic comedy She's the Man is loosely based on Twelfth Night.
One of Club Penguin's plays, Twelfth Fish, is a spoof of Shakespeare's works. It is a story about a countess, a jester, and a bard who catch a fish that talks. As the play ends, they begin eating the fish. Many of the lines are parodies of Shakespeare.
Sara Farizan's 2014 young adult novel "Tell Me Again How A Crush Should Feel" features a high school production of the play, where the "new girl" Saskia plays Viola/Cesario and catches the attention of the main character, Leila.
Vidyadhar Gokhale's play Madanachi Manjiri (मदनाची मंजिरी) is an adaptation of Twelfth Night.[60]
Footnotes
- ^ The carnival-like atmosphere is based on the then-1,000 year earlier, ancient Roman festival of the Saturnalia held at the same time of year. The Saturnalia was characterized by drunken revelry and inversion of the social order: Masters became servants for a day, and vice versa.
References
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Shakespeare, having tackled the theatrical problems of providing Twelfth Night with effective musical interludes, found his attitude toward his material changed. An episodic story became in his mind a thing of dreams and themes.
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- ^ van den Brink, Bret (2023). "What You Will: Double Predestination and the Plot of Twelfth Night" (PDF). Sinestesieonline. 40: 4.
- ^ Laroque, François(1991). Shakespeare's Festive World: Elizabethan seasonal entertainment and the professional stage. Cambridge University Press.
- JSTOR 2869718.
- ^ ISBN 0-393-97087-6.
- S2CID 26734928. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ Hodgdon, Barbara: "Sexual Disguise and the Theatre of Gender" in The Cambridge Companion to Shakespearean Comedy, edited by Alexander Leggatt. Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 186.
- ^ a b Charles, Casey. "Gender Trouble in Twelfth Night". Theatre Journal. Vol. 49, No. 2 (1997): 121–141 [124].
- ^ Smith, Bruce R. "Introduction". Twelfth Night. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2001.
- ^ Lothian and Craik, p. 30.
- ^ Righter, Anne. Shakespeare and the Idea of the Play. Chatto & Windus, 1962, p. 130.
- ^ Righter, p. 136.
- ^ Righter, p. 133.
- ^ Weimann, Robert. Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function, p. 41. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
- ^ Weimann, p. 43.
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- ISBN 0-312-20219-9.
- ^ Clayton, Thomas (Autumn 1985). "Shakespeare at The Guthrie: Twelfth Night". Shakespeare Quarterly. Vol. 36, no. 3. pp. 353–359.
- ^ The production was extensively reviewed by Clayton[23]
- ^ a b Costa, Maddy (1 October 2012). "Stephen Fry's Twelfth Night: This all-male affair is no one-man show". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ a b c d Gay, Penny (1994). As She Likes It: Shakespeare's unruly heroines. London, UK: Routledge.
- ^ Costa, Maddy (20 October 2009). "Malvolio – the killjoy the stars love to play". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ^ "Twelfth Night – National Theatre". www.nationaltheatre.org.uk. 4 November 2016.
- ^ Clapp, Susannah (26 February 2017). "Twelfth Night review – on high gender alert with Tamsin Greig". The Guardian.
- ^ Billington, Michael (23 February 2017). "Twelfth Night review – Tamsin Greig is brilliant in a show full of fun". The Guardian.
- ^ Cavendish, Dominic (23 February 2017). "Twelfth Night, National's Olivier Theatre review: Tamsin Greig shines in a production otherwise at sea". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
- ^ Dowell, Ben (23 February 2017). "Twelfth Night theatre review: Tamsin Greig brings dazzling comic brio to a gender-bending production". Radio Times.
- ^ "Christopher Luscombe's production Twelfth Night". Royal Shakespeare Company. 2017.
- ^ Examined, for example, in Jami Ake, "Glimpsing a 'Lesbian' Poetics in Twelfth Night", SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, 43.2, Tudor and Stuart Drama (Spring 2003) pp. 375–394.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ "Epiphany (Star, 1999) Epiphany (Bow Shakespeare Series #8)". takarazuka-revue.info. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
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- ^ "12th Night". theatergrottesco. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ Dalness, Amy. "Performance Review: Grottesco's 12th Night at the Santa Fe Opera's Stieren Hall". alibi. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ Knapp, Zelda (28 December 2017). "A work unfinishing: My Favorite Theater of 2017". A work unfinishing. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ "Malvolio's Revenge".
- ^ "Malvolio's Revenge | New Play Exchange". newplayexchange.org. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ "A Comedy of Heirors | New Play Exchange". newplayexchange.org. Retrieved 6 December 2019.
- ^ "Twelfth Night: Or What You Will (1996)". Foster on Film. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ISBN 0-19-818336-4.
- ^ British Universities Film & Video Council. Retrieved 19 April 2016
- ISBN 9783868461220.
- ^ "O mistress mine, where are you roaming? (Shakespeare) (The LiederNet Archive: Texts and Translations to Lieder, mélodies, canzoni, and other classical vocal music)". www.lieder.net. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "O Mistress Mine". www.gsarchive.net. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "English Lyrics (Parry, Charles Hubert Hastings) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "3 Shakespeare Songs, Op.37 (Beach, Amy Marcy) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ Fifty Modern English Songs. London: Boosey & Co. c. 1927. pp. 161–163.
- ^ "Album of 10 Songs (Barratt, Walter Augustus) - IMSLP: Free Sheet Music PDF Download". imslp.org. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "O Mistress Mine". David Barton Music. 20 September 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2021.
- ^ "The 50 Best Plays of All Time". timeout. 11 March 2020.
- ^ "Michael Billington's 101 Greatest Plays of All Time". thegurdian. 2 September 2015.
- ^ "Best Shakespeare Productions". thegurdian. 21 April 2014.
- ^ "The best Shakespeare comedies". timeout. 12 October 2016.
- ^ The Edwardians, Introduction p. xi, Virago Modern Classics, 1983.
- ^ "मदनाची मंजिरी". aathavanitli-gani.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021.
- Donno, Elizabeth Story (ed.): Twelfth Night (Cambridge, 2003)
- Mahood, M. M. (ed.) Twelfth Night (Penguin, 1995)
- Pennington, Michael: Twelfth Night: a user's guide (New York, 2000)
- Mulherin, Jennifer: Twelfth Night (Shakespeare for Everyone)
External links
- Digital editions
- Twelfth Night at Standard Ebooks
- Twelfth Night at Project Gutenberg
- Twelfth Night public domain audiobook at LibriVox
- Twelfth Night Navigator Archived 5 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine Includes annotated text, line numbers, scene index with scene summaries, and a search engine.
- Educational resources
- Lesson plans for Twelfth Night at Web English Teacher
- Twelfth Night study guide and teacher resources – themes, quotes, multimedia, study questions
- Other sources
- Twelfth Night at the Internet Broadway Database
- Twelfth Night at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Twelfth Night at the British Library
- For an analysis of various characters in Twelfth Night, one may refer to Pinaki Roy's essay "Epiphanies: Rereading Select Characters in William Shakespeare's Twelfth Night", published in Yearly Shakespeare – 2012 ISSN 0976-953610, April 2012: 53–60.
- Video Program featuring a visit to the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis featuring the July–August 2000 production of The Twelfth Night, directed by Joe Dowling, and featuring interviews with actors Charles Keating and Opal Alladin plus video clips from the play (28:40).
- Twelfth Night (2018) on YouTube