Thomas Chalmers
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Thomas Chalmers
He served as Vice-president of the Royal Society of Edinburgh from 1835 to 1842.
The
The Thomas Chalmers Centre in Kirkliston is named after him.
Early life
He was born at Anstruther in Fife, the son of Elizabeth Hall and John Chalmers, a merchant.[4]
Age 11 Chalmers attended the University of St Andrews studying mathematics. In January 1799 he was licensed as a preacher of the gospel by the St Andrews presbytery. In May 1803, after attending further courses of lectures at the University of Edinburgh, and acting as assistant to the professor of mathematics at St Andrews, he was ordained as minister of Kilmany, about 9 miles from the university town, where he continued to lecture.[5][6] Kilmany was a small and predominantly agricultural parish, with a population under 800 in 1811.[7]
Lecturer and minister
Chalmers made an issue within the University of St Andrews of the quality of mathematics teaching. It came to involve attacks on John Rotheram, the professor of natural philosophy.[8] His mathematical lectures roused enthusiasm, but they were discontinued by order of the authorities. Chalmers then opened mathematical classes on his own account which attracted many students; at the same time he delivered a course of lectures on chemistry, and ministered to his parish at Kilmany. In 1805 he became a candidate for the vacant professorship of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh, but was unsuccessful.[5]
In 1815 he became minister of the Tron Church, Glasgow, in spite of determined opposition to him in the town council on the grounds of his evangelical teaching. From Glasgow his reputation as a preacher spread throughout the United Kingdom. When he visited London Samuel Wilberforce wrote, "all the world is wild about Dr Chalmers."[5] At this time he lived at Wellington Place in Glasgow.[9]
Parochial work
In November 1817 Chalmers used a memorial sermon for Princess Charlotte of Wales to appeal for a Christian effort to deal with the social condition of Glasgow.[7] His parish contained about 11,000 persons, and of these about one-third were not connected with any church. He considered that parochial organizations had not kept pace in the city with the growing population. He declared that twenty new churches, with parishes, should be erected in Glasgow; and he set to work to revive the old parochial economy of Scotland. The town council agreed to build one new church, attaching to it a parish of 10,000 persons, mostly weavers, labourers and factory workers, and this church was offered to Chalmers.[10]
In September 1819 he became minister of the church and parish of St John, where of 2000 families more than 800 had no connection with any Christian church. He first addressed himself to providing schools for the children. Two school-houses with four endowed teachers were established, where 700 children were taught, at moderate fees. Between 40 and 50 local Sabbath schools were opened, where more than 1000 children were taught. The parish was divided into 25 districts with 60 to 100 families. Chalmers was the centre of the whole system, visiting families and holding evening meetings.[10]
Moral philosopher and theologian
In 1823 Chalmers accepted the chair of moral philosophy at the University of St Andrews, the seventh academic offer made to him during his eight years in Glasgow. His lectures led some students to devote themselves to missionary effort.[10] Among his pupils were William Lindsay Alexander, Alexander Duff, and James Aitken Wylie. At this period Robert Morrison and Joshua Marshman visited St Andrews.[11][12][13]
In November 1828 Chalmers was transferred to the chair of theology at the University of Edinburgh. He then introduced the practice of following the lecture with a viva voce examination on what had been delivered. He also introduced text-books.[10]
In 1834 Chalmers was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and in the same year he became corresponding member of the Institute of France; in 1835 Oxford conferred on him the degree of DCL.[10] At this time he was living at 3 Forres Street on the Moray Estate in the west end of Edinburgh.[14]
In 1834 he became leader of the evangelical section of the Scottish Church in the General Assembly. He was appointed chairman of a committee for church extension, and in that capacity made a tour through a large part of Scotland, addressing presbyteries and holding public meetings. He also issued numerous appeals, with the result that in 1841, when he resigned his office as convener of the church extension committee, he was able to announce that in seven years upwards of £300,000 had been contributed, and 220 new churches had been built. His efforts to induce the
In 1840 Chalmers was unsuccessful in applying for the chair of divinity at the University of Glasgow. It went to the Moderate Alexander Hill.[15]
Non-intrusionism and the Free Church
Chalmers found himself at the head of the party in the Church of Scotland which stood for "non-intrusionism": the principle that no minister should be intruded into any parish contrary to the will of the congregation. Cases of conflict between the church and the civil power arose in Auchterarder, Dunkeld and Marnoch. The courts made it clear that the Church, in their opinion, held its temporalities on condition of rendering such obedience as the courts required. The Church then appealed to the government for relief.[10] In political manoeuvres with Westminster politicians, Chalmers was opposed by John Hope.[16]
In January 1843 the government put a final negative on the church's claims for spiritual independence. The non-intrusionist movement ended in the
In 1844, Chalmers announced a church extension campaign, for new building.
Later in life he was quoted as saying: "Who cares about the Free Church compared with the Christian good of the people of Scotland? Who cares for any Church, but as an instrument of Christian good?"[19]
Death
On 28 May 1847 Chalmers returned to his house at Church Hill[20] in Morningside, near Edinburgh, from a journey to London on the subject of national education. On the following day (Saturday) he was employed in preparing a report to the General Assembly of the Free Church, then sitting. On Sunday, the 30th, he continued in his usual health and spirits, and retired to rest with the intention of rising at an early hour to finish his report. The next morning he did not make his appearance, and he was discovered lying dead in bed.[10]
Chalmers was interred in the Grange Cemetery on 4 June, the very first burial in that cemetery.[21] His grave is on the north wall, near the north-west access. A large crowd of persons of all denominations accompanied his remains to the grave.[22] His wife Grace Pratt died 16 January 1850 and is buried with him, as is his daughter Grace Pratt Chalmers (1819–1851) and two of his other six daughters. James Sievewright, the moderator on the year he died, preached a eulogy.[23]
Works
Chalmers's academic years resulted in a prolific literature of various kinds: his writings fill more than 30 volumes.
Political economy
In 1808 Chalmers published an Inquiry into the Extent and Stability of National Resources, a contribution to the discussion created by
As a political economist he first dealt with: the relationship between the degree of the
In 1826 he published a third volume of The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns, a continuation of work begun at St John's, Glasgow.[26] In 1832 he published a Political Economy, the chief purpose of which was to argue that the right economic condition of the masses is dependent on their right moral condition, so that character is the parent of comfort, not vice versa.[10]
Poor law reform
Parochial machinery gave Chalmers experience in dealing with the problem of poor relief.
When Chalmers undertook the management of the parish of St John's, the poor of the parish cost the city £1400 per annum, and in four years the pauper expenditure was reduced to £280 per annum. The investigation of new applications for relief was given to the deacon of the district, and an effort was made to enable the poor to help themselves. At this time there were few parishes north of the
Critics replied to Chalmers that his approach was impossible in large cities.
Moralist
In his St Andrews lectures Chalmers excluded mental philosophy and included the whole sphere of
In the field of ethics he made contributions in regard to the place and functions of volition and attention, the separate and underived character of the moral sentiments, and the distinction between the virtues of perfect and imperfect obligation.[10]
Religion
At his own request the article on Christianity was assigned to him in David Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopædia. The separate publication of this article, and contributions to the Edinburgh Christian Instructor and The Eclectic Review, enhanced his reputation as an author.[5]
Chalmers's writings are a source for argument and illustration on the question of Establishment. "I have no veneration", he said to the royal commissioners in St Andrews, before either the voluntary or the non-intrusive controversies had arisen, "for the Church of Scotland qua an establishment, but I have the utmost veneration for it qua an instrument of Christian good."[10]
Natural theology
Chalmers'
In the area of natural theology and the Christian evidences he advocated the method of reconciling the Mosaic narrative with the indefinite
Gap creationism
In 1814 Chalmers lectured on the concept of gap creationism, also known as the "gap theory", and subsequently spread its popularity of this idea which he credited to Episcopius. He wrote of Genesis 1:1: "My own opinion, as published in 1814, is that it forms no part of the first day but refers to a period of indefinite antiquity when God created the worlds out of nothing. The commencement of the first day's work I hold to be the moving of God's Spirit upon the face of the waters. We can allow geology the amplest time ... without infringing even on the literalities of the Mosaic record."[34]
This form of
The "New College", as the Divinity School became known, was a centre of opposition to the Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (1844). Chalmers himself did not mention the work, but indirectly attacked its view of development in writing for the North British Review.[38]
Family
Chalmers and his wife, Grace, had six daughters.
His brother, Charles Chalmers, founded the Merchiston Castle School. Charles' son, David (Thomas' nephew) was a noted industrialist and owner of the Cowan & Co. paperworks.[4]
References
- ^ Annan, Thomas (1868). Illustrated catalogue of the exhibition of portraits on loan in the new galleries of art, Corporation buildings, Sauchiehall Street. Glasgow: Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum. pp. 24–25. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
- ^ Wylie, James Aitken (1881). Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 153–160. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- ISBN 978-0-664-21882-9. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh" (PDF). Royal Society of Edinburgh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f Hanna & Macfadyen 1911, p. 809.
- ^ Scott, Hew (1925). Fasti ecclesiae scoticanae; the succession of ministers in the Church of Scotland from the reformation. Vol. 5. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. p. 162.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-81456-0. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24153. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Glasgow Post Office Directory 1817
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Hanna & Macfadyen 1911, p. 810.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/338. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8167. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30135. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Edinburgh Post Office annual directory, 1832-1833". National Library of Scotland. p. 34. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ Sprott, George Washington (1891). . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 26. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 390–391.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13733. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ISBN 978-0-521-64202-6. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-664-21882-9. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ^ BARBOUR, G. F. "The Great Disruption". The Spectator Archive. Archived from the original on 6 November 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1847
- ^ Rest in Peace:Grange Association newsletter, 109
- The Popular Encyclopedia; or, Conversations Lexicon, published by Blackie & Son, 1883.
- ^ Sievewright, James (1847). Man's Best Eulogy After Death. A Sermon, Preached Before the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, June 6, 1847, Being the Sabbath Immediately After the Funeral of Thomas Chalmers, D.D., LL.D., .. 2nd Ed (2 ed.). Edinburgh: John Johnstone. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- ^ .Mill, "i", Political Economy, p. 94
- ^ a b Hanna & Macfadyen 1911, pp. 810–811.
- OCLC 8532756.
- ISBN 978-0-86193-292-4. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-521-39447-5. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/350. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ISBN 978-0-415-12208-5. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2930. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ISBN 978-0-19-822783-0. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
- OCLC 1338838756. Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
- ^ McIver, Tom (Fall 1988). "Formless and Void: Gap Theory Creationism" (PDF). Creation/Evolution. 8 (3): 1–24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Evolution vs. Creationism: An Introduction, Eugenie Scott, pp61-62
- ^ The Scientific Case Against Scientific Creationism, Jon P. Alston, p24
- ^ "What is Creationism?". www.talkorigins.org. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
- ^ James A. Secord, Victorian Sensation, University of Chicago Press (2000), p. 277.
- . Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Blaikie, William Garden (1890). . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 300–301.
Bibliography
- Brown, Stewart J. (1982). Thomas Chalmers and the Godly Commonwealth in Scotland. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. OCLC 8532756.
- Topham, Jonathan R. (2022). Reading the Book of Nature How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 1338838756.
- Young, Professor Robert M (1994) [1985, 1988], "Malthus and the Evolutionists: the common context of biological and social theory", Darwin's Metaphor: Nature's Place in Victorian Culture, Cambridge University Press.
Attribution
- public domain: Hanna, William; Macfadyen, Dugald (1911). "Chalmers, Thomas". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 809–811. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Blaikie, William Garden (1887). "Chalmers, Thomas". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 449–454. Endnotes:
- Memoirs by his son-in-law, W. Hanna, LL.D., 4 vols. 1849–52;
- Selection from Correspondence, 1 vol.;
- Biographical Notice from Transactions of Royal Society of Edin., by Dean Ramsay; North British Review, May 1852 and November 1856 (articles ascribed to Isaac Taylor);
- Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk (John Gibson Lockhart);
- Carlyle's Reminiscences, vol. i.;
- McCosh's Scottish Philosophy;
- The Chalmers' Lectures, 1st series, by Rev. Sir Henry W. Moncreiff, bart., D.D.;
- Records of General Assembly of the Free Church, 1849;
- Witness newspaper, 1 and 9 June 1849;
- Dodds's Thomas Chalmers, a Biographical Study;
- Walker's Thomas Chalmers;
- Fraser's Men worth Remembering;
- Chalmers's Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of the Birth of Dr. Chalmers, 1880.
Further reading
- ISBN 1-152-41551-4.
- Blaikie, William Garden, Biography of Thomas Chalmers
- Chalmers, T., On the Power Wisdom and Goodness of God. As Manifested in the Adaptation of External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man; Bridgewater Treatises, W. Pickering, 1834 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00072-7)
- Chalmers, T., A Series of Discourses on the Christian Revelation, Viewed in Connection with the Modern Astronomy; John Smith and Son, 1817 (reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2009; ISBN 978-1-108-00527-2)
- Chalmers, T. The Expulsive Power of a New Affection; (Sermon: date unknown) Read on www.theologynetwork.org
- Chalmers, T. The Christian and civic economy of large towns; C. Scribner's Sons, 1900
- Chalmers, T. The application of Christianity to the commercial and ordinary affairs of life : in a series of discourses; Chalmers & Collins, 1820.
- Chalmers, T. The evidence and authority of the Christian revelation; William Blackwood, 1817.
- Chalmers, T. Tracts on pauperism; William Collins, 1833.
- Among the biographical accounts and academic studies of the life and works of Thomas Chalmers are those of John Roxborogh, Alexander Campbell Cheyne, Friedhelm Voges and S. J. Brown.
External links
- resource on the life and work of Dr. Thomas Chalmers
- Thomas Chalmers on the history of social work timeline
- The Legacy of Thomas Chalmers—a paper (1999) by John Roxborogh
- "Archival material relating to Thomas Chalmers". UK National Archives.
- Works by Thomas Chalmers at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Donald Macleod on Thomas Chalmers on YouTube