Tiridates I of Armenia
Tiridates I | |
---|---|
King of Armenia | |
1st Reign | 52–58 |
Predecessor | Rhadamistus |
Successor | Tigranes VI |
2nd Reign | 62–88 |
Coronation | 66, in Rome by Nero |
Predecessor | Tigranes VI |
Successor | Sanatruk |
Died | 88 |
Dynasty | Arsacid dynasty |
Father | Vonones II |
Religion | Zoroastrianism[2][3][4] |
Tiridates I (
In addition to being a king, Tiridates I was also a Zoroastrian[2][3][4] priest and was accompanied by other magi on his journey to Rome in 66. In the early 20th century, Franz Cumont speculated that Tiridates was instrumental in the development of Mithraism which ultimately became the main religion of the Roman Army and spread across the whole empire.[6] Furthermore, during his reign, he started reforming the administrative structure of Armenia, a reform which was continued by his successors, and which brought many Iranian customs and offices into it.[7]
Background
Tiridates was the youngest son of
Accession
In 51 the Roman
Vonones II died in the same year, and was succeeded by Vologases I.
A winter epidemic as well as an insurrection initiated by his son Vardanes forced him to withdraw his troops from Armenia, allowing Rhadamistus to come back and punish locals as traitors; they eventually revolted and replaced him with the prince Tiridates I in early 55.[15] Rhadamistus escaped along with his wife Zenobia who was pregnant. Unable to continue fleeing, she asked her husband to end her life rather than be captured. Rhadamistus stabbed her with a Median dagger and flung her body into the river Araxes. Zenobia was not fatally injured and was recovered by shepherds who sent her to Tiridates. Tiridates I received her kindly and treated her as a member of the monarchy.[16] Rhadamistus himself returned to Iberia and was soon put to death by his father Pharasmanes I of Iberia for having plotted against the royal power.[10]
War with Rome
Unhappy with the growing
Nero gave the crown to the last royal descendant of the
Vologases I was infuriated by the fact that an alien now sat on the Armenian throne, but hesitated to reinstate his brother as he was engaged in a conflict with the Hyrcanians who were revolting.[18] Tigranes invaded the Kingdom of Adiabene and deposed its King Monobazes in 61, who was a vassal of Parthians.[24]
Vologases I considered this an act of aggression from Rome and started a campaign to restore Tiridates I to the Armenian throne. He placed a well-disciplined force of
Moneses marched towards Tigranocerta but failed to break the defense of the city walls as his troops were unfit for a long siege. Corbulo, although eminently successful thought it prudent to use his good fortune with moderation. He sent a Roman centurion by the name of Casperius to the camp of Vologases I in Nisibis located 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Tigranocerta with the demand to raise the siege. Because of a recent locust storm and the scarcity of fodder for his horses Vologases I agreed to raise the siege of Tigranocerta and petitioned to be granted Armenia in order to achieve a firm peace.[18] Vologases I demanded that both the Roman and Parthian troops should evacuate Armenia, that Tigranes should be dethroned, and that the position of Tiridates I be recognized. The Roman government declined to accede to these arrangements and sent Lucius Caesennius Paetus, governor of Cappadocia, to settle the question by bringing Armenia under direct Roman administration.[25][26]
Paetus was an incapable commander and suffered a humiliating defeat at the
Visiting Rome
Prior to embarking for Rome in 66 AD, Tiridates I visited his mother and two brothers in Media Atropatene and Parthia. On his long trek he was accompanied by his wife and children and two of his brothers. His escort included an imposing retinue, comprising many feudal lords, several sages, 3,000 Parthian horsemen, and also a large number of Romans.
Cassius Dio, a second-century Roman historian, described Tiridates I favorably at the time of his arrival: "Tiridates himself was in the prime of his life, a notable figure by reason of his youth, beauty, family, and intelligence."[30] Nero greeted Tiridates I at Neapolis (Naples) in October, sending a state chariot to carry the visitor over the last few kilometres.
According to Dio's account, Tiridates I refused to remove his sword as he approached the ruler of the Roman Empire (though as a compromise, he agreed to have his sword firmly fastened in the sheath, so that it could not be drawn).
The climax of the ceremonies was reserved for the capital. Rome was profusely decorated with flags, torches, garlands and bunting, and was gorgeously illuminated at night with great crowds of people seen everywhere.[33]
On the day after Tiridates I's arrival, Nero came to the Forum clothed in triumphal vestments and surrounded by dignitaries and soldiers, all resplendent in expensive attire and glittering armor. While Nero sat on the imperial throne, Tiridates I and his retinue advanced between two lines of soldiers. Arriving in front of the dais, Tiridates I knelt, with hands clasped on his breast. After the thundering shouts and acclamations excited by this spectacle had subsided, Tiridates I addressed the emperor:
My Lord, I am a descendant of Arsakes and the brother of the Kings Vologases and Pacorus. I have come to you who are my god; I have worshipped you as the [sun];[a] I shall be whatever you would order me to be, because you are my destiny and fortune.
To which Nero replied:
You have done well by coming here to enjoy my presence in person. What your father has not left to you and what your brothers did not preserve for you, I do accord to you, and I make you King of Armenia, so that you, as well as they, may know that I have the power to take away and to grant kingdoms.[35]
Tiridates I then mounted the steps of the platform and knelt, while Nero placed the royal diadem on his head. As the young king was about to kneel a second time, Nero lifted him by his right hand and after kissing him, made him sit at his side on a chair a little lower than his own. Meanwhile, the populace gave tumultuous ovations to both rulers. A Praetor, speaking to the audience, interpreted and explained the words of Tiridates, who spoke in Greek.[36] According to Pliny the Elder, Tiridates I then introduced Nero to magian feasts (magicis cenis).[37] Tacitus claimed that Tiridates I was also interested in all things Roman.[38]
Public festivities continued for some time after the coronation ceremony. The interior of the
In memory of these events, the Senate honored Nero with the laurel wreath and the title of
Three Magi theory
It has been suggested that the visit of Tiridates I, an event that greatly impressed contemporaries, was adapted by Christians to become the story of the adoration of the Christ Child by the
Peace with Rome
Nero closed the gates of the Temple of Janus in the Roman Forum, which were never shut save in times of universal peace, claiming that peace prevailed at the time throughout the Roman world. This was a considerable victory for Nero politically,[44] and he became very popular in the eastern provinces of Rome and with the Armenians and Parthians. The immediate dividend of the peace was Rome's ability to divert legions from Syria to Judea, which broke into open warfare culminating in the First Jewish–Roman War just one year after Tiridates' coronation.[45] The peace between Parthia and Rome lasted 50 years, until the emperor Trajan invaded Armenia in 114.[46]
When Tiridates I returned to Armenia, he took with him a great number of skilled
War with Alans and aftermath
In 72 the
The name of
It is known that Tiridates' great-nephew, Axidares, the son of Pacorus II, was King of Armenia by 110.[7]
Cultural depictions
Tiridates I is one of the principal characters in George Frideric Handel's opera Radamisto and Reinhard Keiser's opera Octavia.
Notes
- ^ Edward Champlin notes: "When Nero entered with the senators and the guard, he ascended the Rostra and sat in his chair of state, looking back down the Forum in an east-southeasterly direction. That is, as Tiridates I approached him through the ranks of soldiers, the rising sun would have hit Nero full on the face, in all his triumphal splendor. The prince then addressed the emperor from the ground, looking up to him on the Rostra: "I have come to you, my god, worshipping you as I do Mithra." The important point—something Nero would know as an initiate, whether others did or not—is that for Zoroastrians the sun was the eye of Mithra, and Mithra was often so closely associated with the sun as to be identified with it: "the Sun whom they call Mithres," as Strabo puts it. Moreover, when Zoroastrians prayed in the open air, they turned toward the sun, since their religion bound them to pray facing fire. Thus, when Tiridates I stood in the open Roman Forum facing the sunlit emperor, and worshipping him as he did Mithra, he was in essence worshipping the sun. An ex-praetor translated his words and proclaimed them to the crowd. At this stage in Rome's history, very few of those present would have known who Mithra was, but there is a good likelihood that the interpreter relayed Tiridates' words as "I have come to you, my god, worshipping you as I do the Sun." For Nero, the marriage of Roman triumph and Parthian ceremony culminated in a splendid theatrical affirmation of his role as the new god of the Sun."[34]
References
- ^ a b Տրդատ Ա թագավոր. ընդօրինակություն քանդակից (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023.
- ^ a b Lang, David Marshall (1980). Armenia, cradle of civilization. Allen & Unwin. pp. 84, 141, 149.
(..) Though Tiridates was to be a client king of the Romans, Nero rightly judged that his investiture would satisfy the honour of the Parthians as well. Three years later, Tiridates made the journey to Rome. As a magus or priest of the Zoroastrian faith, he had to observe the rites which forbade him to defile water by travelling. (...)
- ^ a b Boyce 1984, p. 84.
- ^ a b Russell 1987, p. 268.
- ISBN 0-631-22037-2.
- ISBN 978-88-8419-289-9.
- ^ a b c Chaumont 1986, pp. 418–438.
- ^ a b c d Dąbrowa 2007, p. 125.
- ISBN 90-04-10474-7.
- ^ ISBN 311008015X.
- ^ Chaumont & Schippmann 1988, pp. 574–580.
- ^ Dąbrowa 2012, p. 175.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals 12.50.1–2
- ^ Gregoratti 2018, p. 1.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, 13.7
- ^ a b c d Bivar 1983, pp. 80–83.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, 13.9
- ^ ISBN 1-4021-6080-1.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, 13.55
- ^ Tabor, James D. "The Jewish Roman World of Jesus". Department of Religious Studies • The University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Retrieved 2006-11-30.
- ^ Strabo, 12.3.35
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, 13.56
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, 14.36 This was a very prestigious appointment. Not only was Syria a wealthy province, it was also one of the largest.
- ^ Tacitus, Annals, 15.1
- ^ a b Smith, William (1867). "Corbulo". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Boston. p. 851.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Tacitus, Annals, 15.1–6, Dio Cassius, 62.20
- ^ The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Great Britain: Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. 1842. p. 496.
- ^ a b Curtis 2016, p. 185.
- Dio Cassius, 63.1.2
- ^ ISBN 1-4191-1613-4.
- ^ a b Cassius Dio, 62.3.1
- ISBN 0-415-12164-7.
- ^ ISBN 0-231-07133-7.
- ISBN 0-674-01192-9.
- ^ Cassius Dio, 63.5.2
- ISBN 0-14-044921-3.
- ^ Pliny, Natural History 30.6.17
- Tacitus Annals15.5
- ^ ISBN 1-4191-1613-4.
- ASIN B000BQMKSI.
- ^ A. Dietrich, „“Die Weisen aus dem Morgenlande“, Zeitschrift für die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft, Bd. III, 1902, S.1-der–14; cited in J. Duchesne-Guillemin, “Die Drei Weisen aus dem Morgenlande und die Anbetung der Zeit”, Antaios, Vol. VII, 1965, pp. 234–252 [245].
- ^ Ernst Herzfeld, Archaeological History of Iran, London, Oxford University Press for the British Academy, 1935, pp. 65–66.
- ^ Olbrycht 2016, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Dio Cassius, Roman History, 62.23
- ISBN 0-415-31942-0.
- ^ Dio Cassius 68.17.2–3
- ^ ISBN 1-56859-141-1.
- S2CID 161484397.
- ^ a b c Alemany 2000, p. 92.
- ^ Russell 1987, p. 157.
- ISBN 0-312-10168-6.
Bibliography
Ancient works
- Cassius Dio, Roman History
- Tacitus, Annals
Modern works
- Alemany, Agustí (2000). Sources on the Alans: A Critical Compilation. Brill. ISBN 978-9004114425.
- Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In ISBN 0-521-20092-X..
- ISBN 978-0415239028.
- Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2016). "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography". In Williams, Markus; Stewart, Sarah; Hintze, Almut (eds.). The Zoroastrian Flame Exploring Religion, History and Tradition. I.B. Tauris. pp. 179–203. ISBN 978-0857728159.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2007). "The Parthian Kingship". In Lanfranchi, Giovanni B.; Rollinger, Robert (eds.). Concepts of Kingship in Antiquity. Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria. pp. 123–134. ISBN 978-88-95672-01-4.
- Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In ISBN 978-0-19-987575-7. Archived from the originalon 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
- Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "The Sacral Kingship of the early Arsacids I. Fire Cult and Kingly Glory". Anabasis. 7: 91–106.
- Chahin, Mark (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7007-1452-9.
- Grant, Michael (1956). The Annals of Imperial Rome. Penguin Classics. pp. 354–360. ISBN 0-14-044060-7.
- Gregoratti, Leonardo (2018). "Vologases I". In Bagnall, Roger (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Leiden: John Wiley & Sons.
- Henderson, Bernard W. (1901). "The Chronology of the Wars in Armenia, A.D. 51–63". Classical Review. 15 (3). Cambridge University Press: 159–165. S2CID 222639800.
- ISBN 0-312-10168-6.
- Khachatrian, Hayk (1998). All the 141 Armenian Kings. Yerevan: Amaras.
- Lynam, Robert (1850). The History of the Roman Emperors: From Augustus to the Death of Marcus Antoninus. London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co. pp. 422–428, 468–470.
- ISBN 978-88-8419-289-9.
- Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "Armenia and Iran ii. The pre-Islamic period". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4. pp. 418–438.
- Chaumont, M. L.; Schippmann, K. (1988). "Balāš". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 6. pp. 574–580.
- Girolamo Cardano Nero: An Exemplary Life Inkstone 2012.
- ISBN 978-0674968509.
Further reading
- Clark, Timothy (2021). "Processing into Dominance: Nero, the Crowning of Tiridates I, and a New Narrative of Rome's Supremacy in the East". Journal of Ancient History. 9 (2): 269–296. S2CID 240075265.
- Poirot, John Joseph (2003). Perceptions of classical Armenia: Romano-Parthian relations, 70 BC–AD 220 (MA thesis). Louisiana State University. .
External links
- Corbulo, Armenia and Parthia
- Domicio Corbulon: Y la Guerra de Armenia – analysis of the conflict with Corbulo, includes detailed maps (in Spanish)