Tower City Center
Tower City Center | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General information | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Location | 230 West Huron Road, Cleveland, Ohio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coordinates | 41°29′52″N 81°41′39″W / 41.49778°N 81.69417°W | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Opened | June 29, 1930 | (Terminal)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Closed | January 14, 1977 | (Terminal)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Previous names | Cleveland Union Terminal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Union Terminal Group | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Architect | Walker & Weeks | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Architectural style | Beaux-Arts, Art Deco | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Website | towercitycenter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
NRHP reference No. | 76001405[1] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Added to NRHP | March 17, 1976 |
Tower City Center is a large mixed-use facility in Downtown Cleveland, Ohio, on its Public Square. The facility is composed of a number of interconnected office buildings, including Terminal Tower, the Skylight Park mixed-use shopping center, Jack Cleveland Casino, Renaissance Cleveland Hotel, Chase Financial Plaza, and Tower City station, the main hub of Cleveland's four RTA Rapid Transit lines.
The structure was built in 1929 as Cleveland Union Terminal. On March 17, 1976, the complex was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
History
Rail terminal
The building complex was originally commissioned by the
When Cleveland Union Terminal was built, the train station allocated the northern set of tracks for
The complex was designed by the firm of Graham, Anderson, Probst & White. Site preparation began in 1922, and approximately 2,200 buildings were demolished. Construction began in 1926, and structural work was completed by 1927. At the time, it was the second-largest excavation project in the world after the Panama Canal. The Terminal Tower opened to its first tenants in 1928. From its completion until 1964, the Terminal Tower was the tallest building in North America outside of New York City. Three other office buildings, the Medical Arts Building, Builders Exchange Building, and Midland Building, were built in addition to the Terminal Tower. The three Art Deco buildings are collectively known as the Landmark Office Towers Complex and were completed in 1929. In addition to the new buildings, the 1918 Hotel Cleveland was connected to the complex. Cleveland Union Terminal was dedicated and officially opened in 1930.
The facility included a number of retail stores and restaurants. Original designs for the complex show that at first the brothers did not plan on building an office tower within the complex. However, they eventually decided to build the 52-story Terminal Tower on the northeast side of the complex facing Public Square.
In 1931, the
The Union Terminal served most rail lines: the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, New York Central Railroad and Nickel Plate Road.[4] Exceptions were the Pennsylvania Railroad and initially the Erie Railroad.
Notable trains, particularly for their destinations included:
- Baltimore and Ohio Railroad:[5]
- Cleveland Night Express (Cleveland–Pittsburgh–Baltimore)
- Washingtonian (Cleveland–Pittsburgh–Baltimore)
- Erie Railroad, with the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad:[6]
- Steel King (Cleveland–Pittsburgh, with morning and evening variations)
- New York Central Railroad:[7][8]
- Chicagoan (Chicago–New York)
- Cincinnati Mercury (Cincinnati–Cleveland) (beginning in fall, 1951)[9]
- Cleveland Mercury(Detroit–Cleveland)
- Empire State Express (Cleveland–New York)
- Fifth Avenue Special (Chicago–Cleveland-New York)
- Iroquois (Boston–Chicago; in most years operating westbound only; in some years terminating in Cleveland, in some years having New York as the eastern terminus)
- North Star (New York–Cleveland; in most years operating westbound only)
- Ohio State Limited (Cincinnati–Cleveland–New York; in some years stopping for east-bound trips only, in other years running through the city without stopping)
- Pacemaker (Chicago–Cleveland–New York; in some years stopping for east-bound trips only; in latter years: Cleveland–New York)
- Southwestern Limited (St. Louis–Indianapolis–Cleveland–New York)
- Nickel Plate Road (
- Nickel Plate Limited (Chicago–Buffalo) [later named City of Chicago westbound/City of Cleveland eastbound]
- Blue Arrow (Cleveland–St. Louis)/Blue Dart (St. Louis–Cleveland)
However, the station was never particularly popular with the railroads. It required deviating from the quicker route along Lake Erie. As the city would not allow trains to operate under steam power near the downtown area, trains were forced to switch from steam to electric power at a suburban rail yard when heading inbound and then reverse on the way out at another yard. As a result, some lines began to bypass the station entirely, heading along the lake route, and some trains stopped serving the city altogether (examples of the latter case: the New York Central Railroad's Lake Shore Limited and the New England States).
Several east–west routes on the circuit of trains bound east from Chicago through northern Ohio bypassed the city, traveling slightly to the south, passing through Akron and Youngstown, as in the case of B&O and Erie mainlines. In addition, national passenger rail travel had already passed its peak and was starting its gradual decline in favor of the automobile and, later, the airplane. The Erie Railroad, owned by the Van Sweringens, could not afford the electric transfer and continued to use its own nearby station until 1948, when it replaced steam with diesel locomotives and was able to serve the Union Terminal under its own power.
By the end of 1965, the B&O and the Norfolk and Western (the successor to the Nickel Plate) had terminated their last trains that had served Cleveland. By the end of 1967, the New York Central had discontinued all named trains that had run through Cleveland. All that remained as passenger trains were unnamed successors to trains #51 (westbound Empire State Express), #90 (eastbound successor to the Chicagoan), #27/28 (successor to the New England States) and #63/#64 (Chicago–New York) trains.[12]
In the lead-up to the arrival of Amtrak, in 1970 the Erie Lackawanna ran an unnamed train to Youngstown.
Amtrak's short-lived
However, in 2021, a rail advocacy group by the name of All Aboard Ohio, voted in favor of returning Amtrak service to Union Terminal, in the anticipation of a proposed dramatic increase in rail service.[17]
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Concourse in 1987
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Platforms converted into parking decks
Diagrams of former Cleveland area railroad stations
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Shopping mall
Most of the platform area was demolished in the late 1980s renovation of the building. The station area itself was converted by
In 1991, two new 11-story office towers, the
Higbee's (by then bought by
In 2001, Time Warner Cable Amphitheater opened as an outdoor stage along the Cuyahoga River near the Tower City Complex. A site on the Cuyahoga River side of the complex was proposed as a location for a new Cleveland convention center, but in January, 2009 the Cuyahoga County Commissioners decided to redevelop the existing facility.[28]
In July, 2021 businessman Dan Gilbert's company Bedrock announced plans to convert the mall into a "retail marketplace" with a blend of retail and entertainment.[29] After renovations were completed in 2022, the main atrium was renamed to "Skylight Park".[30]
Former rapid transit stations
Former Red Line station
Public Square | |||||||||||||
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Cleveland Transit System | |||||||||||||
Key dates | |||||||||||||
Interurban platforms built | July 20, 1930 | ||||||||||||
Platforms rebuilt | 1955 | ||||||||||||
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The Red Line took the place of a never-completed interurban line. An additional vault for that line was located at Mayfield Road, now the Little Italy–University Circle station.
History
The Shaker rapid transit remained the only service using the interurban portion of the CUT for 25 years. When the
In 1968, the
Both lines became part of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority when it assumed control on September 5, 1975. The two stations remained separate until December 17, 1990, when an entirely new station was completed with the development of Tower City Center.[32]
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Main Red Line entrance in 1980s
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Secondary Red Line entrance in 1980s
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Red Line platform in 1980s looking east
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End of platform
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The entrance to the CTS station in 1968
Former Shaker Rapid station
Tower City | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cleveland Interurban Railroad | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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These platforms opened with the extension of the
History
Since the Van Sweringens owned Cleveland Interurban Railroad which served the suburb of Shaker Heights, the interurban portion of the CUT was immediately occupied by the Shaker trains upon completion on July 20, 1930. (Previously, the Shaker trains had used streetcar tracks to reach downtown from East 34th Street, which caused significantly slower service.) The Shaker rapid transit station was located along the northernmost tracks of the complex, and it included a small yard for the storage of a few trains and a loop to allow trains to reverse direction. Development of the other interurban services, however, was stalled by the Great Depression, which hit the Van Sweringens particularly hard. By 1944, ownership of the Shaker rapid transit passed to the city of Shaker Heights.
The Shaker and Van Aken lines became part of the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority when it assumed control on September 5, 1975. The two stations remained separate until December 17, 1990, when a completely new station was completed with the development of Tower City Center.[33]
The platform was temporarily re-opened for westbound passengers in 2016, 2020, and 2024.
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Stair and Elevator Access
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Platform signage
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Former Shaker platforms
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Platform view of turnstiles
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Platforms in the 1980s
See also
- Public Square
- List of Registered Historic Places in Cleveland, Ohio
- Railroad terminals of Cleveland
Connected components of Tower City Center
- Tower City station
- Chase Financial Plaza
- Jack Cleveland Casino
- Renaissance Cleveland Hotel
- Skylight Office Tower
- Terminal Tower
References
- ^ "National Register Information System – (#76001405)". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
- ^ "Shaker Hts. & The Van Sweringens". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- Forest City Enterprises. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ McGraw-Hill 1918, p. 865.
- ^ "Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, Tables A, 13". Official Guide of the Railways. 84 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1951.
- ^ "Erie Railroad, Table 13". Official Guide of the Railways. 84 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1951.
- ^ New York Central timetable, June 17, 1951, Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 14, 16, 23, 37 http://streamlinermemories.info/NYC/NYC51-6TT.pdf
- ^ "New York Central Railroad; Tables 1, 2, 4, 5, 10". Official Guide of the Railways. 84 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1951.
- ^ September 1951 New York Central timetable, Table 23
- ^ "Nickel Plate Road, Condensed Through Schedules; Tables 1, 2". Official Guide of the Railways. 84 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1951.
- ^ "Nickel Plate Road, Condensed Through Schedules; Tables 1, 2". Official Guide of the Railways. 90 (7). National Railway Publication Company. December 1957.
- ^ New York Central timetable, December 3, 1967
- ^ "Erie Lackawanna Railroad, Table 1". Official Guide of the Railways. 102 (12). National Railway Publication Company. May 1970.
- ^ "Penn Central Railroad, Tables 3, 4, 45, 46". Official Guide of the Railways. 102 (12). National Railway Publication Company. May 1970.
- ^ Toman & Hayes 1996, pp. 280 and 295.
- ^ Toman & Hayes 1996, p. 297.
- ^ Glaser, Susan; clevel; .com (2021-04-15). "Rail advocacy group wants Cleveland Amtrak station back at Tower City". cleveland. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
- Forest City Enterprises. Retrieved September 29, 2010.
- ^ Jarboe, Michelle (March 21, 2009). "Cleveland's downtown is considered choice real estate for outlet shopping". Cleveland.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
- ^ Turbett, Peggy (March 25, 2012). "Forest City CEO David LaRue oversees change at company, Tower City Center: Talk with the Boss". Cleveland.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
- ^ "Cleveland Bucking The Gloomy Trend In Malls". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Publishing. February 17, 1991. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
- ^ "Tower City then and now". Cleveland.com. Advance Publications. October 14, 2007. Retrieved June 15, 2008.
- Positively Cleveland. Retrieved June 10, 2008.
- ^ Litt, Steven (February 3, 2011). "Casino won't dramatically alter Cleveland's beloved Higbee Building". Cleveland.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ "Something's Happening Here" (PDF). Zygote Press. p. 34. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ "Horseshoe Casino Cleveland aims to draw new crowd to downtown attractions". 14 July 2011.
- ^ TEGNA. "New name, new vibe for Cleveland Jack casino". WKYC. Retrieved 2016-06-02.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Litt, Steven (January 31, 2009). "Chosen medical mart site offers second chance for Mall". Cleveland.com. Advance Publications. Retrieved February 20, 2009.
- ^ Heisig, Eric (July 15, 2021). "Cavs owner Dan Gilbert's Bedrock firm plans to retool downtown Cleveland's Tower City Center into 'marketplace'". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
- ^ Petkiewicz, David (18 July 2022). "Skylight Park opens in Tower City Center (photos)". cleveland.com. Cleveland.com / The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 22 March 2023.
- ^ "History of public transit in Greater Cleveland". Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ "About RTA:History of Public Transit in Greater Cleveland". RTA Website. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
- ^ "About RTA: History of Public Transit in Greater Cleveland". RTA Website. Retrieved 2007-06-26.
Sources
- Herrick, Clay (1987). Cleveland Landmarks. ASIN B000KCXJSS.
- Johannesen, Eric (1979). Cleveland Architecture 1876-1976 (Digital edition–2007). ISBN 978-0911704211.
- Rarick, Holly (1986). Progressive Vision: The Planning of Downtown Cleveland 1903-1930. ISBN 978-0910386869.
- Van Tassel, David; Grabowski, John (1987). The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, 2nd edition (1996). ISBN 978-0253330567.
- Toman, Jim; Hayes, Blaine S. (1996). Horse trails to regional rails: the story of public transit in greater Cleveland. ISBN 978-0873385473.
- Electric Railway Journal, 1918, Volume 51 (Classic Reprint) Paperback – September 27, 2015. ISBN 978-1330512098.